From 19 18 to 1922, the newly-born Soviet regime experienced the hardships of foreign armed intervention and civil war. Songs are the most representative music works in this period. Some fill in new words with old songs, and some create new ones. The authors are both professional and amateur. On the basis of inheriting the fine tradition of revolutionary songs in the past, these songs present a brand-new look. They vividly recorded the great achievements of the defenders and builders of the young Soviet Republic, and showed their belief in the victory of the revolutionary cause and their loyalty to the motherland. His representative works include Farewell, Let's Fight Bravely, We are Red Army Soldiers, Xia Boyang, the Hero, Walks through the Urals, March of Buyoni, Over the Valley, Over the Hill, Young Guards, Our Locomotive, etc.
The development of music From the early 1920s to the late 1930s 1922, after the end of the civil war, the Soviet Union entered a new period of peaceful construction, and its musical and cultural life became increasingly prosperous. Amateur music groups from industrial, mining, rural areas, troops and the masses have emerged in large numbers, and many professional music performance groups such as the Soviet National Symphony Orchestra, Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, Pyatnitski Russian Folk Choir and Soviet Red Flag Song and Dance Troupe have been established one after another. The more active various music performances are. National art performances, amateur and professional music competitions have been established in various parts of the Soviet Union. Opera houses and concert halls not only widely perform masterpieces of classical music at home and abroad, but also pay special attention to supporting the creation of Soviet composers. New progress has been made in music education, and conservatories have been established in Azerbaijan, Armenia and other places. Young singers and performers trained by the Conservatory of Music have won many awards in international music competitions, making the reputation of the Soviet Music Performance School famous overseas. Large-scale collection, arrangement and research of ethnic and folk music have been widely carried out in various places. Many famous Russian composers have joined Central Asian countries to help develop their own national music culture, and the music and art undertakings in various countries have developed rapidly.
During this period, many factions emerged in the debate about the task and road of Soviet music, and the ranks and organizational forms of the music industry presented a complicated situation. The Russian Federation of Proletarian Musicians (Lapm) was founded in 1923, and is mainly composed of some young music theorists (such as B. Kai'erdishi, B. Zhitomirski, etc.). They advocate the close cooperation between music and political struggle and emphasize the ideological nature of music, but they tend to be vulgar sociology. They unilaterally admire popular songs and despise classical inheritance and professional music technology. This organization has been in the position of giving orders to the Soviet music industry for quite some time and has a great influence. On the contrary, the Modern Music Association (ASM) was founded in 1924. Its main members are a group of old and prestigious composers, such as Mias, Myaskovski, Shaporin, Shapolin and Asafyev, and young composers. Shebalin',. Shebalin, Shostakovich and Shostakovich. They advocate the promotion and introduction of modernist music creation at home and abroad, attach importance to the renewal of creative techniques, but are indifferent to the ideological nature of music. Under the pressure of domestic ideological trend at that time, the organization gradually disintegrated and ceased to exist in 193 1. Between the above two schools, there are some smaller groups, such as some composers (including Vasiliev-Bouguer, Vasiliev-Bouguer, Korcz Malev, etc. ) Who split from "Lapm" in 1925 and established the Federation of Revolutionary Composers and Music Activists (hereinafter referred to as "Olkinde"). They opposed the sectarian tendency of "Lapm", but their creation, such as Davidenko, Davidenko Belei, Bere Kowoll, Covali and others, set up the student group of Moscow Conservatory of Music (Prokol for short) in 1925, and made efforts to create revolutionary mass music (songs and chorus, etc.). ) Based on the tones of Russian folk songs and workers' songs. Their creative activities are closely related to choirs in factories and enterprises. Four years later, the core members joined Lapm, and since then, their ideological creation has also been included in the track of Lapm. There is also an organization called "Moscow Composers Association" (AMA for short), which specializes in the creation of light music. The work absorbs the elements of western jazz. Participants include Brent, Brent, C. Liu Ding, Dunayevsky, Dunayevsky, Pokrass and Poklas (brothers, the opposition of the above factions, especially the left-leaning ideological trend and sectarian sentiment of the dominant "Lapon", has a great influence on the music industry. 1April 23, 932 * * * (Bolshevik) The Central Committee of the United Alliance passed a resolution on rectifying literary and art groups, and "Lapum" was cancelled in the music industry (at the same time, other music factions disappeared accordingly).
In the peaceful period of nearly 20 years before the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, Soviet music creation flourished greatly, leaving valuable works in almost all music genres and forms. Among them, the most remarkable achievement is in the field of songs. A large number of Soviet composers have made their own contributions in this field. Their excellent works of various genres and styles are not only well-known in China, but also spread abroad, inspiring people of all countries to struggle for the cause of democracy and progress. Representative works include Davidenko's budyonny Cavalry, First Cavalry Brigade, Rifle, Belle's Uniting the Proletarians of the World, Covali's Youth, Dunayevsky's March of the Motherland and March of the Happy People, Aleksandrov and Aleksandrov's National Anthem of the Soviet Union, and zakharov and zakharov's Along the Village.
In the field of large-scale vocal music works, some magnificent and touching works have been produced, such as Davidenko's chorus "Noisy Street", "Within Ten Miles", Alek Sandrov's "Stalin Chorus", prokofiev's chorus "alexander nevsky", "Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the October Revolution", Shapolin's symphony-chorus "On the battlefield of kulikov" and Covali's oratorio "Ye Mei".
In terms of stage music creation, the earliest operas such as Defending Red Petrograd, Eagle Storm and Breakthrough all adopted revolutionary themes, but they soon disappeared from the stage because of their low artistic level. Then a number of operas appeared, including Nose by Shostakovich and Lady Macbeth in Mizensk County (also known as Katerina IzMuhlova), Silent Tang by dzerzhinsky and Gadzhibekov, Keogh-Ogly by Gadzhibekov, Gora brug Nong by Kabarev and kabalevsky. Although these operas are different in content and style, their artistic level is different, and some of them have aroused strong praise and criticism from the society and triggered major events in the music industry. However, no matter in the depth and breadth of the theme, or in the proficiency and development of art, it has taken a big step forward and become an important milestone in the Soviet opera art. In terms of dance drama creation, Greer's Red Poppy is the first influential dance drama in the Soviet Union, which shows the friendship and sympathy of Soviet sailors for the oppressed working people in China, but the plot is too fictional and lacks authenticity. The music is mainly in Russian traditional style, embellished with China's five-tone Shostakovich's three works "Golden Age", "Screw" and "Clean Stream", but it failed to become a reserved program on the stage because of the script defects. Asafyev's Tears of saraj, Bahce's Laurentia and prokofiev's ballet Romeo and Juliet are all based on classical literary masterpieces. The first two ballets keep the traditional style of classical music more artistically, while the latter adopts modern music language, which is more original.
In the field of instrumental music creation, such as Shostakovich's fourth symphony, fifth symphony and sixth symphony, Myaskovski's sixteenth symphony and twenty-first symphony, Shebalin's symphony Lenin, Khachaturian and Khachaturian's piano concerto and violin concerto, prokofiev's second violin concerto and Shostakovich's piano quintet. In the depth of philosophy, there are many breakthroughs in reflecting the face of new life and the spiritual temperament of the Soviet people, as well as the creativity of musical language and artistic techniques, reaching a higher level.
In addition to music creation, the research work of Soviet music theory has also begun. A number of valuable musicological works have appeared, such as Asafyev's symphony works,/kloc-Russian music since the beginning of the 9th century, Soller kinski's romanticism and its general aesthetics and musical aesthetics, M.C. Pekelis's two-volume History of Russian Music and T.H. Livanova and B. Fei Erman's two-volume History of Western European Music (1.
Music from the Great Patriotic War to the end of 1950s 194 1 June, Germany? , started the Great Patriotic War. The war inspired the composer's creative enthusiasm, and a number of excellent mass songs emerged in a short time. Representative works include Jihad, Song of Dnieper River, Song of Artillery and other battle marches; Narrative songs such as Song of the Brave, Oh, My Fog, Boundless Fog, Bryansk Forest in the Noise, Gems, lyric songs and humorous songs such as Night in the Harbor, Nightingale, Forest in the Frontline and Vasha-Vassiliuk.
In terms of large genre, the most striking is Shostakovich's Symphony No.7 for Leningrad. This work, with its shocking realism and artistic strength, not only exposes the cruelty of fascist enemies, but also expresses the iron will of the Soviet people to defend the motherland. It is like an immortal musical monument, engraved in people's memory. In addition, Shostakovich's Symphony No.8, prokofiev's Symphony No.5, Khachaturian's Symphony No.2, Shapolin's oratorio Legend of Fighting for Russian Land, and Ukrainian composers Shtogarenko and Shtogarenko's Symphony My Ukraine, etc. They all reflect the war events in different ways, or directly describe the harsh reality of war, or are full of philosophical thinking, and the music is both dramatic. During the war, there were not many successful music stage works, with the exception of prokofiev's opera War and Peace (the first draft was completed at 1943, and only a fragment was staged at that time, and the whole play premiered at 1955) and Khachaturian's ballet Gayanet. The former not only depicts characters, but also shows spectacular historical scenes, which has a high artistic level. The latter expresses the Soviet people's love for life and the motherland, and the music is fascinating with distinctive national color and strong sense of rhythm. To meet the needs of the war environment, military music (playing music) has developed greatly. Many composers create works for military bands. Among them, the most representative works are Ivanov Radkevich's "Captain gaston" and "The Avenger of the People" and other military music marches.
After the war 10 years, the appearance and scale of Soviet music creation have made new development. First of all, the theme of reflecting the Great Patriotic War and praising the heroic achievements of the people occupies an important position. Representative works include prokofiev's Symphony No.6 and the opera Real Man (adapted from Polewoy's novel of the same name), kabalevsky's opera Taras (adapted from Gorbachev's novel The Unyielding Man), Metu's and Meitus's opera Young Guards (adapted from A.A. Fadev's novel of the same name) and a large number of popular songs, such as
Secondly, a large number of works with historical, classical and folk myths have appeared, as well as various contents and forms with philosophical, lyrical, humorous and satirical characteristics. Representative works: The Party in December by Shapolin, The Taming of the Shrew by Shebalin (adapted from W Shakespeare's comedy of the same name), Tatar composer Zhiganov, Zhiganov's Jalil, etc. There are kabalevsky's Singing in Spring and Shostakovich's Lihua Village in Moscow. Dance dramas include Greer's Bronze Knight (adapted from Pushkin's poetic drama of the same name), prokofiev's Legend of the Gemstone Flower, Seven Beauties by Azerbaijani composer Kalayev, Spartak by Khachaturian, Othello by Georgian composer A. MasChavarria (adapted from Shakespeare's drama) and so on. For large-scale instrumental works, Myaskovski's Symphony No.27, prokofiev's Symphony No.7, Shostakovich's Symphony No.01Symphony No.0 (1905) and Ukrainian composer H. Liatosinsky's Symphony No.3.
In the field of musicology, the level of scientific research has been improved, and a series of weighty monographs have appeared, such as Asafyev's glinka and the Music Form as Process No.2, Arsh Vangel's analysis of Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky's creative experience, Druskin's Opera and the Musical Drama Structure of Russian Revolutionary Songs, Kai'erdishi's three-volume History of Russian Music, and Clemlev's History of Russian Music.
Since the 1960s, due to the breakthrough of previous beliefs, Soviet musicians have become bolder and more free in speech and creation. Many works that were previously denied have been staged again, many criticized composers have been rehabilitated, and their views on western modernist music have become more and more tolerant. With the extensive cultural exchanges with foreign countries, modern western music, including avant-garde music, jazz, rock music and pop music, has been spread. At the same time, Soviet musicians visited abroad, participated in international music activities and had more frequent contacts with musicians from all over the world. I.F. Stravinsky, a composer who has lived abroad for a long time, visited the Soviet Union in September 1962 and was warmly and grandly received. Some young Soviet composers used to be keen on the experiments of various sound technologies of the western avant-garde.
Since the 1960s, the development of Soviet music has been uneven. However, compared with the past, it has taken on a new look because it has strengthened the mutual exchange and promotion of various ethnic music cultures. Today, in the Soviet Union, national folk music, Russian and foreign classical music, revolutionary mass songs with glorious traditions and Soviet professional music creation with serious themes, as well as progressive music from various countries, are still the protagonists in various musical occasions such as theaters, concert halls, radio, television and movies.
At the same time, western pop music, light music and entertainment music produced by the Soviet Union also have a broad market in China. There used to be a large number of spontaneous singers and music performance groups, many of which were negative and vulgar in content and poor in artistic level. They were condemned by public opinion and banned by the government, and soon disappeared. However, in some tourist attractions, dance halls, restaurants, bars, clubs and other public places, there are still some tasteless and unhealthy music, which stimulates people's nerves with deafening sound. How to treat pop music is a long-standing debate between public opinion and the music industry.
The so-called "citizen" themes in this period, such as praising the party, the motherland, the people, national friendship, conquering the universe, etc. , occupies a dominant position in Soviet music creation, especially the works of praising Lenin. Songs "Song of Lenin" (A.H. Hollming's "Nuo", "Lenin will always be with you" (Tulikov), operas "ulyanov Brothers" (composed by Meitus), "October" (composed by Muradley), and the Twelfth Symphony by Shostakovich (19 17).
At the same time, literary masterpieces describing revolution and war rekindled the composer's creative enthusiasm. The operas include An Optimistic Tragedy (based on vishnevskiy's play of the same name, composed by Hollming Noff), Wigner (based on Shevlim's novel of the same name, composed by Slonimski), Ten Days that Shocked the World (based on J Reed's work of the same name, composed by Karminski), One's Experience (based on sholokhov's novel of the same name, composed by dzerzhinsky), The dawn here is quiet, etc.
The extensive interest in poetry and literature led to the birth of a large number of vocal-instrumental works, including Shostakovich's vocal symphonic poems Death of Stepan Razin and the 13th Symphony (both adapted from Evtushenko's poems), the 14th Symphony (adapted from F Garcí a lorca and others' poems) and kabalevsky's Mourning the Victims in the Anti-Fascist Struggle (adapted from Rhodes Stevenski's poems). The ballet Anna karenin (based on Tolstoy's novel of the same name) and the opera Dead Soul (based on Nikolai Nikolai Gogol's novel of the same name).
In addition, some works attract people's attention because of their novel themes and forms. For example, Petrov's opera Peter I is adapted from an oratorio-style work called Symphonic Mural, while Buko's White Night and Hollming's Coat belong to indoor operas with only one or two roles.
In terms of creative techniques, Soviet composers gradually turned to conventional traditional techniques after being infatuated with and experimenting with various novel modern techniques for a period of time. Many composers, while mastering modern techniques, pursue the nationality and mass of music language, and strive to tap the treasure of folk songs, and have made progress. Representative works include: sviridov's Song of Kursk, Taktakishvili's Song of Guri, Buko's Song of Wedding, Shedelin's orchestral Song of Noisy Conversation, etc.
Since the 1960s, the Soviet Union has made new progress in music performance. Famous artists who were active on the stage during this period included: conductors Kitayanko and Tulcak, pianist Bashkirov, violinist kerimov, cellist Shahkhovskaya, singers Vednekov, nesterenko, nesterenko, Obraz Zova and Obraz Zova. The Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky International Music Competition organized by the Soviet Union is regarded as one of the highest level competitions in the world. Music festivals such as autumn in Moscow, winter in Russia and modern music held all the year round have enriched the artistic life of the Soviet people.
In terms of musicology works, in the past 20 years, not only have many monographs of famous Soviet composers been published, but also collective wisdom has been exerted, and four volumes of Russian Soviet Music History, five volumes of Soviet National Music History, six volumes of Music Encyclopedia, many volumes of Foreign Music History, four volumes of 20th Century Music, as well as various music technology theory and music aesthetics works have been compiled. These works have comprehensively and systematically studied and analyzed the history and present situation of music in the Soviet Union and the world as well as various special topics, many of which are theoretical discussions and summaries, and have achieved positive results.