The answer mode of college entrance examination story appreciation
The first mode analyzes artistic conception.
1 Question: What kind of artistic conception does this poem create?
Question variant: What kind of picture does this poem depict? What thoughts and feelings did the poet express?
3 solution analysis: this is one of the most common problems. The so-called artistic conception refers to the imaginary realm created by the combination of objects (that is, images) that entrust the poet's feelings. Including scenery, emotion and environment. Three aspects are indispensable when answering questions.
4 answering steps:
(1) describe the picture in the poem. Candidates should grasp the main scenery in the poem and reproduce the picture in their own language. When describing, one should be faithful to the original poem, the other should be recreated with one's own association and imagination, and the language should be beautiful.
② Summarize the characteristics of the atmosphere created by the scenery. Generally, two disyllabic words can be used, such as lonely and cold, quiet and beautiful, vigorous and magnificent, bleak and desolate, etc. , and should pay attention to accurately reflect the characteristics and emotional appeal of the scenery.
③ Analyze the author's thoughts and feelings. Don't be empty, but give specific answers. For example, it is not enough to answer "expressing the author's sentimental feelings", but also to answer "sentimental" why.
Examples of answering questions: two quatrains (part I)
Du Fu
Jiangshan bathed in spring, how beautiful, flowers send flowers.
Swallows are busy nesting in wet mud and sleeping in pairs on the warm beach.
Notes? This poem was written by the poet when he temporarily lived in Chengdu Caotang after "four tours at one year old".
What kind of scenery does this poem depict? What kind of feelings did the poet express? Please analyze it briefly.
A: This poem depicts a beautiful scene of early spring: the spring is bright, the fields are green, the river reflects the sunshine, the spring breeze brings the fragrance of flowers and plants, the mud melts, the soil is wet, the swallows are busy building their nests with mud, the sun is bright, the beach is warm, and Yuanyang is still sleeping on the sandbar (the first step). This is a beautiful spring scene (step 2). It shows the poet's happy and carefree state of mind after his wandering life (the third step).
The second pattern analysis skill type
1 Question: What kind of expression is used in this poem?
Question variation: Please analyze the expressive technique (or artistic technique, or technique) of this poem. How do poets express their feelings? What's the effect?
3 solution analysis: expression is a method used by poets to express their feelings. To answer questions accurately, you must be familiar with some common expressions. Expression techniques can be divided into three categories: lyric techniques, descriptive techniques and rhetorical techniques.
There are two kinds of lyric techniques: direct expression and indirect lyric. "Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking and high-ranking people whose sincere faces will never be seen?" Is to express one's thoughts directly. Indirect lyricism can be divided into borrowing scenery to express feelings, such as "chilling and wailing, pavilion at night, shower at first"; Expressing one's will by holding objects, such as Mo Mei and Yin, are generally poems about objects; Keep things in mind, such as "half an acre of square pond is open, and the sky is * * *. The question channel is so clear that it is generally a philosophical poem, because there is running water at the source.
Descriptive techniques mainly include: (1) contrast, positive contrast and negative contrast. Just like "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun". This contrast is also dynamic and static, such as "moonlight in pine forest, crystal stone in stream"; The sound is silent, such as "the sunrise scares the bird, when it flows in spring"; Sad emotions are set off by happy scenes, such as "green grass stains the steps in spring and birds sing happily under the leaves" (2) Lenovo and imagination, also known as the combination of reality and reality, such as "wild flowers stay rare, green grass sees clothes." (3) comparison. (4) draw a line. For example, "if you plant a millet in spring, you will reap 10 thousand seeds in autumn." There is no idle field in the field, and farmers starve to death. "
The rhetorical device that often appears in ancient poetry: (1) Bi Xing. Such as "Guan Guan Luo Yu, in Hezhou. My fair lady, a gentleman is good. " Let's talk about what else caused what was sung. (2) metaphor. (3) personification. (4) exaggeration. ⑤ Pun. For example, "sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny but sunny", and "sunny" means emotional "affection". (6) allusions. For example, "a strong business woman doesn't know how to hate her country, but still sings" backyard flowers "across the river." In addition, there are rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, irony and so on.
4 Answer steps: (1) Point out exactly what skills are used. (2) Explain why this technique is combined with poetry. (3) This technique effectively conveys the poet's feelings.
Example of answer:
Go early
the Chen Dynasty
Dewdrops invaded the camel's brown, Han Xiao was bright, and the stars were dry and bright.
Lonely bridges and dreams, grass insects in the depths of rice fields are singing.
What does this poem mainly express? What's the effect?
A: Mainly use the method of comparison (the first step). The sky is not bright, the stars are vertical and horizontal, especially bright, which sets off the darkness of the night; "Grass insects sing" reflects the silence of the environment (step 2). The contrast between the two highlights the loneliness brought by the poet's early travel and inner wandering (the third step).
The third mode analyzes language features.
1 Question: What are the linguistic features of this poem?
Question variant: Please analyze the language style of this poem. On the language art of this poem.
3 solution analysis: this kind of question does not need to try to figure out the clever use of individual words, but to taste the language style of the whole poem. Words that can be used to answer questions generally include: fresh and natural, unpretentious, gorgeous and gorgeous, clear and fluent, multi-spoken, euphemistic and implicit, bold and unrestrained, graceful and graceful, concise and vivid. ...
Step 4: (1) Use one or two words to accurately point out the language features. (2) Analyze this feature with relevant sentences in the poem. (3) Point out how the author's feelings are expressed.
5 Answer example:
Heartbroken in spring
Get rid of the oriole, get rid of all the music on the tree.
They woke her up when she dreamed that she went to meet him in Liaoxi camp.
Please analyze the linguistic features of this poem.
A: The language characteristics of this poem are fresh and natural, colloquial (the first step), and "yellow" is a child's voice, which shows the innocence of women. "They woke her up when she was dreaming and said that she had gone to the camp in western Liaoning to meet him there." In simple language, the oriole was beaten because it disturbed her dream of missing her husband (step 2). This naturally shows the woman's longing for her husband (step 3).
The fourth mode of font refining
1 Question: What is the most vivid word in this couplet? Why?
2 question variant: one sentence has always been praised. What do you think of it?
3 answer analysis: the ancients paid attention to refining words in poetry, which is the beauty of asking to taste these refined words. When answering questions, we should not talk about this word in isolation, but put it in a sentence and analyze it with the artistic conception and emotion of the whole poem.
Step 4: (1) Explain the meaning of the word in the sentence. (2) Expand the association and put the word in the original sentence to describe the scene. (3) point out what kind of artistic conception the word sets off, or what kind of feelings it expresses.
5 Answer example:
Nanpubie
Bai Juyi
In the bleak drudgery of Nanpu, the autumn wind is bleak.
Turn back immediately, my heart is broken, so I can leave and don't look back.
According to the predecessors, the word "Kan" seems ordinary, but in fact it is very vivid and can really reveal the image of the lyric hero. Do you agree with this statement? Why?
A: I agree. Look, in the poem, it means to look back (the first step). I left people, and I often looked back. Every time I look back, I feel deeply grieved. This word makes us seem to see the tearful image of the lyric hero (step 2). The word "look" alone vividly shows the sadness of parting (step 3).
The fifth mode is full of poetry.
1 Question: One word is the key to the whole poem. Why?
2 solution analysis: ancient poetry is very particular about conception, and often a word or a word constitutes the clue of the whole poem. Grasping this word proposition can often test the examinee's grasp of the whole poem.
3 Answer steps: (1) The role of this word in highlighting the main idea. (2) Consider the role of words in the structure of poetry.
4 Answer example:
On a spring night, I smell the flute in Los Angeles.
Lipper
Yu Di's dark flying sound scattered into the spring breeze in Los Angeles.
Who can't get homesick when they hear that there is another village in the serenade?
The word "folding willow" is the key to the whole poem. What is the moral of "breaking willow"? Do you agree with "key"? Why? (2002 college entrance examination questions)
A: "Folding willow" means "parting", and the theme of poetry is homesickness (the first step). This homesickness is caused by hearing the flute sound of the song "Broken Willow" (the second step). It can be seen that "folding willow" is the key to the whole poem.
First, grasp the vision of poetry, grasp the image and understand the artistic conception.
1. Poetry with poetic eyes is the art of language, and the ancients paid special attention to "refining words" when writing poems. The most vivid words in a poem or a poem are usually verbs or adjectives. For example, the word "Jian" in "Seeing Nanshan leisurely" and the word "Noisy" in "The branches of red apricots are full of spring" make poetry vivid and full of realm.
2. Image poetry is the perfect combination of scenery and things written by the author, objective "image" and "emotion" and "ambition" expressed by the author through scenery.
Images in ancient poetry are often established and have rules to follow. For example, "plum blossom" is a symbol of noble morality; "Moon" stands for homesickness; "Hongyan" is a messenger who delivers books and the like. Poets sometimes create a group of images, such as Ma Zhiyuan's Qiu Si, and create 1 1 images, and use the central image of "heartbroken man" to express Qiu Si who misses the future.
3. Artistic conception is a harmonious and broad picture of nature and life in literary works, which permeates the author's implicit and rich feelings and forms an artistic realm that can induce readers' imagination and thinking. Excellent ancient poems create artistic conception and have broad artistic space. The relationship between poetic artistic conception (scene) is often felt, moved and blended in the scene. Artistic conception features are: generous and tragic, vigorous and powerful, calm and natural, majestic and spectacular, tragic and desolate, lonely and cold, and so on. It can be seen that by grasping these key points, we can cross the language barrier, quickly touch the poet's spiritual world, enter the artistic realm of poetry and solve problems.
Second, master the basic knowledge of ancient poetry.
Poetry is divided into classical poetry (also known as "ancient style") and modern poetry (also known as "metrical poetry").
Classical poetry: including all poems except Chu Ci before the appearance of modern poetry, and all poems except modern poetry after the appearance of modern poetry. "Song, line and tune" are respectively a genre of classical poetry. Such as "Bai Xuege Farewell to Tian Shuji Wu's Home", Bai Juyi's "Pipa Trip" and Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream".
Modern poetry: divided into metrical poems and quatrains. Each poem has five laws (five characters) and seven laws (seven characters). First couplet (one or two sentences), parallel couplet (three or four sentences), neck couplet (five or six sentences) and tail couplet (seven or eight sentences), parallel couplet and neck couplet must be couplets. Each quatrain has five quatrains (five characters) and seven quatrains (seven characters), and two, four, six and eight sentences rhyme. The first sentence can be played or not, and it usually rhymes in the end.
Ci is a new poetic style, which was produced in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, popular in the middle Tang Dynasty, developed in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, and achieved success in the Song Dynasty. Words are also called long and short sentences (the number and length of sentences vary) and poems (developed from poems). According to the length of words, words can be divided into monotonous (also called Xiao Ling, which is generally considered to be within 58 words), midrange (generally divided into upper and lower gaps, 58-96 words) and long tone (more than 96 words, more than three gaps). Words have epigrams, and the rhythm and rhyme of each word are strictly defined.
Qu: Sanqu, which is divided into "Xiao Ling" and "Ji Shu". It is a new poetic style gradually formed in the Song and Jin Dynasties. The biggest difference between Qu and Ci is that Qu can add lines to the specified number of words, thus increasing the vividness of language and expressing thoughts and feelings more freely and flexibly.
The knowledge test on poetry covers a wide range. Shanghai Volume 1993, 1996, 2000 and 2004 all test the candidates from the aspects of poetry genre, rhyme and antithesis. To master the knowledge of poetry, we should not only remember it, but also use it. 1997 Shanghai volume sorting problem is an example.
Third, grasp the poems with different themes.
According to the different themes of poems, ancient poems can be divided into scenery (lyric) poems, chronicle (nostalgia) poems, history (nostalgia) poems, pastoral (landscape) poems, frontier (battle) poems and so on.
Writing landscape poems: students have been exposed to it since high school, needless to say.
Poems about nostalgia: Narrating and expressing feelings, expressing personal feelings such as farewell, nostalgia, sadness and feelings about time through the narration of specific events. Such as "Farewell to Du Fu in Shu" and "Wang Chun" by Du Fu.
Poetry recitation: The poet's recitation of a historical event or historical figure has generally been integrated into the poet's unique knowledge, which is to recite with history, to recite with history, to govern history with history, and to compare history with today. For example, Tao Yuanming, Liu Yuxi and Du Mu are all poets.
Poetry about things: the main feature is to express one's ambition by supporting things. The "things" in this kind of ancient poems are mostly images with specific meanings. For example, peach blossom symbolizes beauty, peony symbolizes wealth, Huayang means autumn and so on. Different images have different connotations.
Pastoral poetry: Tao Yuanming is the pioneer of pastoral poetry, and Xie Lingyun in the Southern Dynasties is the originator of landscape poetry. The school of pastoral poetry was formed in the Tang Dynasty, mainly including Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Chu Guangxi and Chang Jian.
Frontier Poems: Describing frontier life and ethnic contradictions, and a series of things related to frontier fortress, which were formed in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, with Gao Shi, Cen Can, Wang Changling and Wang Zhihuan as the highest achievers.
Fourth, distinguish between various styles and genres.
"Style" refers to the poet's creative characteristics in choosing themes, shaping images and using language. For example, Tao Yuanming's poems are quiet and peaceful, Wang Wei's poems are paintings, Li Bai's poems are bold and elegant, and Du Fu's poems are depressed and frustrated.
Genre mainly refers to the genre of poetry and the genre of writing.
1. Poetry schools: realism and romanticism.
Realism: advocate objective observation of real life, describe reality accurately and delicately, and truly represent typical people in typical environments. Source: The Book of Songs; Representative writers: Du Fu, Bai Juyi and Lu You.
Romanticism: Good at expressing passionate pursuit of ideals, using passionate language, strange imagination, exaggeration and fairy tales to shape images. Source: Chu Ci; Representative writers: Qu Yuan, Li Bai, Li He, Gong Zizhen, etc.
2. Genre of words: bold and graceful; Bold and graceful: magnificent, high style, bold artistic conception and full of emotion. Representative figures: Su Shi and Xin Qiji.
Graceful school: soft style, delicate feelings, euphemistic lingering, and far-reaching charm. Representative figures: Liu Yong, Jiang Kui, Qin Guan and Li Qingzhao.
Appreciation method of ancient poetry
First, the method of adjusting word order.
"Poetry" is a concise language precipitation and a high concentration of narration, scenery description and lyricism. So the literal form of classical poetry is often "jump". At the same time, it may be difficult to understand it literally because of the requirements of rhyme, evenness and antithesis in classical poetry. So we should consider whether to adjust the word order and see if it is feasible. Now, for example:
Example (1) "Seven or eight stars are outside the sky, and two or three points of rain are in front of the mountain." (Xin Qiji, "Xijiang Yue? Huangsha Road Night Walk ")
According to the habit of modern word order, poetry should be "seven or eight stars in the sky, two or three points in front of the mountain." Therefore, according to the poem, we can know that there are only a few sparse stars in the sky, and "I" felt sporadic rain on the mountain road ahead. This is obviously a map of nocturnal people.
Example (2) "But I looked home, and the twilight was getting thicker, and the mist of sadness was filled on the river waves." (Yellow Crane Tower, Cui Hao)
The adjustment of word order should be "where is the hometown at sunset, and the smoke on the river makes people worry", which means "it is dusk, where is the hometown?" See you later, the mist on the river fills me with sadness. "The profound and melancholy thoughts here are vividly on the paper, which adds to the unique artistic charm of poetry.
It should be pointed out that not all poems need to be adjusted. If the language style is similar to the language habits of modern Chinese, there is no need to make adjustments. On the contrary, if we try to make some local adjustments and regroup, its poems will be more ideal.
Second, the flexible use of parts of speech method
Flexible use of parts of speech is to explore the changes of parts of speech such as nouns, verbs and adjectives in classical poetry, so as to deeply understand the new ideas of poetry in the language environment.
Example (1) "Old roads, thin horses and small bridges, flowing water" (Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha? Qiu Si ")
Six nouns or noun phrases are used in the poem to describe the bleak scenery characteristics. If we don't understand it from the perspective of part-of-speech changes, it's hard to explain it. Therefore, after using this series of nouns or noun phrases flexibly, the meaning will be clear. Under the blowing of the cold west wind (noun adverbial), I rode a thin horse (noun adverbial) slowly along the ancient road. Next to the small wooden bridge (noun adverbial), the stream flows slowly, and there are several sparse houses (noun to verb) next to it. A series of close-ups are used in the poem to describe people (vagrants from the end of the world), things (marching on their way home) and scenery (desolation, cold and bleak), which makes people have endless reverie. ...
Example (2) "Changfeng Wan Li sent Qiu Yan, and I faced them at this village and drank my wine." (Li Bai's "Farewell to Xuanzhou Xie Tiao Building ...")
In the poem, "Han" is an adjective, meaning "drinking heartily", and it is used as a verb in the poem, meaning "drinking heartily". This word "Han" succinctly depicts the image of Li Bai as a "chivalrous man" and "poetic immortal", which makes people fascinated.
Therefore, understanding the part-of-speech changes of some words in classical poetry can help us perceive the meaning of poetry as a whole and play the role of "killing three birds with one stone": it not only clears the meaning of poetry, but also understands the refined meaning of words in poetry, which is more helpful to enhance our understanding of the theme.
Third, find the method of "poetic eye"
"Poetry Eye" is a word that can carry the whole poem, enhance the image, refine the theme and express the poet's feelings. In fact, it is quite difficult for junior high school students to find "poetic eyes", but if the meaning of the whole poem is clarified,
After understanding the writing background of poetry and experiencing the poet's emotional accumulation or explosion, perhaps this "poetic eye" will naturally appear in front of readers. This "word" or "word" has become a "poetic eye" that dominates the structure of poetry and expresses emotional clues.
The background of his poems: The author was relegated to an official position and succeeded in exile. So depression is the emotional tone of the whole poem. The author not only wants to be loyal to the monarch and serve the country without hesitation (if he wants to cheat in the early Ming Dynasty …), but also regrets that the future is uncertain and his thoughts are extremely complicated (where is Qinling's home? .....), and all his ideas are caused by "demotion". Therefore, the word "derogatory" in the poem is obviously used as a "poetic eye" to open the eyes and arouse the whole poem.
Example (2) "Nanshan is planted with beans, and the grass is full of bean seedlings. Get up early in the morning to get rid of weeds, and come back with hoes in the moonlight at night.
The narrow path covered with vegetation, the night dew wet my clothes. It's not a pity to get wet, but I hope it won't be against my will. "
(Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden)
After the dredging of the poem, I know that the author describes the life on the farm: there are pastoral labor scenes, descriptions of agricultural harvest and introductions of labor intensity. But in these cases, the poet doesn't feel "pity", just hope not to go against his original intention of resigning and retiring. On the other hand, poets cherish this life and find it hard to come by. So this "pity" should be the "poetic eye" of the whole article.
Of course, the appreciation of classical poetry is not limited to the above three aspects. The author has no intention of misleading readers to imitate learning mechanically, but only hopes to provide some guidance and maybe some enlightenment.