Full name: Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy, Russian writer and thinker, the greatest litterateur in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and the great Russian critical realist writer in the 19th century , is one of the most outstanding writers in the history of world literature. He is praised as a "genius artist" with "the most sober realism". His major works include the novels "War and Peace", "Anna Karenina", "Resurrection", etc. He also created a large number of fairy tales and is the object of worship by most people. His works describe the tenacious resistance of the people during the Russian Revolution, and are therefore known as the "mirror of the Russian October Revolution." Lenin once praised him for creating "first-class" works in world literature. His works "Seven Diamonds", "Diving" and "Poor People" have been included in the primary school language books of the People's Education Press and the Hebei Education Press.
Chinese name: Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy
Foreign name: Лев Николаевич Толстой
Nationality: Russian
Birthplace: Yasnaya-Polyrna, Russia
Date of birth: September 9, 1828
Date of death: November 20, 1910
p>Occupation: Novelist, Thinker
School: Realism
Influences: Dostoevsky, Pushkin, Schopenhauer
< p>Influence: Gandhi, Martin Luther King, WittgensteinSummary of works
"Childhood. Youth. Youth", "Morning of a Landlord", "Lucerne" and "Three Death" "Family Happiness" "The Cossacks" "War and Peace" "Anna Karenina" "Confessions" "The Forces of Darkness" "The Fruits of Education" "The Devil" (should be A.H. Tolstoy Written in 1916) "Kreutzer Sonata", "Haze Murat", "The Death of Ivan Ilyich", "After the Ball", "Resurrection", "Master and Servant", "Dive", "Living Corpse", "Candle" "Three Old Men" Short Story: The Art of "The Poor"
First of all, he created an epic novel with a unique breadth of generalization. A masterpiece like "War and Peace" reproduces an entire era with majestic momentum, vast scenes, and numerous characters (more than 500). Historical facts are blended with artistic fiction, unrestrained brushstrokes are blended with delicate descriptions; individual features are revealed in huge group portraits, and lyrical monologues are interspersed with the solemnity of epics, creating a myriad of changes and a spectacle. He is good at controlling the structure of multiple clues, with thousands of threads and seamless connections; he can also break through the "closed" form of the novel, making it magnificent and without beginning or end like life. However, Tolstoy's artistic charm lies not only in reproducing the macro world, but also in depicting the micro world. He has insight into the mysteries of the human heart, grasps the dialectical development of the soul unprecedentedly in world literature, and describes in detail the process of psychological transformation under the influence of the outside world; he also penetrates deep into the human subconscious and expresses it in the harmonious connection with consciousness. . Tolstoy's artistic power is real, and it is highlighted in his character creation. He always faithfully describes the multi-faceted, rich and complex nature of the character's heart, not just his prominent side or dominant mental state. He doesn't hide the flaws of his beloved characters, nor stifle the glimmers of light that shine through in the characters they reveal. He does not whitewash, exaggerate, idealize or caricature. He always uses true and objective descriptions to show his true colors, so as to see the greatness in the ordinary, or on the contrary, show the horror in the ordinary phenomena. He is also good at depicting the development and changes of character in a natural and smooth manner without revealing any traces of agitation. The main characteristic of Tolstoy's style is simplicity. He strives to reflect the reality of life or express his own thoughts in the most full and accurate manner. Therefore, although he is strict in art, such as "War and Peace", he changed the draft seven times, but he does not simply rely on skills or pursue formal perfection. It is exquisite and does not shy away from lengthy compound sentences, but only seeks maximum expressive power. In his later years, his art underwent significant changes. Strive to be concise in psychological analysis, and do not write about the entire process of feelings, but only the main links of each stage of the psychological process; sometimes dramatic methods are used to express it through actions and dialogue. Instead of writing about the sequential development of character, write about the decisive change caused by a sudden accident. In terms of structure, in order to show the characters' awakening, flashbacks are often used; in order to focus, novels no longer use multiple clues, but use a single clue to gradually unfold. In terms of language, it strives to be simple, concise and easy to understand, close to folk tales. Leo Tolstoy is one of the pinnacles of realism. His literary tradition was not only inherited and developed critically by Soviet writers through Gorky, but also had a huge influence in world literature. Since the 1860s, his works began to be translated and published in Britain, Germany and other countries. At the turn of the 1870s and 1880s, he published the French translation of "War and Peace" and gained a reputation as a first-class writer in the world. He became the main target of the "Russian fever" in Europe and the United States at that time. The first critics to discuss him in France, Britain and other countries in the 1980s and 1990s all recognized the revitalizing effect of his realist creations on their own country's literature. Progressive writers France, Romain Rolland, Heinrich and Thomas Mann, Dreiser, Bernard Shaw, Galsworthy and other European, American and Asian writers who grew up in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were influenced by him. of edification.
In China, writings evaluating him appeared in 1900, and his "religious novels" ("The Master and the Servant" and Folk Stories) were translated in 1907. In 1913 and 1917, there were incomplete classical Chinese translations of "Resurrection" (translated as "Heart Prison") and "Anna Karenina" (translated as "Graceful History"). Before and after the May Fourth Movement, a large number of Tolstoy's works were translated into Chinese. During the Anti-Japanese War, "War and Peace" and "Anna Karenina" translated by Guo Moruo and Zhou Yang were published respectively, as well as translations of other works. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, most of Tolstoy's important works have been translated and published, and many famous works have been translated into several different versions based on their original translations.