Since ancient times, scholars in China have attached great importance to reading notes. Taking reading notes is not only an effective means to digest book knowledge, but also can accumulate useful materials, train the logic and organization of thinking, and improve the ability to analyze and solve problems.
Combining the reading notes written by predecessors, I want to say three ways to write them. One is called "Asking the Mystery of Hook", the other is called "Picking Flowers to Make Honey", and the other is called "Founding a Mountain to Cast Copper".
Let's talk about hook Xuan first. Han Yu, a famous writer in the Tang Dynasty, wrote reading notes in Shuo Wen Jie Zi, saying: "The chronicler must mention his essentials, and the fabricator must hook his mystery." He reads history books and records important events. He reads philosophy books and extracts the main points. Some of Han Yu's reading notes are still treasured in his library. There is an article "Reading", 2005. Let's quote it below to see how he wrote his reading notes.
There are nine articles in Guo Guanzi, whose words are mixed with Huang Lao's criminal names. His Bo Xuan Pian, Si Shu Lu and Wu Da are just right. What a great merit it is to help others when they are in trouble and then contribute to the country! As the saying goes, "it's useless to be born cheap, and a pot of gold is lost in the middle of the boat." Yu San read his words and mourned them. There are five words in the correct thirty, three words in B, two words in the destroyed twenty and two words in Note Ten.
First, he declared how many books there were, and no one knew who the author was or where he came from. The author didn't write his name and native place because he couldn't find it. Secondly, point out what this book is about. This book belongs to the pre-Qin philosophers, who are classified into different categories, so some people pointed out that "his words are mixed with yellow and old criminal names." Huang Lao is a Taoist who talks about the theories of Huangdi and Laozi. The name of punishment is Legalism. It is pointed out that the content of this book is Taoism and Legalism. To point out the main points of this book, there is an article called Bo Xuan Pian, which puts forward the theory of "four records" and "five records". "Four Records" pointed out that from four aspects, the "Five Records" must meet five requirements, all for the sake of governing the country. Han Yu thinks his theory is very appropriate. If he is appointed by the monarch, governing the country in his way will have many effects. He also quoted the words in the book, saying that something was looked down upon because it was not used. For example, a big gourd is looked down upon by everyone. If the boat capsizes in the river, you can save your life with a big gourd. A big gourd is worth 1000 yuan at this time. Han Yu repeated these words, which caused sorrow. In the book, the big gourd is used to compare talents. Talents are abandoned, so they are looked down upon, and Han Yu is sad. Han Yu also corrected the mistakes in the book and changed 35 words. There are 3 words written backwards, 22 misspelled words, and 12 corrected words are marked next to them.
From this article, we can see how the abstract reading notes are written. Not just writing down the main points of a book. First, write down how many articles there are in this book and what the content is mainly about. Then write down what the main points are, and write your own views on these points, and write your own opinions. I also picked out the wonderful words, expressed my views, and finally mentioned correcting the mistakes in the book. From the perspective of "reading his words three times and lamenting them", the imaginary number of the word "three" means repeated reading. It can be seen that if Han Yu encounters wonderful words, he will not read them, but will read them repeatedly. This is a reading note of the abstract written by Han Yu. It does record the main points, but you should also write down your own views on these points, including expressing your feelings. It is also necessary to make a general explanation of the contents of the book. Then you should not only read a book, but also think after reading it, from the content of the book to the wonderful chapters to the wonderful words, until you don't let go of the typos in the book. From here, we can not only learn how to write abstract reading notes, but also learn how he reads.
Notes on "Making Honey by Picking Flowers" Honey is made from the sweet liquid when bees pick flowers, not the sweet liquid of a flower, but the sweet liquid of many flowers. Some reading notes are the author's point of view through comparative study after reading many books, such as bees making honey. Such reading notes are more exciting and different from the general view. Zhuzi school of Xiang;
Yuan Ming's poems are said to be flat talks. According to some people, he is proud of it, but he is unrestrained. Its true colors are an article in Jing Ke Fu. How can a calm person say such a thing?
Gong Zizhen's Poems of the Past;
Tao Qian is cool to Wolong Hao, and Xunyang pine chrysanthemum is high. Don't believe that the poet speaks simply, and Fu Liang is divided into two.
There are many forms of reading notes, and the notes mentioned above are one kind; There are two other kinds here, one is prose and the other is poetry. Only write your own opinions, use the style of prose, and don't write the number of topics and volumes. , mainly to write down their views on books, not to mention writing down the title, volume number, etc. In the form of poetry.
Gong Zizhen's poem A Passage of Music mentioned above is actually a reflection on Tao Yuanming's poetry, so it is also discussed as a reading note. "Poems in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, people speak Pinghua" means that he read what others said about Tao Yuanming and said that poems in Yuan and Ming Dynasties were Pinghua. "According to someone, he proudly let go." He read Yuan Ming's poems, which is different from others' views. He thinks that flat talk is superficial and bold at heart. He also read many bold poems. After comparison, he thinks that the boldness of Yuan and Ming's poems is different from others, and his poems are not revealed. There is also an exposed article "Ode to Jing Ke". His argument is that reading other people's poems about Yuanming should be tested by Yuanming's poems. Read other bold poems to compare with Yuan Ming's poems; Go get it. He not only saw superficial talk in Yuan Ming's poems, but also saw his boldness in the poem Ode to Jing Ke. Looking at other poems written by him, we can see that through superficial talk, he is bold in his bones, that is, Yuan Ming's character can be seen from his poems. This is like bees picking flowers to make honey, which is obtained through reading a lot of books and comparative research.
Gong Zizhen's poems mainly adopt the argument of happiness, but add new arguments: first, compare Tao Yuanming's personality with Zhuge Liang's boldness; Second, he praised Yuan Ming's superb character; Thirdly, he compared the poems of Yuanmingyuan with Li Sao written by Yin and Qu Yuan. Here, Gong Zizhen not only read Tao Yuanming's poems, but also read the biographies of Tao Yuanming and Zhuge Liang to understand their personalities, and also read Zhuge Liang's Fu Liangyin. I also studied the people with super good personalities in history, and wrote this poem after comparison. It is said that "Xunyang lived in an ancient high place" because Tao Yuanming is a Xunyang native and loves to live in a loose place. He said in "Gui Xi Ci" that he "lingered on lonely pines", and in "Drinking" that he "picked chrysanthemums under the east fence", and chrysanthemums and pine trees were used to symbolize noble character. Saying this sentence shows that he compared Tao Yuanming with previous dynasties. He also compared Qu Yuan's Li Sao with Tao Yuanming's poems, and saw that Tao Yuanming's boldness was closer to Zhuge Liang, and he had more elements. There is a certain distance from Qu Yuan, which accounts for less components. That's because Qu Yuan committed suicide by throwing himself into the river. Yuan Ming was less angry and more philosophical. He is also different from Zhuge Liang, because Yuan Ming is not as successful as Zhuge Liang. Whether his measurement is appropriate or not, in short, he has read a lot of books and obtained them through comparative research, just like picking flowers to make honey.
Notes on casting copper in the mountains. Gu's Record of Japanese Knowledge in the early Qing Dynasty is a masterpiece of reading notes. In Book Ten with People, he talked about two kinds of books: one is to collect old money, which is called casting new money with scrap copper and iron, which is not only inferior but also destroys good old money. One is to mine copper and smelt copper. In the past year, his "Record of the Day" has been read early and read late, and has been searched repeatedly. There are only more than ten articles, but it is also a few copper coins in the mountains. Destroying old money to make new money probably refers to cutting and pasting old books into new books, cutting mountains and casting copper, and probably refers to discovering new problems and putting forward new opinions from many materials. If collecting flowers and making honey mainly refers to literary and artistic research, then cutting mountains and casting copper mainly refers to academic research. Here is the article "Zhengshi" in Rizhilu.
..... Where there is national subjugation, there is national subjugation. Debate between national subjugation and national subjugation? Day: I changed my surname to national subjugation. Benevolence is an obstacle. As for attracting animals to eat people, people will kill each other, which is called the death of the world. ..... protect the country, its monarch and ministers, and the carnivores seek it; Those who protect the world are mean to everyone. They are expensive. ……
The reading notes written in the Record of the Day are called "Founding a Mountain and Casting Copper", and many books are often quoted, from which a conclusion is drawn. If all the books cited are plagiarized, it will be too many and inappropriate, so we have to draw a conclusion. Yanwu drew this conclusion from many materials. When he said "national subjugation", he changed the dynasty, so it was only a matter of the monarch and ministers of that dynasty, and the official title of that dynasty should be considered. "Carnivores" refer to officials. "Destroying the world" means that heresy blocks justice, and the education of the whole country is destroyed, leading to "animals eat people, and people will eat people", causing chaos and the whole society will fall into collapse. His argument is excavated from a large number of historical materials, so it is called "casting copper in the mountains". Whether his argument is correct or not, from the way he obtained this argument, it belongs to the category of casting copper.
problem solving
In the process of reading, people either extract the famous sayings and novel materials in the book, or summarize the main points in the book, or write down their own experiences. These refined, summarized and experienced are all called reading notes.
This is a common application style.
Rio
Why do you take reading notes?
First of all, it can help memory. The more knowledge, the better. The richness of knowledge is formed by accumulation; Knowledge cannot be enriched by reading and forgetting. It must be remembered that reading notes is one of the best ways to help remember and accumulate knowledge. As the saying goes, "a good memory is not as good as a bad writing." It means that taking notes can help you remember.
Secondly, taking notes is also a good way to accumulate knowledge. The ancients said: no pen and ink, no reading. In other words, you must take notes when reading in order to accumulate knowledge. Meng Qian Bi Tan by Shen Kuo in the Northern Song Dynasty is a work of reading notes.
Third, taking reading notes also helps to improve reading ability. The ability of analysis, comprehensive induction and writing expression is a comprehensive training of combining hands and brains, reading and writing.
From the above three points, students should pay attention to learning to write reading notes.
operation instruction
How to write reading notes?
First of all, we should understand the types of reading notes. There are generally four kinds of reading notes: notes, excerpts, outlines and thoughts. When writing reading notes, you should decide what kind of reading notes to write according to the purpose of writing notes, the type of books and your own habits.
Note notes. Is to write your own opinions, questions, etc. When reading, or mark symbols indicating key points, secondary points, questions, etc. Make some comments and notes in the book, or at the top and bottom of the book. This kind of reading notes is simple and easy, but first of all, the book is your own, and other people's books can't be scribbled; Even if it is your own book, you should think more before commenting: Is your opinion right? How to express it concisely before writing? Because there are not many blank spaces in the book, I write when I think of it, and when I finish it, I feel inappropriate, so I make the book a mess.
Extract notes. It is to extract the wonderful ideas, novel materials and famous sayings in the book for later use. This kind of reading notes is rich. When taking abstract notes, it is best to make each excerpt into your own paragraph. At the back, you should also write down what book it is, how many pages it is, who is the author of this book, who is the publisher and what year it was published. Everything should be written at the back of the excerpt for future inspection and verification. There is a big gap between the two excerpts, so the first is to make the abstract clear, and the second is to leave a gap for future reference and use.
Outline notes. It is to outline the central idea, paragraph gist, content points and writing methods of the books you have read.
Taking notes is to write out your thoughts, experiences and feelings after reading.
Different reading notes have different functions, which should be determined according to the actual situation.
Secondly, no matter what kind of reading notes you write, there are several points that are the same and should be paid attention to.
You must read the original text carefully. This is the premise of writing good reading notes. Outline notes and experience notes should be based on reading the original text. Even if you take notes, read the original text carefully. Otherwise, your excerpts may be taken out of context, and you may break sentences.
② The attitude should be serious, earnest and meticulous. Being serious means respecting the original work, not deliberately distorting the meaning of the original work, and not deliberately taking it out of context for personal purposes; Seriously speaking, it is necessary to read and analyze carefully, strive to grasp the main points, key points and highlights of the original work, and not engage in sloppy work; Meticulousness means proofreading word by word after extracting the original text, and there can be no mistakes. Even the author, publishing house and publication time of the original work should be remembered in detail, so don't be afraid of trouble. Because anyone who is not careful at this time will pay a greater price in the future. For example, many years later, you want to quote this famous saying, but you can't remember the name of the original author. You want to find out the source of this famous saying. I'm afraid I can't even find the book by then, and it's not easy to use. If you remember to extract it carefully, you won't have this trouble.
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Please write a summary. You can write some famous aphorisms or interesting materials, but you must:
The original text can't even be wrong with punctuation marks.
② On the bottom line of the transcript, it says: "Excerpted from ×××". What's the title of this book? How many pages? Where is it published? When was it published?
Reading notes are a practical style written by people to help them remember when reading. Since ancient times, scholars in China have attached great importance to reading notes. Taking reading notes is not only an effective means to digest book knowledge, but also can accumulate useful materials, train the logic and organization of thinking, and improve the ability to analyze and solve problems.
Reading notes, how many articles you wrote, and how well you wrote them, are not important. The key is whether you are good at taking reading notes when you are studying. What is the significance of making clear reading notes for you? What's your goal? So when we check the teacher's reading notes, we don't just check how many articles the teacher has written. It is more important to read the teacher's reading notes, which contain reading reflection, reading methods, reading experience and reading goals.
Reading notes is not the point of writing down a book. First, write down how many articles there are in this book and what the content is mainly about. Then write down what the main points are, and write your own views on these points, and write your own opinions. I also picked out the wonderful words, expressed my views, and finally mentioned correcting the mistakes in the book. From the perspective of "reading his words three times and lamenting them", the imaginary number of the word "three" means repeated reading. It can be seen that if Han Yu encounters wonderful words, he will not read them, but will read them repeatedly. This is a reading note of the abstract written by Han Yu. It does record the main points, but you should also write down your own views on these points, including expressing your feelings. It is also necessary to make a general explanation of the contents of the book. Then you should not only read a book, but also think after reading it, from the content of the book to the wonderful chapters to the wonderful words, until you don't let go of the typos in the book. From here, we can not only learn how to write abstract reading notes, but also learn how he reads.
1. What are reading notes?
As the saying goes, "no pen and ink, no reading". Real reading should be done with heart, mouth, eyes and hands. Write down the information or feelings you got during your study. This is a reading note.
Second, the types of reading notes
1, symbolic comment
When we read, we use various symbols (such as lines, curves, brackets, triangles, question marks, etc. ) Underline important or questionable places in the book, or write comments in the blank space of the book. This kind of note is symbolic.
Symbolic notes make the key and difficult issues in the book easy to read, and prepare for outline notes, excerpts and other forms of notes.
Comment on writing can be a summary of a paragraph in the book, an experience, or a question expressed without understanding a certain problem in the book.
When taking symbol notes, please pay attention to the following points:
(1) The book you read must be your own. Don't scribble books in the library or books borrowed by others.
(2) The meaning represented by each symbol should be fixed by itself and should not be changed at will. For example, straight lines indicate important content, "……" indicates wonderful sentences or beautiful words, "indicates places that should be paid special attention to" and "?" Indicates a problem that has not yet been understood. In the future, you should use these symbols according to your own regulations.
(3) Don't make too many symbols. If the whole page is circled, crossed and all become the focus, that is to say, without the focus, the symbol loses its meaning.
(4) Be clear and tidy. Don't make the book so dirty that you can't read the original clearly.
Take Gorky's Haiyan as an example;
petrel
On the vast sea, the wind is rolling dark clouds. Between the dark clouds and the sea, Haiyan flies proudly like black lightning.
One moment the wings hit the waves, the other moment the arrow hit the dark clouds, and it shouted-in the brave cry of the birds, the dark clouds heard the joy.
In this cry-full of longing for the storm! In this cry, the dark clouds heard the power of anger, the flame of enthusiasm and the confidence of victory. ?
Seagulls groaned before the storm came-groaned, and they flew around the sea, trying to hide their fear of the storm into the depths of the sea.
Step 2 extract notes
Taking notes is to copy down some incisive, philosophical and enlightening contents we see from books and newspapers. This method seems troublesome, but it is actually a good way to save time and effort to accumulate knowledge. Abstraction can deepen your understanding and memory, and you will realize the benefits of taking notes when you look it up later.
Pay attention to the following questions when taking notes:
(1) should be copied selectively. Copy down the most useful and enlightening contents in the text, and every copied note should be "few but precise". "Less" means fewer words, and "essence" means grasping the main points of content.
(2) Be faithful to the original text. There is a passage in the book that we think is quite good and want to copy it down. When copying, I feel that one word is awkward to use, so I use another word instead, which is not good. Since it is an excerpt, it is necessary to copy it according to the author's writing, not only the words and phrases can not be changed, but also the punctuation marks can not be changed. In a paragraph, words that don't need to be extracted before, after and in the middle can be represented by ellipsis.
(3) indicate the source. Each material should indicate which page it was copied from and who the author is. If you copied it from a newspaper or magazine, you should write down the name and date of the newspaper or magazine. Also indicate the title and author of the article. This is convenient for future use.
Step 3 edit notes
See good articles or other useful materials in the newspapers and magazines you subscribe to, cut them out in time, and cut and paste notes after finishing. This method is quick and simple to collect materials.
Clipping notes should pay attention to the following points:
(1) When making cut-and-paste notes, you should classify them according to different contents. You can prepare several notebooks to paste newspaper clippings, or you can divide a notebook into several parts and paste Chinese knowledge, historical knowledge, knowledge of nature and so on.
(2) The content of each segment should indicate the source and time. That is, from which magazine or newspaper, which year and which issue, etc.
(3) Short scrapbook notes can also be used as the content of reading cards.
4. Emotional notes
After reading a good book or article, write out your feelings and experiences. This kind of reading notes is a feeling note, also called the feeling after reading.
This kind of reading notes focuses on training students' understanding and expression ability. It is also what we primary school students need when writing. How to write emotional notes, we will study it specially in grades five and six.
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There are too many ways to write reading notes. Students can innovate according to their reading habits. If every good article is compared to a flower, then writing reading notes is like collecting nectar among thousands of flowers. Over time, we will find that reading notes have a multiplier effect on improving our reading and writing ability.
model essay
The following is an excerpt from a fable:
Fable is a magic bag. The bag is small, but you can take a lot of things out of it, even things much bigger than the bag.
Fable is a monster. When it comes to you, it's obviously a story, vivid and it's time to walk away. But suddenly it became philosophy and seriousness.
Fable is a key, which is made up of clever metaphors. This key can open the door of the soul, stimulate wisdom and make the mind active.
A classmate's feelings after watching Zhan Tianyou are written like this:
After reading Zhan Tianyou's article, I can't be calm for a long time.
Zhan Tianyou is a man of backbone from China. 1905, faced with the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government and the ridicule of imperialism, he resolutely accepted the task of building the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. This is his patriotic performance and an example for me to learn.
In order to find a suitable route, Zhan Tianyou draws and calculates under the oil lamp at night, eats and lives with workers, and often asks local farmers for advice. He overcame all kinds of difficulties and completed the railway construction two years ahead of schedule. Think about yourself. When doing math exercises, I am often afraid of difficulties and copy my classmates' answers. How humiliating it is to compare with Zhan Tianyou! I am determined to follow Zhan Tianyou's example and win glory for my motherland when I grow up.
This short review not only expresses that Zhan Tianyou's patriotism is an example for him to learn, but also describes that he was moved by Zhan Tianyou's spirit of "not being afraid of difficulties" and "studying hard". In this way, the content of the article appears scattered and dry, and looks like a "determination book".
It can be seen that writing after reading must choose the point that you feel the deepest and experience the deepest, highlight the key points, and avoid covering everything. Of course, when writing, you should be good at association, according to the main content and spiritual essence of the original text, combined with your own thoughts and life reality.