Expression techniques, in a broad sense, are the special sentence organization methods used by authors in wording and expressing thoughts and feelings. To analyze a work, you can specifically grasp its special way of expression from point to point.
Note: Because modern Chinese language no longer pays much attention to the distinction between expression techniques and expression skills, it can be considered as two The person agrees. But if we want to strictly distinguish between expression techniques and expression techniques.
Expression skills mainly include:
① Expression methods (narration, description, explanation, lyricism, discussion, etc.);
② Expression techniques (expressing one’s ambitions through objects) Describing scenes, lyrical narratives, expressing emotions directly, expressing feelings along the way, flashbacks, interludes, contrasts, foils, chapters, ambitions, symbols, imagination, associations, reflections, embodying feelings in the scenery, supporting objects, expressing aspirations, contrasting foils, supporting objects, rising, beautiful scenery, expressing sadness, rendering virtual and real, combining side descriptions, frontal descriptions, direct lyricism, indirect lyricism, etc.) ;
③Selection and cutting of materials;
④Structure of writing;
⑤Creation of artistic conception, shaping of characters, rhetorical methods (metaphor, analogy, exaggeration) , duality, parallelism, repetition, etc.) application, etc.
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An article, no matter what the author chooses Expression skills are all about expressing your feelings better. Therefore, to analyze language and understand the content of an article, you must understand the role of expression skills.
2. In the appreciation of modern reading, expression skills include: 1. Expression methods: narrative, explanation, discussion, lyricism, and description.
2. Expression techniques: imagination, association, analogy, symbol, foil, contrast, rendering, etc.
3. Material arrangement: primary and secondary, detailed, simplified and traditional.
4. Structure: connection between previous and following, suspense, reference, foreshadowing, etc.
5. Rhetorical techniques: metaphor, repetition, parallelism, rhetorical questions, personification, exaggeration, etc.
[Edit this paragraph] Expression techniques in different styles
Lyrical prose The expressive techniques are rich and colorful, such as expressing emotions through scenes, expressing ambitions through objects, combining circumflex and uplift, and symbolizing;
The writing techniques of narratives include echoing the beginning and the end, finishing the finishing touches, skillful use of rhetoric, appropriate detail and omission, combining narrative and argument, Positive and negative contrasts, etc.;
Argumentative writing techniques such as quoting scriptures, clever metaphors, reverse differentiation, positive and negative comparisons, analogical reasoning, etc.;
Novel description techniques and foil techniques , foreshadowing and anaphora, suspense and relief, actual writing and imaginary writing, etc.
[Edit this paragraph] Specific expression techniques
Support objects to express ambitions, borrow scenes to express emotions, narratives, express emotions directly, contrast to set off the ambitions of the deceased, symbolize imagination and association
Anaphora embodies emotions in Contrast the scenery to set off the object, use music to contrast sadness, render virtual and real, combine side description, frontal description, direct lyric, indirect lyric, desire to rise, first to suppress
[Edit this paragraph] Expression techniques of poetry
Poetry There are many expression techniques. The earliest traditional expression techniques that were popular in my country and are still commonly used today are "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao's Poems" says: "There are six meanings of poetry: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is excitement, the fifth is elegance, and the sixth is ode."
These "six meanings" In "Yi", "Feng, Ya and Song" refer to the types of poems in the Book of Songs, and "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expression techniques in the poems.
Fu: It is a way of expressing things directly. Zhu Xi, a scholar of the Song Dynasty, said in the annotation of "Collected Poems": "The poet states the story and speaks directly." For example, "Ge Tan" and "Fu Tuo" in the "Book of Songs" use this technique.
Ratio: Use metaphors to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. Liu Xie said in "Wen Xin Diao Long·Bixing": "What is a comparison? It is a person who writes things to attach meaning and threatens to express things." Zhu Xi said: "A comparison is to compare this thing with another thing. ." For example, chapters such as "Katydid" and "Shuo Rat" in "The Book of Songs" were written using this method.
Xing: It is a way of writing that uses the beginning of something to evoke the thing to be described in the topic and to express thoughts and feelings. Kong Yingda of the Tang Dynasty said in "Mao Shi Zhengyi": "The one who inspires is to start. Taking examples to attract others and arousing one's own mind. Poems and essays that use plants, trees, birds and animals to express ideas are all inspired by words." Zhu Xi is even more clear. He pointed out: "Those who are Xing first talk about other things to trigger the words to be chanted." For example, chapters such as "Guan Sui" and "Tao Yao" in the "Book of Songs" use the expression technique of "Xing".
These three expression techniques have been handed down and are often used comprehensively to complement each other. They have a great influence on the poetry creation of the past dynasties.
There are many ways of expressing poetry, and they have been continuously developed and created throughout the ages, and their application is also flexible and varied. It is difficult to describe them all, such as exaggeration, repetition, overlapping, jumping, etc. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important expression technique of poetry. In poetry, another important technique of expression is symbolism.
Symbols, simply put, mean "to symbolize meaning", but in modern poetry, symbols are also expressed as direct images of the soul, which should be noted. From a modern point of view, there are three main ways of creating images in poetry:
1. Comparison. Liu Xie said in the book "Wen Xin Diao Long": Comparison is "either to sound, or to appearance, or to imitate the heart, or to simulate things." There are many examples of these in the poems we listed above. . Another commonly used technique in comparison is "personification": using things to imitate people, or people to imitate things. The former is like Xu Zhimo's "Farewell Cambridge": Gently I leave, / Just as I came gently; / I wave gently, / Say goodbye to the clouds in the western sky. / The golden willows by the river, / are the bride in the sunset; / the beautiful shadows in the ripples of light, / are rippling in my heart. Treat "clouds" and "golden willows" as human beings. People are used to imitate things, such as Love's "Because of the Wind":...My heart/is as bright as the candlelight in front of your window/a slight ambiguity/is inevitable/because of the wind/… ...With a whole life of love/Light a lamp/I am a fire/May be extinguished at any time/Because of the wind. Compare "my heart" to candlelight and me to a lamp. Of course, in the final analysis, the essence is still "anthropomorphism".
2. Exaggeration. It is to enlarge the things to be depicted, like the "capital" and "close-up" shots in movies, to attract the readers' attention and association. Li Bai's "The water of Peach Blossom Pond is a thousand feet deep, not as deep as Wang Lun's gift to me" ("A Gift to Wang Lun"), "The water flows down three thousand feet, it is suspected that the Milky Way has fallen from the sky" ("Wanglu Mountain Waterfall"), which says "A thousand feet deep" "Three thousand feet", although not the truth, the image he created vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's passion. The readers are not only able to accept it, but also convinced, which is a surprise. However, this kind of exaggeration must be artistic and beautiful, and cannot be too absurd, or too realistic or too vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing a cotton harvest: "A cotton flower packed in a bag/pressures the truck's head up/three feet high/like an anti-aircraft gun." After reading it, it makes people feel unreal and produces There is no feeling of beauty.
3. Borrowing. It means using one thing to replace another thing. It is similar to comparison, but different. The difference is that comparison is generally both the comparison and the things being compared are concrete and visible; while metonymy is that one side is concrete and the other side is more abstract. It builds a bridge with abstraction to make the image of the poem more vivid and prominent, so as to arouse readers' associations. This is what Ai Qing said: "Give thoughts wings, give emotions clothes, give sounds colors, and solidify the passing changes."
To shape the image of poetry, you can not only use the materials taken in from the perspective of To depict the picture, you can also use materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch to embody the image from many aspects, making it vivid, vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, rode on a donkey and recited "The bird stayed in the tree beside the pond, and the monk pushed the door under the moon", but he thought it would be better to use "The monk knocked on the door under the moon". He couldn't decide whether to "push" or "knock", so he made a knocking gesture with his hands. Unexpectedly, the donkey blocked the way of a high-ranking official. This man was the great writer Han Yu. When the guard took Jia Dao to his horse , Jia told the truth, and Han pondered for a long time, saying that it would be better to use typing. Because "knocking" has a sound, one or two knocks on the door on a moonlit night in the deep mountains make the scene "alive" and make the environment even more silent. The aforementioned "crows" and "bells" in "Night Mooring at Maple Bridge" are also the highlight of this poem. There is also the music description in Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing", the section "Big beads and small beads falling on the jade plate" is even more lifelike and wonderful! The modern one is like the "Morning Song" of Yellow River Waves: "There is also the reef/listening stubbornly/beyond the sound of wind, rain and waves/the faint/dawn/morning bell of Lingquan Temple/just like the spring of Gushan." /Response from afar/A few sparse stars/The red corolla/The vigorous rooster's crow/As if coming from across the sea/Crowing the dawn/Like a surging tide. This poem is also very well written. If we master the technique of using sound to shape images, it will open up a broader field for poetry creation.
Whether it is comparison, exaggeration or metaphor, it all depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things. Incorporate your own emotions, use bold imagination, and even fantasy. It can be said that no matter whether you are romantic or realistic, you cannot be a poet without imagination (fantasy). For example, Li Bai, who is famous for his boldness, Although he is rich in imagination and has a majestic poetic style, Du Fu, who is famous for his realism, also wrote such things as "There are tens of thousands of mansions in Guangzhou... When did I suddenly see this house in front of me..." ("Song of Thatched House Broken by the Autumn Wind") ) and "The fragrant mist and clouds make the servant girl wet, and the clear jade arms are cold." When do I lean on Xuguo, my tears will dry when I shine with my eyes. "("Moonlight Night") and other imaginative masterpieces.