Du Fu's genius is quite peerless. Every time he looks for a poem, he seems to be affectionate. Pity for the words of the time has nothing to do with the ancients.
I'd like to introduce Du Fu's literary features to you. I hope you can enjoy it!
Brief introduction of poet
Du Fu (7 12-770) was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province (now gongyi city, Zhengzhou, Henan Province) in the Tang Dynasty. He is a great realistic poet in Tang Dynasty, and he is also called "Du Li" with Li Bai. In order to distinguish Li Shangyin, Du Mu and Xiao Du Li, Du Fu and Li Bai are also called Da Du Li, and Du Fu is often called Lao Du. Du Fu's influence on China's classical poetry is far-reaching, and he is called "the sage of poetry" by later generations, and his poems are called "the history of poetry". Later generations called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu, and also called him Du Shaoling and Du Caotang. The core of Du Fu's thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government, and he has the great wish of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior, and then making the customs pure". Although Du Fu was not famous during his lifetime, his fame spread far and wide, which had a far-reaching impact on China literature and Japanese literature. About 65,438+0,500 poems of Du Fu have been preserved, most of which are collected by Du Gongbu.
Literary features
Poetic expression
language
In terms of language, Du Fu's poems are generally regarded as "gloomy", with rich changes in language and text structure, and emphasis on wording and sentence making. The word "depressed" was first seen in the Southern Dynasties, which means "the body is depressed and thoughtful, and the sun and the moon are beautiful". Later, Du Fu wrote the word "depressed and frustrated", which accurately summarized the language of his works. "As for depression and frustration, he is always agile, while people in Yang Xiong and Gomez are ordinary." A further study of Du Fu's poems shows that the formation of his poetic style is closely related to his adherence to Confucianism. At the same time, Du Fu was at the end of his heyday. When he was young, he was ambitious. "When you climb to the top, you will see that other mountains are short under the sky." . Later, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, the national movement declined and the official career was unlucky. The great gap between ideal and reality has also caused great changes in Du Fu's poetic style, approaching realism.
picture
The individualization of image selection in Du Fu's poems is the basis of his language. The images that often appear in Du Fu's poems, such as ancient blockhouses, autumn clouds, apes whistling, broken torches, steep gorges, defending the world, solitary boats, fallen flowers, sunset and other natural landscapes, as well as ordinary people such as weaver girls, old women, old farmers and wives, as well as powerful forces such as officials, generals and villains, all show Du Fu's urgent mood of "saving the world and helping the people" and his spearhead to confuse Gan Kun. The evaluation of Du Fu's later poems in Wu Ling's Poems Around the Stream: "Yang opens and Yin closes" says: "Only the meaning is far-reaching, and the next sentence is unknown". Wu Ling added: "When a mortal writes a poem, he only says one thing in one sentence, but he says two more. Du Fu's poems can say three, four or five things in one sentence; Ordinary people write poetry, which is far less than dozens of miles in front of them. Du Fu's poem can be said to be a hundred miles, two armies and States, and the world is wonderful. "
style
As far as style is concerned, Du Fu's poems are diverse in style. Yuan Zhen's evaluation of Du Fu is: "As for the beauty of the son, it is called frivolous and coquettish. At that time, Shen Song seized Su Li and swallowed Cao Liu, hiding his face and thanking him for his loneliness. He was beautiful and beautiful, which was unique in ancient and modern times." Qin Guan also has a similar view: "So Du Zimei people are poor and expensive, extremely luxurious, full of diluted interest, delicate and clean, and have the beauty of algae, which is beyond the reach of other families." However, if you don't gather the strengths of many families, Du can't be immune. "For example, Du Fu also has a wild and unruly side, and Du Fu's heroism can be seen from his masterpiece" Singing the Eight Immortals ". The mainstream view holds that Du Fu's poems are gloomy in style, refined in language, rigorous in meter, skillful in craftsmanship, sincere in feelings, elegant in speech, profound in description, delicate and touching, and vivid in image. "Elaborating beautiful sentences for human nature and gushing" is his creative style. "As far as the narrative style and discussion style of Du Fu's poems are concerned, some scholars think that it is influenced by The Book of Songs Xiaoya, and his elegy and generosity are similar to Li Sao. Some scholars believe that Du Fu's poems have the traditional spirit of benevolent government and the spirit of Sima Qian's record. There are also views that Du Fu's poems have "humanitarian spirit". Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, once compared Du Fu and Li Bai, saying, "Du Li's articles are endless. Wang Anshi praised Du Fu's poem "Ugliness and beauty are so different, but how to carve them". Chen Shan's "New Theory on Qin Tick" Volume 7: "Old Du Fu's poems should be six classics in poetry, while others' poems are philosophers". Jiang Shiquan's Collection of Zhongyatang, the first volume, Preface to the Collection of Du Fu's Poems, is also called "Du Fu's Poet, Four Books in Poetry".
Rules and forms of classical poetry creation
In terms of meter, Du Fu's poems are characterized by refined words and neat antithesis, which conforms to the "architectural beauty" of China's poems. In addition, Du Fu also has many innovations in genre, such as his creativity in the Five-Seven Laws and his uniqueness in literary creation.
content
In the content of Du Fu's poems, most of his works reflect the social outlook at that time, with a wide range of themes and profound implications, especially describing the sufferings of the people and expressing his sympathy for the people and his feelings of worrying about the country and the people. Du Fu's poems, known as the history of poetry, first appeared in the late Tang Dynasty. "Du Fu's" Difficult in the Mountain, the flow of the dragon book, the poetry, pushed to the hidden place, almost nothing, so it is called the number. " In the Song Dynasty, the conclusion was drawn, but the significance of poetry history was different. Some people pay attention to Du Fu's poems about historical events, and think that Du Fu's poems are documentary poems, which can supplement and prove history, so they are called poetry history. This statement only pays attention to the truth and falsehood of historical events, but ignores the emotional characteristics of poetry. Some people think that Du Fu has profound historical knowledge and rigorous brushwork, which can be compared with Sima Qian, a historian of the Han Dynasty. Poetry has critics, and they can all be "the beauty that is not empty and the evil that is not hidden", so it is called the history of poetry. This is desirable. On the other hand, Du Fu's poems are called the history of poetry because they sympathize with others and sometimes feel sad, which is also desirable to some extent. But some people don't want to assign poems. Yang Yi is not Du Like mansion. Liu Fang's "Poems of Zhongshan" says: "Yang Danian is not a poem of Du Like's Ministry of Industry, and he is called the owner."
Main idea
In Du Fu's own words, "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years" is his central idea, and "seeing the truth in adversity" is his consistent spirit. He used these to ask and encourage his friends. He praised Yuan Jie and said, "Daozhou is worried about Li Shu, and his words are full of enthusiasm." He said to Yanwu, "If you are on the stage, don't love yourself when you are in danger." He said to Pei Qiu, "Here you are, Yao Shun, Fu Gong, etc. I have long been told to die. " It is these progressive thoughts that formed Du Fu's political enthusiasm, perseverance and optimistic spirit, which made him the most political "great poet" in the history of China. Of course, this is also inseparable from his life practice of being close to the people.
Du Fu came from a bureaucratic family with a long tradition of "serving Confucianism and guarding officials" for generations. His family gave Du Fu orthodox Confucian cultural education and the ambition to make a difference in his official career. Therefore, Du Fu said that being an official is their family's "vegetarian profession"-a profession that has been attacked for generations. His various cultural upbringing and subsequent behavior are all related to his pursuit of official career. For example, he wrote in Wei Zuocheng's Twenty-two Rhymes that "he claims to be quite out and wants to get it." This is an ambition to be an official, and to realize his ideal ambition of "ruling the monarch Yao and Shun, and then making the customs pure" in his career, that is, he is eager to make contributions in social practical work and help the people. Before the age of thirty-five, it was Du Fu's study and strong tour period. In the heyday of Kaiyuan, Du Fu's economic situation was also good, which was the fastest growing period in his life. From the age of 20, he ended his school life and began a "strong patrol" for more than ten years. During this long-term intensive tour, Du Fu came into contact with the incomparably rich cultural heritage and magnificent rivers and mountains of our motherland, which not only enriched his life, but also broadened his vision and mind, and brought quite a strong romantic color to his early poems. The poem "Wang Yue" can represent. " Once you climb to the top of the mountain, you will see that all the other mountains look short under the sky. "It shows the poet's ambition for all undertakings (including creation). However, due to this lifestyle, it is impossible to get close to the people and go deep into reality. Therefore, as a great realistic poet, this is only a preparation period for his creation.
Du Fu's approach to realism began in the second period (35 to 44 years old) when he was confined in Chang 'an for ten years. This was the brewing period of the Anshi Rebellion, and the traitors Li and Yang were in power. Du Fu not only failed to realize his political ambition of "respecting the monarch and being virtuous", but also began to live a humiliating life of "raising a rich family in the morning and fattening at dusk", and even often went hungry and frozen: "Hunger is ten days, so why not hang up your clothes?" "Suffering from hunger and cold, Du Fu once thought of retiring and became Chao Fu and Xu You," sending the sun and the moon in a chic way ". Du Fu did not fear difficulties, but resolutely embarked on the road of actively joining the WTO. Life tortured Du Fu and perfected Du Fu, so that he gradually penetrated into people's lives and saw the sufferings of the people and the sins of the ruling class, thus writing realistic masterpieces such as Chedian, Two Roads, and Going to Fengxian to pay homage. Du Fu once wrote such a poem: "People are born in the world, and if they are strong, they will be sealed"; My husband swears at many countries. What does he sigh after he gets angry? Fame and fortune map Kirin, and the bones are rotten. " Another example is "the husband is everywhere, he can quit poverty" and so on. These poems all reflect Du Fu's ambition of saving the world and making a name for himself, but Du Fu's ideal and ambition are based on a strong sense of social responsibility and hardship. As a result of ten years' confinement, Du Fu became a poet who cared about the country and the people. This determines the direction of Du Fu's life path and creative path.
Forty-five to forty-eight years old is the third period of Du Fu's life, and catching thieves is the official period. This is the most violent period of An Shi Rebellion. The country was in peril, the people suffered great disasters, and the poet also experienced difficulties and obstacles. The Anshi Rebellion was a national contradiction, and the war at that time was a self-defense war related to the survival of the country. Therefore, Du Fu's attitude towards the war is different from before, not opposing, but actively appealing. He mourned the "40,000 rebels" who died for his country. He warned civil and military officials to "sweep the guns with all their strength." On the one hand, he vigorously exposed the darkness of military service and sympathized with the people; On the one hand, it still encourages people to participate in the war. Because he went deep into people's lives and devoted himself to practical struggles, he wrote a series of well-known and patriotic poems, such as For Sorrow, Ai Jiangtou, Hope in Spring, Qiang Village, Northern Expedition, Car Wash Horse, Three Officials and Three Farewells, which reached the peak of realism. Such as his poem "Climbing Yueyang Tower": "I have heard about Dongting Lake for a long time, and now I finally climb this building. The vast lake tore Wu Chu apart, as if the sun, moon and stars were floating in the water. There is no news from my friends or relatives. I am old and sick, drifting in a boat. There are wars and mountains to the north of this wall, and how can I not cry by this railing? In this poem, the poet stands on the Yueyang Tower, thinking of the social situation in the war through the distance, and can't help crying, leaning against the window to communicate with his family. Another example: the two sides of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army, the news of this distant West Railway Station! The north has been recovered! At first, I couldn't stop crying on my coat. Where are my wife and son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. However, I packed my books and poems crazily. On a green spring day, I began to go home, singing my songs loudly and drinking my wine. Come back from this mountain, pass another mountain, go up from the south and then go north-to my own town! . "In this poem, I am ecstatic about the news that the imperial court has recovered lost ground. These two poems were written by Du Fu when he was wandering. Because of the Anshi Rebellion, the society was in chaos, so Du Fu always expected to quell the rebellion and restore social stability. Therefore, he wept at the thought that the country would suffer, the war would never die, and life would be ruined. When he heard that the loyalists had recovered Jibei, he burst into tears of joy and could not restrain himself. It can be seen that Du Fu's worries come from the country, and his happiness also comes from the country. This is the sense of social responsibility and hardship that Confucian intellectuals have to take the world as their responsibility.
"I am full of sadness and trouble because people travel far." In July 759, Du Fu abandoned his official position and arrived in Chengdu at the end of this year. He built a thatched cottage in the western suburbs of Chengdu and began his last life of "wandering southwest". During the eleven years of wandering, he often lived the same life as others. He loves to associate with working people and hates bureaucrats, so he said, "I don't like going to the state capital, for I'm afraid people will think I'm real." Speaking of Mao Yu, the next House of Representatives is not embarrassed. "Du Fu's life is still very bitter. In the year of his death, he was hungry for five days because of hiding from the chaos of Zangjie. What is precious is that no matter how hard his life is, no matter where he wanders, he always cares about the safety of the country and the sufferings of the people. At the same time, he never forgot or relaxed his creation. During his wandering career of 1 1 year, he wrote more than 1000 poems. The thatched cottage was broken by the autumn wind, the banks of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army, Wu Lang reappeared, Tianfu Hunyin, General, the autumn scenery was prosperous, and Sui Yanxing were all masterpieces of this period. Different from the previous period, it is more lyrical and diversified. It is particularly noteworthy that the seven-character poem has been creatively endowed with great political and social content.
Du Fu wandered in Sichuan for several years, in Hubei and Hunan for two or three years, and died on a wrecked ship sailing from Changsha to Yueyang in the winter of 770 AD. "The blood of the war remains unchanged, and the military voice has moved to this day." This is his last memory of the country and people.