In his youth, Li Bai studied in a wide range. In addition to Confucian classics and ancient literary and historical masterpieces, he also browsed hundreds of books and became a "good swordsman". Believing in Taoism, having the idea of transcending the secular; At the same time, he has the political ambition to make contributions. The poems he wrote in Shu as a teenager are rarely preserved, but they show outstanding talent. Li Bai traveled in eastern Sichuan when he was about twenty-five or six years old. In the next ten years, he roamed many places in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. In the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), he once arrived in Chang 'an to strive for a political way out, but failed. In the first year of Tianbao (742), he was called by Xuanzong to worship Hanlin in Chang 'an as a minister of civil affairs and participated in drafting documents. Less than two years later, he was forced to resign and leave Beijing. During this period, Li Bai's poetry and song creation tends to be mature. 1 1 years later, continue to wander in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. "Wandering around the world, it is suitable for poetry and wine." He still cares about state affairs and hopes to be re-appointed by the court. In the third year of Tianbao, Li Bai met Du Fu in Luoyang and became good friends. They didn't meet again after breaking up the next year. In the fourteenth year of Tianbao, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Li Bai lived in seclusion in Xuancheng (now Anhui) and Lushan Mountain. In the second year1February, he was invited to the Lee Shogunate in Wang Yong, hoping to eliminate the rebellion and restore national unity. After Wang Yong angered Su Zong and was killed, Li Bai was also found guilty, imprisoned in Xunyang (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi) and soon exiled to Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). On the way, I was forgiven and came back. I was 59 years old. Living in Jiangnan area in his later years. At the age of 6 1, I heard that Qiu Li Guangbi led an army out of the city to attack the Anshi rebels and went north to join the army to kill the enemy. He turned back halfway due to illness. The following year, he died in the apartment of his uncle Dangtu (now Anhui) county magistrate Li.
Li Bai's poems have been lost a lot, and there are still more than 900 poems with rich contents. Li Bai cared about national affairs all his life, hoping to make contributions to the country, but he was not satisfied with the dark reality. His 59 antiques are representative works in this field. The dark corruption in Tang Xuanzong's later politics was widely exposed and criticized, which reflected the grief and indignation of talents who had nowhere to go. A lot of words are ironic, and the spirit is very high. Li Bai is eager to make contributions and serve the country, but he does not envy wealth. What do you think of are bells and drums, treasures and treasures? . After making contributions, he will follow the example of Lu Zhonglian, a senior scholar in the Warring States period, and quit without respect. His thoughts were obviously influenced by Taoism, especially Zhuangzi. Many of Li Bai's poems show concern and sympathy for people's lives. This content is often combined with criticism of rulers. Some of his Yuefu poems reflect women's lives and sufferings, which focus on thinking about women and remembering people, as well as the grievances of businessmen, abandoned wives and maids. His "Lodging in Wusongshan Mountain, Uncle Xun", "Song of Protection" and "Song of Autumn Pu" describe the lives of farmers, boatmen and miners respectively, showing concern for the working people. Li Bai wrote many poems describing natural scenery in his life. His poems "It's difficult to ascend to heaven through the Shu Road", "The water of the Yellow River can't be moved out of the sky and into the ocean, and it will never return" ("Into the wine"), "Flying down three thousands of feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen for nine days" ("Looking at Lushan Waterfall") and so on are all famous sentences that have been passed down through the ages. This kind of poetry, just like some of his works praising Dapeng birds, shows his lofty aspirations and broad mind, and reflects his desire to pursue extraordinary things from the side. Other poems, such as Qiudeng Xuancheng Xie Tiao North Building, Sitting alone in Jingting Mountain and Journey to Qingxi, are good at depicting quiet scenery, fresh and meaningful, and their styles are close to those of Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Li Bai also has many poems about love and friendship. His Yuefu poems often express euphemistic and profound love from the perspective of female inheritors. There are also some poems about giving gifts and missing your wife, and their feelings are quite deep. Li Bai donated a large number of works to his friends, including many excellent works. Some of these poems show a distinct political attitude, and more often they show their daily farewell and lovesickness, such as the Yellow Crane Tower's farewell to Meng Haoran and Du Fu at Dunmenmen, hearing that Wang Changling moved to Longbiao Kiln for this purpose, reminiscing about the past, visiting the army and giving Wang Lun a present. Deep feelings, vivid images and strong artistic appeal. The content of Li Bai's poems also contains some feudal dross, among which more is the negative nihilism of promoting life as a dream, eating and drinking, and the religious superstition of seeking immortals to visit the Tao and alchemy. Some of his poems about women and love are vulgar. In Li Bai's poems, exaggerated and vivid metaphors are widely used. His poems, such as "But since the water is still flowing, even though we cut with swords and raise our glasses to drown our sorrows" and "White hair is three thousands of feet, and sorrow is like a beard" (Song of Autumn Pu, article 15), depict his deep worries after the failure of political activities in Chang 'an, which are widely circulated. For example, he wrote "Poetry is a gift from the north window, and a thousand words are not as good as a glass of water" ("Answering the Twelve Cold Nights of the King") and wrote his own talents; "I would like to cross the Yellow River, but the ice will choke on the ferry, and Taihang Mountain will be covered with snow" ("Difficult to Travel"), which is difficult to write a career; "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun" ("To Wang Lun"), and writing about the deep friendship between friends all impress readers with distinctive and prominent images. The imagination of Li Bai's poems is very rich and amazing. His "Strong winds blow my heart, and fairy trees hang in the west" ("Jin Xiang sends Wei Ba to the West") and "My heart is full of worries about the bright moon, and I stay in the West with the wind" ("I heard that Wang Changling moved to Longbiaoyao to leave") all show his nostalgia for Chang 'an and his poetry friends with strange imagination. Fu Liangyin, Antique and Lotus Mountain in the West respectively express the destruction of Chang 'an City and the ravages of Anshi Rebellion on the Central Plains through fantasy. Farewell from afar shows the hidden worries about the political situation in the later period of Tang Xuanzong through the wandering fantasy legend. They are vivid and meaningful. With the help of myths and legends, Shu Dao Nan and Meng Deng Tian Mu Shan have built a colorful and thrilling realm. The rich imagination of Li Bai's poems is particularly prominent in the long seven-character poems, which are obviously influenced by Qu Yuan. In terms of genre, Li Bai is good at classical poems and quatrains with relatively free form, and doesn't like to write metrical poems. 59 pieces of Antique are his representative works of five dynasties. The five ancient poems in his Yuefu have inherited the fine tradition of Yuefu folk songs in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, and their writing style is simple and vivid, full of the poet's enthusiasm. His seven-character ancient poems (including Yuefu seven-character songs and general seven-character poems) are more creative. The scenery is magnificent, colorful, lyrical and changeable. From the literary origin, this kind of poetry is most influenced by Qu Yuan's works, and it is difficult for Bao Zhao to imitate it. Li Bai is good at quatrains. His quatrains were improved on the basis of Yuefu folk songs in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, which made him more alert. "Thinking on a Quiet Night" and "Yu Jiefen" and other five wonders are implicit and meaningful. There are also excellent works, clear and concise language, harmonious and beautiful timbre, lyrical scenery and simple explanations. For example, See you Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou from the Yellow Crane Tower, Looking at Lushan Waterfall, Looking at Tianmen Mountain, Making a White Emperor City as early as possible, and Presenting Wang Lun. Are well-known masterpieces. The evaluation of the seven-character quatrains in the Tang Dynasty has always been that Li Bai and Wang Changling are best at blending scenes; Li Bai concentrated on the study of the Seven Laws, with only a dozen books and few excellent works. There are more than 70 poems about five laws, some of which are well written, which shows that he can write metrical poems, but he doesn't like to write more. Although Li Bai's Yuefu poems use the old Yuefu theme, they can be innovative. Those who wrote poems with the theme of old Yuefu in the Tang Dynasty made the most outstanding achievements. Some of his poems and quatrains are full of Yuefu poems, although they don't use Yuefu themes. The greatest feature of his poetic language can be said to be "clear water produces hibiscus, which is naturally carved". Specifically, the language is straightforward and natural, the syllables are harmonious and smooth, natural and unpretentious, and it exudes the flavor of folk songs. This is mainly due to the study of Yuefu folk songs in Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. But he didn't just learn and imitate the language of folk songs, but improved it on the basis of learning to make it more concise, beautiful and meaningful. His seven-character ancient poems are not only pure and natural, but also bold and unconstrained. Du Fu's poem "Memories of Li Bai in Spring" praised Li Bai's poems as "fresh" and "elegant", which revealed the remarkable characteristics of his language style. Li Bai's poems have a far-reaching influence on later generations. Han Yu and Li He in the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and Lu You in the Song Dynasty, Gao Qi in the Ming Dynasty, Qu Dajun, Huang Jingren and Gong Zizhen in the Qing Dynasty all benefited from and were influenced by Li Bai's poems to varying degrees. Li Bai also wrote several poems. There are 12 poems in Zunqian Collection and 7 poems in Hua 'an Miao Ci Selection. Among them, "Qingpingdiao" has three songs "Clouds Want Clothes, Flowers Want Capacity", and the genre is actually a quatrain of seven words, which was sung with music at that time. Other long and short sentences handed down by Li Bai are not very credible. Among them, Bodhisattva Man, Smoke in the Desert of Pinglin, Hubei and Yan are the most famous, but whether these two sentences are Li Bai's works is quite doubtful by later generations. There are more than 60 essays by Li Bai today. Many antithetical sentences did not get rid of the popular parallel prose fashion at that time. But the language is natural and fluent, which is similar to its poetic style. Among them, Hanshu Jingzhou and Preface to Peach Blossom Garden (Li) were selected by later generations and widely read.
Li Bai's anthology compiled by the Tang people has not been handed down now. Thirty volumes of Li Taibai's Collected Works in the Northern Song Dynasty were engraved in Suzhou and called Su Ben. Later, there was a Shu edition copied according to Su Ben, which was the earliest extant Li Baiji. During the reign of Kangxi, Miao Yue copied it and called it Miao Edition. The earliest annotation for Li Baiji was Yang Qixian's Li Hanlin Collection in the Southern Song Dynasty, with 25 volumes and rich annotations. Qu Tuiyuan and Zhu Jincheng's "Li Bai Ji Zhu" is by far the most detailed one in Li Bai Ji Zhu. Research on Li Bai's works: After the May 4th Movement, before the founding of the People's Republic of China, there was Li Bai, a Taoist poet, and there was a study of Li Bai. Since the founding of New China, there have been Chronicles of Zhan Li Bai, Poems of Li Bai, and Studies of Li Bai in Wang Yunxi. In addition, there are many individual papers, some of which were selected as representative papers by Zhonghua Book Company, and compiled into Collected Papers on Li Bai's Studies, which were published in the 1960s.
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Li Bai (70 1-762) was born in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now Qin 'an, Gansu) and in Poyecheng, the western region of Central Asia (now Kyrgyzstan). At the age of five, my family moved to Mian Governor Long (now Jiangyou, Sichuan). His father, Li Ke (or his real name is unknown, "Ke" is a general term for outsiders), is rich and does not seek a career, so people suspect that he may be a giant businessman. Li Bai spent his boyhood in Shu, and he read extensively since he was a child. The so-called "recite at the age of five, read a hundred schools at the age of ten" ("Pei Yun History of Shang 'an Prefecture"), "read strange books at the age of fifteen and write Ling Xiangru (give a piece). When I was young, I was at war with Ren Xia, and I told Han's Jingzhou Book:
"Fifteen good swordsmanship, gentlemen." Hao Wei said that he "has bright eyes and is as hungry as a tiger ... Ren Xia is less, and there are several people holding knives" (Preface to Li Hanlin). Cui Zongzhi also described his demeanor with sentences such as "dagger sword on the sleeve" and "eyes shine on people" in the poem "Give Li Twelve White". After a long time, he reminisced with his friends, and he also recalled with great interest the past when he broke through the encirclement of the Five Mausoleums (see "Reminiscing about the past and giving it to Jiang Yang Slaughterhouse").
He also yearned for the life asked by the immortals a long time ago: "Fifteen trips to the immortals have never stopped." Li Bai lived in seclusion in Daitian Kuangshan at the age of eighteen or nineteen, and studied under Zhao Yan. Zhao Kun is a scholar who "sees the world in the way of Wang Ba" (Sun Guangxian's "North Dream"). His ten volumes of Long and Short Classics are the knowledge of doing things for the country and saving the world. When Li Bai met Su Xiang at the age of twenty, he won the admiration of this "great court player" and a great writer. In the autumn of the 12th year of Kaiyuan (724), Li Bai "served the country with one sword and left his relatives to travel far away" (A Long History of Shang Anpei). He went down from Mount Emei along Pingqiang River to Jingmen and Dongting, then to Jinling, Guangling and Huiji, and soon returned to Chuanxi to live in Yuncheng (now Anlu, Hubei). At that time, Sima Chengzhen, a famous Taoist, met him in Jiangling, boasting that he was "sage-like, able to roam freely in the face of octupole" (Preface to Li Bai and Fu Dapeng). In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan, I married my granddaughter. Three years later, in the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), Li Bai left Nanyang for Chang 'an, when he was just thirty years old.
Li Baichu has been in Chang 'an for about three years. He lives in seclusion in Zhong Nanshan, making friends, hoping to get the recommendation of the princes. At that time, Princess Yu Zhen, the sister of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was in Zhong Nanshan, and literati (including famous poets Wang Wei and Chu Guangxi) frequented her. Li Bai met the princess, but failed to do so, and finally went away disgruntled. In the summer of the 20th year of Kaiyuan (732), Li Bai wandered in Jiangxia, Luoyang, Taiyuan and other places east of the Yellow River. Twenty-four years later, the whole family moved to the east, "learning the sword and coming to Shandong" ("Going East in May to Answer Wen Shangweng"). When he lived in Rencheng, he and Kong and others would drink in Culai Mountain, which was called "Six Chapters of Zhuxi". Later, he roamed Henan, Huainan, Hunan and Hubei, climbed Mount Tai in the north and reached Hangzhou and Huiji in the south. Wherever he went, all kinds of poems were sung, and the names of poems and songs spread far and wide, shaking the ruling and opposition parties. Finally, even the emperor was shocked.
In the autumn of the first year of Tianbao, due to the recommendation of Princess Yu Zhen, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty sent a letter to Li Bai to enter Beijing and received a grand courtesy: "Let's retire and meet him, as if we had seen splendor; Give food to the Qibao bed and let the royal hand scoop the rice. " (Li's preface to the collection of thatched cottage) ordered Li Bai to devote himself to Hanlin. When Li Bai was called to Beijing, he was full of ambition. The poem "Nanling children go to Beijing" says: "Go out and laugh in the sky, my generation is Artemisia!" He wanted to do something to repay Xuanzong's kindness in meeting him, but the proud poet was soon envied by the court dignitaries. A year later, he began to be slandered. "What's the matter with Bai Bi? The blue fly became a grievance ("Book Feelings to Cai Sheren Bear"), and "Although you love Emei, you can't help killing people in the palace" ("Yu Hu Yin"), these poems are all portrayal of his sinister situation at that time. In the spring of Tianbao three years, Li Bai was put back to his hometown. This time, he only served in North Korea for more than a year, but his understanding of society has undergone profound changes.
After Li Bai left Chang 'an, he went east along Shangzhou Avenue and met Du Fu in Luoyang. Later, he traveled to Liang and Song Dynasties with Du Fu and Gao Shi, and lived a leisurely life of chasing eagles and rabbits with paper. The following year, in Yanzhou, Shandong Province, Li Bai met Du Fu again and traveled with him to Surabaya and Dongmeng. With the deterioration of the political situation in Tianbao period, Li Bai was deeply worried and uneasy about the danger of state affairs. In his poems "Twelve Cold Nights Answering the King" and "Farewell", he publicly protested the arrogance and killing dissidents of Li and Yang, and issued a cry for the sinister political situation. He wandered around Liangyuan, Lujun and Jinling, and also visited Ji You and other places. I wrote many excellent poems along the way.
In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Li Bai fled to the southeast, moving between Xuancheng, Dangtu, Jinling and Liyang. After living in seclusion in Lushan Mountain. At that time, Lin, the son of Xuanzong, led his teacher to advance eastward from Jiangling, "wrote three books" (with Jia Shaogong), and invited Li Bai to participate in its military activities in the name of reviving the great cause. Li Bai resolutely and enthusiastically joined the army. Unexpectedly, another disaster happened between Su Heng and Lin, and Li Lin was defeated and died. Li Bai was also convicted and imprisoned, and was soon taken by Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). At that time, the poet fell into a dangerous situation that "everyone wants to kill" (Du Fu's "No See"), so that Du Fu also mistakenly believed in rumors and wrote poems to express his deep sorrow. Li Bai returned to Jiangxi and was not released until Wushan. At this time, he is nearly 60 years old, but he is still not strong enough. In the second year of Shang Yuan (76 1), he set foot on the journey again, ready to join the counter-insurgency team in Li Guangbi, but turned back due to illness on the way. In the first year of Baoying (762), Li Bai died in Dangtu's uncle Li Jiazhong, ending his legendary life. Li Taibai's collection.
Li Bai's life has been wandering around the world, with ups and downs, which made him widely exposed to all aspects of life. His distinctive personality was formed on the basis of fully absorbing the flavor of the times. Li Bai was generous and conceited since childhood, and did not stick to his usual tone. "He often wants to be a blockbuster and soar to the sky, but he gradually moves to Joe. He can't do it." (Fan's Preface to Li Tombstone of Hanlin Bachelor in Tang You's Collection). He has a strong Ren Xia style: he values martial arts over Confucianism, ignores details, spends money like water, and is arrogant. When I was young, I traveled eastward for less than a year and scattered more than 300 thousand. If there is a down-and-out son, I will help him "(Li Bai's History of Shang 'an Peichang). He likes drinking and is good at riding and shooting. He disdained to follow the usual path of ordinary scholars from the imperial examination to the official position, but hoped to achieve great things in one fell swoop. It's not that he didn't earnestly seek immortality and learn Taoism, and collected herbs to make an alchemy. Dugu also said that when he went out, his luggage was "all fairy medicine and Taoist books" ("Cao Nan sent Li Baixu"). What's more, he took the Taoist seal from the highly respected teachers in Shandong and completed the official ceremony of becoming a monk. He is quite devoted to the counselor who solves disputes and has the demeanor of a strategist. Cui Zongzhi said that he "reached the palm of his hand when he talked about it, and he was absolutely superb when he talked about it." Distinguish between Chu and Han, it seems that the king is overbearing "("Give Li "). The New Tang Book Literary Biography also said that he "likes vertical and horizontal techniques". In short, "Shang Zhi's Daoism means that immortals can achieve it; Don't ask for a small official, be conceited about worldly affairs "(Liu's Bachelor of Hanlin in Tang Dynasty). His ideal in life is to be detached from things and actively join the WTO. The above aspects are the remarkable characteristics of social habits and cultural spirit in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Li Bai has naturally become the favorite human relations style of contemporary people. For example, for the sake of white elegance, Ren Hua and Wei Wanxiang traveled thousands of miles; When He Yi, a fanatic of Siming, saw Li Bai, he exclaimed that he was a "fallen fairy" and took off his golden turtle as a gift. Master Wu Qi is willing to go through fire and water, cross the enemy-occupied area of An Shi Rebellion and take back the poet's children at the east foot, and so on. It is through his personality projection that Li Bai's poems and songs embody the spirit of the times, thus becoming the strongest voice in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Second, the artistic sublimation of the ideal of the times.
Li Bai's poems and songs are typical representatives of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Throughout his life, the poet eulogized the ideal life with a naive heart. Whenever and wherever he is, he always embraces the whole world enthusiastically, pursues full achievement, career and enjoyment, has a keen sense of all good things, grasps the reality but is not satisfied with it, throws himself into the torrent of life and transcends hardships, and realizes his value in a high-spirited state. If the ideal color is the main feature of the poetic style in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, then Li Bai walked in the forefront of the times with a more forward-looking ideal singing method.
Li Bai's poems and songs enriched and developed the heroic artistic theme in the poems of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Like other scribes of his time, he had great ambitions. The so-called "Shen's talk, seeking the skill of the emperor, inspiring his wisdom, is willing to help it." Make the atlas bigger and make Haixian clear "(biography of Dai Shoushan answering Meng Shaofu) is his most persistent belief in life. It may be doubtful whether Li Bai has the practical ability to engage in political activities in a complex power structure, but as a poet, this belief has more become the starting point for him to pursue and praise the magnificent life. He drew strength from the manners and styles of countless ancient heroes and projected realistic ideals into history, thus establishing a gallery of heroes in his poems. He praised the heroes who rose on the grass and in the world. For example, "Fu Liangyin" wrote Tai Gong Wang: "You don't see your morning songs, and the fishing boat has been Weibin for 80 years; I would rather be ashamed of my white hair, take water as light, and be strong and thoughtful when I meet the times. Wide Zhang 3800 fishing, dark and close in the wind. The Great Sage Tiger became stupid and unpredictable, which was quite ordinary in those days. "Praise the righteous who regard fame and fortune as dirt. For example, in the tenth part of Antique, Lv Zhonglian wrote: "Qi people have a charming life, and Lu Lian is wonderful. The bright moon will shine once when it comes out of the bottom of the sea. However, Qin Zhenying sounded the golden bell, and later generations looked back. Meaning light daughter ceremony, Gu Xiang plain smile. I'm a slut, too, and my clothes can be tuned in one tune. "Praise the British monarch who is eager for talents and noble morality, such as the second part of" It's hard to go to the sky ":"Don't you see the former prince who respected talents, built a high platform and provided gold to talented people? Bend down and sweep the floor to welcome them? ? The drama Xin is grateful to Dade and serves him wholeheartedly, which is full of intrigue and intrigue. The king's bones have been buried. Who will sweep the floor of the golden platform again? ! "Praise those famous ministers who are arrogant and unruly and insist on the dignity of cloth, such as Li Shiqi in Fu Liangyin:" Don't you see that Levin drinkers are drafting and have long praised Shandong Dragon Zhun Gong; Beginners don't worship eloquence, but two women give up washing and follow suit. Seventy-two miles east, qi entered the city, and commanded Chu Han to rise. Crazy people are down and out, let alone strong men! "Most of his heroes are all-powerful figures in the turbulent and chaotic historical stage, which is inseparable from the lyric hero. For example, in a poem about appreciating friends, he said: "Feng Shui, like seeing capital, can help the emperor greatly." ("Wang Sima and Yan Zhengzi give snow in the reward state") "Tell yourself, who can make it? I advise you to close the door. " (Give a gift to Yangshan people after driving to the Hot Spring Palace) After waking up, he expressed his ambition: "Fu Shuo is the official of the squad leader and Reese is the eagle dog. It is best to stand up and work hard. " (Drunk at the Dragon Gate on a Winter Night) Since the Anshi Rebellion, Li Bai has regarded the situation as a struggle between Chu and Han, and took Sean and Han Xin as his own situation: "It's quite like a struggle between Chu and Han, which can't be turned over. Toward Bolangsha and enter Huaiyin City at dusk. Sean did not satisfy Han Xin's poverty, and Liu Xiangcun died in two ministers. I'm going to Xiapi for the time being, and I'm going to vote for the floating mother as my master. "After he entered the Yongwanglin shogunate, he compared himself with Xie An:" But Xie Anshi from Dongshan was used to make you laugh and laugh at the quiet Hu Sha. " ("Dong Xunge" the second time) Until he joined the army at the age of 60, he also promised himself with Meng in "Heroes of the Western Han Dynasty":
"Thank you for your illness, but there is no reason to levy in the southeast. The elegant house does not care about it, and it is Meng Xian's resistance. "
Born in the prosperous times, Li Bai's tribute to the heroes in troubled times is of course not just a reflection on the past. Because through such characters, poets can express their spirit and enthusiasm, and express their life desire to make contributions in history and actively create self-value. At the same time, it has become a personification portrayal of the ideals of the times.
Li Bai unified the ideal of saving the world with unrestrained personality freedom in order to achieve a complete life. His design of the road to life is divided into two steps: the first step is to build great achievements, such as a cloud: "If there is no help instead of heart, what good is it for a person to be a good person?" ("To Secretary Wei Zichun") "The two dragons strive for each other, and heaven and earth move. The wine dances with the sword, and the Chinese fight in a hurry. " After his success, he did not covet wealth and fame, but took "Five Lakes" and "Cangzhou" as his home and yearned for a free life. During his early years as an official, he did not deny this: "When he was successful, he brushed his clothes and swayed beside Cangzhou." Don't give up this point when you are most proud of your career: "Thank you for your success and throw another fish." ("Hanlin Reading Talk") "When I report to the Lord, then lie with me in the white clouds." Until his later years, he was still determined to win: "Finally, I will go to the five lakes safely." This ideal of life embodies the poet's sense of "shame" and love of freedom: "I can make contributions to Liaocheng with one arrow. In the end, I didn't get a reward, and I didn't have the face to be with people at that time. " ("On the East Tour in May")
"At first glance, Geng Jie died on the grass, not asking for a golden cage." These poems are the self-expression of the poet's mind. Because of his strong sense of freedom, his anger and resistance are particularly strong when he meets the obstacles of ugly forces in real life.
Among the ancient poets in China, Li Bai's personality was very active and liberated.
He has never achieved fame in his life, but he has high expectations. He despised the rich and powerful, unscrupulously mocked the hierarchical order centered on political power, criticized the phenomenon of political corruption, and carried forward the heroism in the prosperous Tang culture with a bold gesture of resistance.
Li Bai's anti-power thought is becoming more and more conscious and mature with the enrichment of his life practice. In the early days, it was mainly manifested in the equal requirements of "self-improvement, not being human" and "making friends with princes", as he said in his poem: "I was drunk in Chang 'an, and five kings and seven people shared a glass of wine. In the face of heroic spirit, the romantic spirit will fall behind others! " ("Liu Yelang gave the judge Xin") "Encourage the nine masters to make waves and be young and ignorant." ("Ode to the Jade Pot") He sometimes makes grandiose remarks that show contempt for powerful people, such as "Gold and white jade buy songs and laugh, and get drunk and tired, and despise princes" ("Remembering the past" sent the county yuan to join the army). But his main performance is inner pride. With the understanding of the actual situation of high-level power groups, he further exposed the opposition between Buyi and dignitaries: "Zhu Yu buys songs and laughs, wasting talents." (The fifteenth time of "Ancient Style") "The sparrow is in the phoenix nest, and it is holding the phoenix." (Article 39 of Antique) "Chickens gather for food and fight, and chickens fly alone without neighbors. Dragonflies laugh at dragons, and good and evil people are mixed; Wear brocade and pay a negative salary. "
("Song Gao Ming sent Cen Zheng Jun") and mocked the gaffes for flattering the emperor, such as "Bo Gu" Volume 24:
The cart flies dust, and the pavilion is black in the afternoon. China is more expensive than gold, and Lianyun has a room. He Huihe was dubbed cockfighting. When the rainbow is dried in one breath, pedestrians are afraid. There is no such thing as washing your ears, only Yao and your feet!
In "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream", he made the loudest sound:
Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those people with high status and important positions? They never want to be seen with a sincere face!
The significance of this artistic generalization in Li Bai's poems is as important as Du Fu's famous sentence "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the bones on the road freeze to death" ("Ode to 500 words from Beijing to Fengxian"). In the deteriorating political situation at the end of Tianbao, Li Bai linked anti-dignitary with extensive social criticism. For example, answering the king's twelve cold nights with loneliness not only bravely fought for the fallen sages, but also expressed disappointment and contempt for the court:
If you don't go to Beihai, Li See, where is the heroic spirit? If you don't look at Pei Shangshu, there are three feet of wormwood thorns in the earth grave. Teenagers have long wanted to go to the Five Lakes. Seeing this, I will spare Zhong Ding.
Li Bai even sharply reprimanded Xuanzong himself in the way of satirizing modern people in his poems, such as "Feeling the Book, My Friend", "Ancient Style" and "Ascending to the Far Sea".
In a word, it can be said that he developed the anti-power theme in Tang poetry to the point of dripping and hearty. Ren Hua said that Li Bai "lived for decades and never lost his color for a day" ("Miscellaneous Words Send Li Bai"). This consciousness of never giving in to powerful people and bravely fighting for self-dignity is an important content of attaching importance to personal value since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and it is also a tradition of attaching importance to strength and character. It is under the new historical conditions that Li Bai inherited and carried forward this excellent tradition and became a star in poetry.
Li Bai's poems and songs are full of passion for life. His poems are often full of childlike interest in the wild, such as: "Two people love each other, one cup after another." Drunk enough to sleep, I plan to hold the Ming dynasty piano. "("lovers in the mountains ")" Long sleeves, light desire, drunken dancing in Hanzhong. Put a robe on me, I am drunk and sleep on my stomach. " ("reminiscing about the past, going to the county to join the army") "The sunset wants to chase flowers. Xiangyang children clapped their hands together and stopped the street to sing "White brass cymbals". I'm sorry to ask you what you're laughing at, but I'm so drunk. " (Xiangyang Song) Life is like rich wine, which enchants the poet. Of course, this does not mean that there is no sorrow and pain in life, but the poet's optimism is enough to make him transcend and overcome his sense of hardship. The so-called "sentimental life? "And drink and climb the stairs" (Song of Liangyuan) and "Drunk Jia Qianchi, don't look at the monument to tears" (Xiangyang Qu IV) are the portrayal of his broad-minded mentality. One of his three songs, Hard to Walk:
The cost of pure wine is a gold cup, 10 thousand copper coins and a hip flask, and I am ashamed of 10 thousand yuan. I threw the food bar and cup aside. I couldn't eat or drink. I pulled out my dagger. I peeped in four directions in vain. I want to cross the Yellow River, but ice will block the ferry and Taihang Mountain will be covered with snow. I will sit on a fishing rod and lean lazily by the stream, but I suddenly dream of sailing a boat towards the sun. It's hard to walk, it's hard to walk, a lot of roads, and today's safety! One day, I will ride the wind and waves, raise the Yun Fan and cross the sea.
Even if it is sad and disoriented, there is no cold and astringent danger and bitter words. The images of the Yellow River, Taihang, the sea and the sun in the poem, as well as the majestic posture of drawing the sword and looking in all directions, and the reverie of crossing the ocean, all have magnificent feelings. He is never content with loneliness and loneliness, such as drinking with the moon alone:
Flowers in the next pot of wine, no friends, drink alone. Raise my cup, I invite the bright moon, which brings me its shadow and makes us three people. The moon doesn't know how to drink, but the shadow in front of it is behind. I have to mingle with them and enjoy the happiness of spring. The song I sing is bright and wandering, and I dance the shadow before wandering. Wake up and be happy together, and disperse after drunkenness. I am willing to stay with them forever and forget the harm of friendship, just like the Milky Way.
Only a energetic poet can come up with such a fantastic idea. He has a "short song line", and the idea is: "If you want to win the Six Dragons, go back to the car and hang the Fusang. With the help of the Big Dipper, every dragon advised them to drink a glass of wine, so they all fell asleep and couldn't stay awake. Wealth is not what you want, you are in your twilight years. " There is no old man's sigh here, but the naive imagination of "persuading wine" is used to express infinite attachment to life. These poems, with their pure taste, appeal to the beautiful humanity submerged by vulgar life, thus gaining permanent charm.
Li Bai has a strong feeling for nature, and he is good at integrating his personality into natural scenery, which makes his landscapes and valleys have idealized colors. He said in the poem "Sunrise": "I will include a big piece, and I will be noble and have the same topic." He also said: "Yangchun told me to smoke, and I took articles during the holidays."
(From the preface of my brother's spring banquet in Taohuayuan) Li Bai is heroic and pursues a pure and noble state of mind. These different personality aspects also form two types of his artistic conception of mountains and rivers: one is to highlight the beauty of strength and movement in the majestic mountains and rivers, and express his lofty aspirations in the magnificent artistic conception; The other is interested in pursuing the beauty of Ming Che and expressing innocent feelings in a beautiful artistic conception. For example, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in his works roared and roared: "How does the water of the Yellow River move out of the sky and into the ocean, and never return" ("Into the wine"); "The Yellow River Wan Li touches the mountains, and the vortex hub turns to Qin Mine ... djinn growls and breaks the two mountains, and Hongbo jet shoots the East China Sea ("Xiyue Yuntai Song Send Dan Qiu Zi "); "I climbed up. I look at the whole world, and the vast rivers can't go.
The wind blows Huang Yun for hundreds of miles, and the snow peaks are white around the nine streams. "(Song of Lushan's suggestion and Lu Xuzhou) Poseidon has been to the evil wind, and the waves hit the stone walls of Tianmen. What happened to Zhejiang in August? Snow in Taosi Mountain (Hengjiang Ci). The peaks in his works are towering and steep: "The highest cliff is only one foot below the sky, and the withered pine trees hang their heads from the surface of the cliff" (Shu Dao Nan);
"Straight into the sky, its peak into the sky, the top of the five holy peaks, casting a shadow through China; The ladder mountain range stretches for hundreds of miles, starting from here and extending to the southeast "(Tianmu Mountain rises in my dream). He endowed mountains and rivers with lofty aesthetic feeling with heroism in his chest. His praise for the great power of nature is also a tribute to the far-sighted and unremitting pursuit of life ideals. Extraordinary natural image and proud heroic character are integrated. At the same time, Li Bai also wrote many beautiful landscape poems. For example, "people travel around the moon and ships travel in the air" ("Send Weiwan, a man from Wuwangshan, back to the palace"); "When a man rides on the sea and the moon, the sail falls into the sky in the lake" ("Looking for Yang to send his brother to visit Sima Zuo in Poyang"); "The moon turns with the green hills, and the green hills follow the flowing water. Such as the Milky Way, but it feels like a quiet forest "("Walking on the River on a Moonlit Night ")