Appreciation of poetic imagery, expressive skills and language is shown in the following table:
Examples of appreciation categories
Image image quality, personality, moral integrity, etc. "Scattered into mud and rolled into dust, only the fragrance remains."
Thoughts "Leaves fall like the spray of a waterfall, while I watch the long river roll forward"
The characteristics of things, images, things and things in poetry
The landscape (or environment) is characterized by "green grass, birds and flowers"
Expression skills: "Petals have been like tears, lonely birds have been lamenting".
A poem expressing a person's will (or symbol)
Contrast (or contrast or contrast) "When the moon rises, the birds are surprised, and sometimes it is in the spring."
Rhetoric (metaphor, personification, exaggeration, intertextuality, argot pun, etc. ) "the cold moon, the eyebrows are like a willow bend, the more you look in the mirror."
Su Shi's "Jiangchengzi" with the combination of reality and fiction
The combination of motion and stillness "the bamboo leaves whisper that the laundry girl returns, and the lotus leaves lie in front of the fishing boat"
Citing Xin Qiji's "Looking Back at the Gubei Pavilion in Jingkou"
Multi-angle (from far and near, from top to bottom, from far, from near, etc.). "In the wild wind in the vast sky, apes are sobbing, and birds are flying home on the clear lake and white beach."
Pastoral poetry with fresh, natural and simple language
Li Bai's bold and elegant poems
Depressed and frustrated Du Fu's poems
Heroic frontier poems
The euphemism, implication and thought-provoking application of classical poetry and historical poetry.
Bai Juyi's poems are popular and straightforward.
[Specific appreciation of poetic expression skills]
This year's college entrance examination poetry appreciation questions have been greatly adjusted, and the objective multiple-choice questions have been changed to written expression questions, which greatly increased the difficulty of poetry appreciation questions. According to the exam contents (language, image and expression skills) of poetry appreciation clearly specified in the exam instructions, let's take this "Analysis of Poetry Expression Skills" as an example, hoping to help candidates prepare for the exam.
First, the clever use of rhetoric.
In many poems, commonly used rhetoric is as follows:
1. Metaphor
Metaphor not only makes the images depicted in poetry more vivid, but also embodies the modal characteristics of images. For example:
Lanxi bangge
Dai Shulun
Liu Wanmei hangs on the cool moon, and the Zhongshan mirror looks more.
Peach blossoms rained in Lanxi for three days, and carp came to the beach at midnight.
Analysis: "Eyebrow": Eyebrow is used to describe the moon, depicting the shape of the moon in March, and reflecting its comeliness. Mirror: Mirror is used to describe the water in Lanxi, and it describes the clear and quiet water in Lanxi. It also reflects the brightness of moonlight.
Another example is:
Look at the mountains on the river
Su Shi
Look at the mountains and take a boat, and a hundred regiments pass by.
The front mountain is suddenly different, and the back ridge is like running.
Looking up, the path is oblique and there are pedestrians on the street.
Raise your hand and talk in the boat, sail south like a bird.
Analysis: This poem takes the mountains on both sides of the river as horses and ships as reference objects, making the static scenery of the mountains vivid and vivid. "Bird" is a metaphor of "lone sail", which indicates how fast a ship can sail.
2. argot (homophonic) and pun
In some poems, especially folk songs, in order to express a euphemistic and implicit emotion, the author often uses argot and pun rhetoric, such as:
Chunsi
Lipper
The grass is as green as Beth, and the mulberry leaves in Qin area are green.
When you miss your hometown, you were missed and sad a long time ago.
Spring breeze, since I dare not know you, why should I separate the silk curtain beside my bed? ?
Analysis: This is a well-known poem describing the love between men and women, and it is a monologue of Qin's thinking about women. The poet made a pun, expressing the spring of nature and reasoning about the love between men and women; It also uses the homonym of "silk" (thinking) and "branch" (knowing) to connect the feelings of missing between men and women in different places.
Four ancient folk songs with seven-character poems on love or local themes
Liu Yuxi
The willows in Jiang Shuiping are green, and I can hear the songs on the Langjiang River.
Rain in the east, sunrise in the east, said it was not sunny, but it was still sunny.
Analysis: Qing and Qing are homophones and puns. This is a love song written by the author in folk style, and puns are often used in folk songs. Judging from the first two poetic sentences, the woman is probably sailing on the riverbank where the willows are fluttering and the waves are calm, and she hears the teenagers who love her singing love to her on the shore, but the implicit expression of love gives her the impression that Tao is ruthless but affectionate.
Climbing Yueyang Tower
Du Fu
I heard that Dongting Lake is magnificent before, but today's wish has finally reached Yueyang Tower.
The vast lake tore Wu Chu apart, as if the sun, moon and stars were floating in the water.
But no news of relatives and friends reached me, and I was old and sick in a lonely boat.
The battle of the north gate began again, and I cried through the railing.
Analysis: "There is Wu in the east, Chu in the south, and you can see the endless drifting of heaven and earth", although they are cheerful and magnificent, describe the majestic atmosphere of Dongting Lake, but this is only a representation. It also includes the author's situation at that time (Du Fu was wandering in Jiangling, public security and other places because of the mutiny, aged 58, old and weak, living in poverty) and the country's situation-ups and downs.
Other figures of speech, such as repetition, parallelism, exaggeration, metaphor and so on, are not discussed separately because they are relatively simple or often used in modern poetry.
Second, the expression technique
symbol
Symbol is a commonly used technique in poetry, and its main function is to observe the moral integrity of material evidence. For example, "Mei" symbolizes nobility, beauty, elegance and simplicity; "Chrysanthemum" symbolizes nobleness, Ao Shuang and strong resistance to snow, which is called "flower of seclusion"; "Lan Zhi" symbolizes preciousness, loneliness and loftiness; "Peony" symbolizes wealth; Wait a minute.
Didn't find Lu Hongxian at home.
Jiao ran
He moved his home to the city wall and the country road to Sang Ma's residence.
The chrysanthemum near the fence has not been seen in autumn.
There was no dog barking at the door, so I asked my neighbors in the west.
Report to Dashan and don't return before sunset.
Analysis: Chrysanthemum Hedgehog symbolizes Lu Hung-chien's noble moral integrity.
Qu Yuan used "Lan Zhi" to symbolize his fragrance and noble moral integrity. Lu You symbolizes his detachment and strength with "Plum Blossom" ("Yongmei"); Wait a minute.
(2) Take something to express your wishes.
Expressing one's will by holding things is an artistic technique for the author to express his personal thoughts by means of symbolic meaning of things, also called expressing feelings by things. Expressing poetry with things is also called writing poetry with things. For example:
Momei
Wang Mian
The first tree in my family, Xiyan Lake, is full of flowers and light ink marks.
Don't boast about the good color, just let the air be full of dried Kun.
Analysis: This poem uses the technique of expressing one's will by supporting things, and expresses the author's faithful and pure ethics as noble as plum blossom, and does not flatter the secular.
Komatsu
Du Xunhe
When pine trees were young, they grew in deep, deep grass and could not be seen. Now they are found to be much taller than weeds.
Those trees that don't recognize that they can soar into the sky, until it enters the sky, people say it is tall.
Analysis: This poem uses Komatsu as a metaphor to describe people. At the time of writing, Komatsu was not noticed at first, and eventually grew into a lingyun tree, which reflected the author's thinking about the humble origin of talents and eventually became a great cause, and criticized the shallow vision of the world to judge people by their life experiences. The technique of expressing meaning by holding objects was adopted.
Similarly, Yu Qian's Lime Poetry, Lu You's Yongmei, Zhang Jiuling's Feeling and so on.
(c) pay attention to the scenery.
Poetry is "expensive and implicit, avoid direct exposure". How can you confess and hate? People in ancient times used to express their feelings with scenery. Common methods for writing scenarios are:
1. Side foil
Poets write scenery not from the front scenery, but from the related side scenery, so as to achieve the effect of reflecting the theme by describing the side scenery, that is, side contrast. For example:
Stone city
Liu Yuxi
The mountains are still the same, surrounded by abandoned ancient capitals, and the tide is beating against the lonely empty city as in the past.
On the east bank of Huaihe River, the ancient cold moon, midnight, peep at the old palace.
Analysis: The title of this poem is "Stone City", which is obviously about "Stone City". However, poetry does not start from the stone city, but from the surrounding scenery-mountains, tides and the moon-to describe the decline and desolation of the "old country" of the stone city.
Heiweipai
Liu Yuxi
There are some weeds blooming by the Suzaku Bridge, and there is only sunset at the corner of Wuyi Lane.
Swallows under the eaves of Wang Dao and Xie An have now flown into the homes of ordinary people.
Analysis: This poem is similar to Stone City. Through the scenery around Wuyi Lane-overgrown with weeds, dotted with wild flowers, the setting sun is oblique, and swallows entered the homes of ordinary people in the old days-this poem is written that Wuyi Lane is no longer the former Wuyi Lane. Today, Wuyi Lane is desolate, and the aristocratic family of the past no longer exists.
Two-color laurel folding order
Zhong Qiu
Zhang
Who grinds the flying mirror? According to Che Gankun, mountains and rivers are printed. Jade dew flows, and the autumn sky has no waves, which is clearer than the usual night, and does not hinder the swaying of Guiying. Lao Tzu sang and asked Chang 'e, how about not getting drunk on a good night?
Analysis: The sentences of "Yulu", "Yinhe" and "Guiying" set off the clear moonlight with the clear scenery of "Yulu", "Yinhe" and "Guiying".
2. Contrast the scene with the situation (scene)
Poets often use scenery to render and set off when describing subtle and graceful feelings or deep feelings, such as:
Qingjiang sound
Qiuhuai
Zhang Kejiu
Zephyr came to Wan Li and asked me if I would come back. Wild geese crow in red leaves, people get drunk in yellow flowers, and banana rains in Qiu Meng.
Analysis: In the first two sentences of this poem, the author expresses his homesickness. However, how deep and strong is this homesickness? The author did not show it directly, but used a group of scenery with seasonal characteristics, such as west wind, red leaves, yellow flowers, plantains and autumn rain, to form the artistic conception and render a colorful Qiu Jingtu. So why did the author paint this autumn scenery with rich colors? Think about it: against your deep homesickness!
Li Bai's Spring Thoughts is also an example. The author writes "Swallow Grass" as ruby and "Qin Sang" as low green, which arouses readers' imagination: dark green is "blue", dark green is "Shen" and "Shen" is "low". This can better foil the deep lovesickness between husband and Qin wife.
Chai Lu
Wang Wei
No one can be seen in the silent valley, only the voice is heard.
Go back to the depths of the forest and shine at me from the green moss.
Analysis: This is a secluded poem, and the author writes about the tranquility and profundity of an empty mountain. In rendering the stillness of an empty mountain, the author uses the method of distracting the stillness with noise, and also uses the method of distracting the stillness with scenery: the reflection (the reflection of the sunset) is quiet and meticulous, quietly shining on the moss of a deep forest, showing the stillness of the deep forest-distracting the stillness of the empty mountain with "reflection".
3. Focus on writing dynamic, static or dynamic-static scenes or dynamic-static scenes.
In some landscape poems, there are often still scenes, such as mountains and the moon. Moving scenery, such as water flow, wind shaking and so on. According to different emphases, the author sometimes writes only dynamic scenes or static scenes, sometimes both dynamic scenes and static scenes, sometimes writing dynamic scenes to set off, and sometimes writing dynamic scenes to set off. For example, Wang Wei's "Chai Lu" sets off the silence of the "empty mountain" with "full of people"; One autumn night in the deep mountains, the silence of the empty mountain was set off by the noise of bamboo and the movement of lotus, expressing a kind of leisure.
Dai Shulun's Lanxi Bangge combines dynamic scenery (the first two sentences) with static scenery (the last two sentences). In Ming Che's beautiful picture scroll, it vividly shows beautiful landscapes, refreshing moonlight and fishermen's joy.
4. Create artistic conception, render atmosphere and express emotions.
In ancient and modern poetry, there are many poems that write scenery first and then love or panorama. Poets often use scenery to render a strong atmosphere, paving the way for the following lyricism or melting into the scenery. According to the nature of the scenery, it can be divided into happy scenery and sad scenery.
(1) Happy scenes set off happy feelings, while sad scenes set off sad feelings.
"Emotion makes you happy, but emotion makes you sad". The beauty of the poet lies in integrating emotions into the scene, conveying his emotions through the scene, and achieving the blending of the scene. For example:
Gordon
Du Fu
The wind is fast and high, the ape cries sadly, and the birds are circling in the white sand.
The endless trees are rustling leaves, and the Yangtze River is rolling unpredictably.
Li in the sad autumn scenery, a wanderer all the year round, lives alone on the high platform in today's illness.
After all the hardships and hatred, the white hair is full, and the wine glasses are damaged.
Analysis: The first four sentences of the poem depict a desolate and magnificent autumn scenery-a sad scene: the sudden wind shakes the high sky and growls, the apes wail, the bamboo is clear and the sand is white, the birds reflect the cold bamboo, the leaves fall one after another, the river surges, and the color of late autumn is sad. For the following four sentences, a deep sense of sadness was rendered, which laid a good foundation for lyricism. The following four paragraphs are lyrical-sad: interwoven with worries about the difficulties of national luck and sadness about losing in a different place.
Night berth near Fengqiao
Ji Zhang
Crows fell on the moon, crowed coldly, slept on maple trees, and slept in fishing lanes by the river.
In the lonely Hanshan Temple outside Suzhou, the bell that rang in the middle of the night reached the passenger ship.
Analysis: This poem describes the scene of the author staying overnight in Qiao Feng, which belongs to landscape poetry. The scenery described in the poem has the characteristics of sadness, desolation and loneliness, which is consistent with the author's worries about travel.
(2) Happy scenery is lined with sadness.
Write sorrow with joy, and see more of its sorrow. For example:
Jueju
Du Fu
The water waves in the river, the white feathers of waterfowl, the green and red flowers on the mountain are in contrast, and you want to burn.
I watched it again this spring. When is the year of return?
Analysis: This poem was written in the second year of Guangde (764). At that time, the poet stayed in Chengdu and was eager to return to the East. Because of the war, he couldn't do it, so the last two sentences sighed. However, the first two sentences of the poem outline a beautiful picture of spring, which is extremely harmonious. Why are you homesick for such a beautiful scenery? It turns out that this is a happy scene of writing sadness. Only in this way can we write the poet's longing for returning home: with the strong contrast between objective scenery and subjective feelings, the poet's homesickness is more intense.
5. The combination of reality and reality
Without association and imagination, poets can't create poems. Association and imagination can express the theme of poetry well. But association and imagination must have a certain realistic basis-realistic objective scenery or events.
The real scene is the realistic and objective scenery described by the poet, while the virtual scene is the scenery created by the poet through association or imagination. The combination of reality and reality can better express an overflowing emotion. For example:
Listen to the flute on the plug
Gaoshi
Snow-clean horses graze in the daytime, and Qiangdi guards the building in the moonlight.
Excuse me, where did the plum blossom fall? The wind blew all over Tianshan Mountain overnight.
Analysis: One or two sentences actually describe the scenery. The content of the description is that the lake is in the north, the ice and snow are melting, and the season of herding horses is here. In the evening, the soldiers came back with horses, and the sky shed the brilliance of the bright moon. In such a vast and clear night scene, I don't know which garrison building played the Qiang flute, which is the familiar tune of plum blossom falling! In three or four sentences, "Plum Blossom Blossom" was torn down, as if the wind was not blowing the flute, but the flower pieces of plum blossom, which were scattered all over the floor, and overnight, the color and fragrance filled the whole Tianshan Mountains. This poem expresses the soldiers' deep homesickness by listening to music and thinking of plum blossoms in their hometown (there are no plum blossoms in Alakazam) and the autumn of plum blossoms.
In short, in poetry, people who express their feelings with scenery (indirect lyricism) often have certain fixity, such as: conveying "homesickness" with "hometown bright moon"; Communicate "seclusion" with "loose wind and mountains and moons"; Convey "the poet's sorrow" with "the cold forest and the waning moon"; Communicate "acacia bitterness" with "Mid-Autumn Festival full moon"; Convey "forever in my heart" with "falling flowers in the wind and rain, two swallows flying alone, and a heavy pavilion and jade pillow"; Convey "farewell feelings" with "folding willows in a long pavilion"; Convey "the pain of the poet's journey" with "a boat in the rivers and lakes, tears in the moon"; Convey "sadness and joy" by "waking up from a dream, heartbroken willow, cold rain, setting sun and residual candle crying"; Convey "the sigh of the vicissitudes of life" with "the glory of the past is not in sight, and the sunset glow is a few degrees red"; Convey "lamenting the decline of national conditions and loving national conditions" with "empty city falling flowers"; Wait a minute.
In the shaping of artistic conception, the picture may be magnificent, such as "the desert is lonely and straight, and the long river sets the yen"; Or quiet, such as "moonlight in the pine forest and crystal stone in the stream"; Or depressed and lonely, such as "wild trees, clear water and near the moon!" ; Or harmony and tranquility, such as "the sunset lingers at the ferry, and the midnight snack-kitchen smoke floats from the houses"; Or open and desolate, such as "a thousand miles of smoke and dusk, isolated city closed"; Or lofty and vast, such as "the sunset is lonely in Qi Fei, and the autumn water is * * * the sky is one color"; Wait a minute.
④ Zhang Xianzhi, a chess piece.
Poets often express their feelings at the end of their poems. For example, the sentence at the end of Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" says, "How can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking officials whose sincere faces will never be seen?" It expresses that the poet's thoughts are free and carefree, rather than bending over for a bucket of rice. Another example is the ending sentence "I will ride the wind and waves one day, and set my cloudy sail straight and bridge the deep, deep sea" in Difficult Travel, which expresses the open-mindedness to realize my ideal.
Third, the structure
In the structural arrangement of poetry, the poet is also original. Commonly used structural modes are:
(a) layers of plaster, bedding, such as:
Look at the mountains on the river
Su Zhe
Looking at the dry cliffs on the river, the barren village is red.
A hundred miles back at dusk, the sunset draws a new picture alone.
Qian Shan is newer and darker, but it's cute now.
Only the strongest show in Wushan still bears the burden from afar.
Analysis: Through layers of color rendering, this poem depicts a series of beautiful scenes: red "abandoned village", "misty new painting in the sunset" and "Qian Shan with updated colors", which makes the poet stop and sigh-but lovely, I believe today! But who knows the strongest show in Wushan? Layer by layer rendering, to achieve good artistic effect.
(2) Before and after nursing
In some poems, poets often express their or others' feelings by comparing the past with the present, others with me, and things with me, such as:
Complain about one's feelings
Lu you
Recalling that year, in order to find opportunities to make contributions, I went to Liangzhou, the border guard, alone. Where is the dream of closing the river, the dust darkens the old mink and fur.
The Hu people are still alive, the temples are frosty in autumn, and the affectionate tears are dry. In this life, who knows, my heart is in Tianshan, and I am always in Cangzhou!
Analysis: This poem is divided into two parts: the second part takes care of the first part. "Heart in Tianshan Mountain" corresponds to the sentence "that year"; The sentence of "old and pale" corresponds to the sentence of "Guan Hemeng", which aims to form a contrast and express the poet's desolate mood of grief and indignation.
(3) Structural comparison
Contrastive techniques are widely used in poetry because of their hierarchical characteristics and powerful structure, such as:
wood thrush
Ouyang Xiu
The cries of thousands of birds echo their own hearts, and thousands of purple flowers on the mountain are on the height of trees.
I just know that it is better to crow freely on the earth in a golden cage.
Analysis: This poem uses the method of contrast: the first two sentences (writing freely and singing thrush freely) are in contrast with the last two sentences (writing thrush is trapped in a cage and loses its freedom), and the structure is clear. Express the author's attack on the phenomenon of imprisoning ideas and binding talents and his yearning for freedom of speech and the ideal of liberating talents.
There are many expressive skills of poetry, such as realism and romanticism, and the skills of wanting to promote before suppressing. As long as we sum up carefully in training, we can still solve the problem of appreciating poetry expression skills.
(This article was published in "Senior High School Entrance Examination Newsletter",No. 12, 2002)
[Answer strategy]
1. On poetry, there are no branches and no vines.
College entrance examination is a preliminary appreciation, which emphasizes thinking and answering the characteristics of poetry itself, without quoting classics and comparing other works.
2. Answer questions by points, and give examples after points.
3. Taste skills and language.
The imagery and lyricism of poetry should be expressed through various artistic techniques. When answering questions, we should grasp the characteristics of poetry itself and grasp its artistic skills according to the requirements.
4. Know people and discuss the world, and comment on characteristics
5. Literary theory, properly embellished
Rational language, such as "with me", "without me", "with me, everything is my color", "with endless words, endless meanings" and "with endless opinions", can make the answer appear heavy, profound, powerful and superior.
Poetry anthology
Li Bai (70 1-762) is a native of Shu. Strange genius, traveling in Chang 'an. He Zhangzhi saw his article and said, "I am also a fairy." It's good to meet the emperor Xuanzong as soon as possible when he summoned the world and sent a letter to Hanlin. For Yang Guifei's sake, let it go. Wang Yong forced the government to revolt, but fled back in vain. Sitting in the palace forever. First of all, I tried to save Guo Ziyi, and even Ziyi asked officials to redeem me. The imperial edict released Yelang and returned with forgiveness. Guest star Li Yangbing. Generation, left to clean up the legacy, and white is dead. His poems are constantly changing. The so-called talent is unparalleled. Because of his unruly personality, he indulged in poetry and wine.
Wangtianmen mountain
The Yangtze River splits the Tianmen Peak like a giant axe, and the green river flows around the island.
The green hills on both sides are neck and neck, and a boat meets leisurely from the horizon.
[Note] ① Tianmen Mountain: Today, dangtu county is in the southwest, Wang Bo in the east, Liangshan in the southwest, and the two mountains are sandwiched by the Yangtze River. The situation is dangerous. The total name is Tianmen. (2) Chu River: During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Yangtze River flowed through a section of Chu territory. 3 "Cross-strait" sentence: It can be seen that the poet is looking at Tianmen Mountain when he is marching in the boat, and describing the scenery is very dynamic. "Ribian" refers to the place where water and sky meet.
[Appreciation Tips] Li Bai's Tianmen Mountain is a poem praising the great rivers and mountains of the motherland, which may be his work when he wandered out of Sichuan. In the first two sentences, the poet showed us a magnificent scenery with his peculiar feelings; The last two sentences look at the future from the gap between the green hills on both sides of the strait, giving people rich imagination and distant interest. The whole poem has a broad artistic conception, clear levels and vivid images.
Border songs
The mountains in May are still full of snow, only cold, and the grass can't see the grass. Spring can only be imagined in the flute "Folding Willow", but it has never been seen in reality.
The soldiers fought the enemy in the golden drum during the day and slept in the saddle at night. I hope that the sword hanging around my waist can quickly pacify the border and serve my country.
[Note] ① Saixiaqu: the name of Yuefu in Tang Dynasty. ② Tianshan Mountain: In today's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. (3) Folding willow: that is, "folding willow", the title of "cross-blowing song" in ancient Yuefu. These two sentences mean that as long as you hear the flute playing the tune of "folding willow", it reminds people of the spring when willow leaves blow gently; But at the foot of the cold Tianshan Mountains, there is no spring scenery. 4 golden drums: war drums decorated with gold. ⑤ Straight: Straight, which means straight. Loulan: the name of the tribes in the western regions in Han Dynasty, whose hometown is in the southeast of Shanshan County, Xinjiang. When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent envoys to the Western Regions, King Loulan colluded with Xiongnu Khan and killed many Chinese envoys. In the fourth year of Yuanfeng (77 BC), Emperor Hanzhao sent Fu Jiezi, the governor of Pingle, to kill King Loulan and deter the Western Regions. In Tang poetry, "Broken Loulan" is often used as a synonym to pacify border troubles. Here refers to the use of this allusion to describe the desire of border guards to kill the enemy and make meritorious deeds.
[Appreciation Tips] This poem shows the heroic spirit of the border guards who are brave and brave from the description of the hard frontier life, and praises their noble qualities of loyalty and courage for the country. In fact, it is also a reflection of the poet's political pride in founding the country. The first four sentences describe the bitterness and coldness of the frontier, which is in contrast with the inland scenery in the same season. Five or six sentences express the tension of fighting life and are full of optimism. The last two sentences directly express the will of the border soldiers, who are invincible and passionate.
Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was born in Gongxian near Luoyang, and was a great realistic poet in the history of China. Du Fu has been roaming for nearly ten years since he was about twenty years old. He has enjoyed the magnificent rivers and mountains of the motherland and met many famous poets of his time. In the fifth year of Tianbao (746), the poet went to Chang 'an with the ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior, and then making the customs pure", but he was unable to make progress and lived in poverty. Ten years later, he got a small official who led Cao to join the army. During the Anshi Rebel, the rebels were trapped in Chang 'an, and the poet was captured on the way to escape. After getting out of danger, he went to Lingwu, the resident of Suzong, and was given the official left to pick up the remains, and was soon abandoned. After that, Zhuanjuan arrived in Sichuan and settled in Huanhuaxi, Chengdu. For a time, he served as a staff officer in Yanwu shogunate, and our time was in Sichuan, and the rank of official was Yuan Wailang, Ministry of Industry and Education. In the first year of Yongtai (765), the poet returned from East Sichuan and was stranded in Kuizhou because of the insurrection of Sichuan soldiers. He began to leave the canyon in the third year of Dali (768) and wandered in today's Hunan and Hubei. Unfortunately, he died on the way to Chenzhou.
Du Fu experienced a historical turning point from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty. He traveled all over half of China, and gradually approached the lower classes in his wandering life. An important aspect of his works is to write the voice of the times, the demands of the people and the magnificence of the motherland, so he is called "the history of poetry" and "the illustrated classics" by later generations. Du Fu's poems are famous for their melancholy and depression. The poet himself said that "reading is like writing", which shows that his creation has a profound learning foundation besides rich life experience. Most of the poet's works are tempered by art, meticulous and extremely rigorous, and they are worthy of being models for later poets. Du Fu is as famous as Li Bai, also known as "Du Li".
Climbing Yueyang Tower
I heard that Dongting Lake is magnificent before, but today's wish has finally reached Yueyang Tower. The vast lake tore Wu Chu apart, as if the sun, moon and stars were floating in the water.
But no news of relatives and friends reached me, and I was old and sick in a lonely boat. The battle of the north gate began again, and I cried through the railing.
[Note] ① Yueyang Tower: Located in the west gate of Yueyang City, Hunan Province, adjacent to Dongting Lake, it is a scenic spot. ② Dongting Water: Dongting Lake. ③ Wu Chu: Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hubei and other provinces. Teal: It's cracked. Gan Kun: Heaven and Earth. These two words mean that Dongting Lake is boundless, as if the whole world is floating on the water. (4) No word: it means that the letters are completely cut off. These two words mean that I have been wandering for a long time and have completely cut off communication with my relatives and friends. I am old and ill, so I have to take a lonely boat as my home all the way. ⑤ Military horse: War horse, here refers to war. In August (768), the third year of Daizong Dali, Tubo invaded Lingwu, Fenzhou and other places continuously, and Daizong ordered Guo Ziyi to lead 50,000 troops to defend Fengtian.
[Appreciation Tips] In the spring of the third year of Dali (768), Du Fu went out of Kuizhou Gorge and drifted to Jiangling, Gongan and other places because of the chaos of war. This winter, Du Fu went to Yueyang from the police. This poem was written after boarding Yueyang Tower. At this time, Du Fu was 58 years old, old and sickly, with extremely difficult life and very depressed mood. But the poet does not stop at personal misfortune, but cares about the fate of the country and sighs for the difficulties of the country. This poem first expresses the happy mood when you climb the building with extremely natural antitheses, and then describes what you saw and heard when you climbed the building. In just ten words, it summarizes the majestic atmosphere of Dongting Lake, and its artistic conception is cheerful and magnificent. Facing the vast lake, the poet turned from expressing loneliness to worrying about and hurting the country, which was touching. The whole poem is neat in antithesis, precise in rhyme, set off before and after, and integrated.