"A boy who lived in Tonggu County during the Qianyuan Dynasty composed seven songs and became famous at birth but has grown old"
Author: Du Fu
Original text:
< p> The boy became famous and became old.After three years of hunger, he walked on the deserted mountain road.
How many years have you been the Prime Minister of Chang'an?
Wealth and honor should lead to early death.
The Confucian scholars in the mountains are old acquaintances,
But the words of the past hurt my embrace.
The final song of the seven songs is quiet,
Looking up at the emperor's sky and the speed of the sun.
Appreciation:
This poem uses a nine-character sentence at the beginning: A man will grow old if he is not born. The condensation of "Li Sao" expresses the emotion of one's life experience, fearing that the old man is coming slowly, but he is afraid of not having the intention to revise his name. Du Fu always had the ambition to help the world and serve the country, but he never realized it. For example, this year he will be half a century old, he has not yet achieved his fame, he is already old, he has moved around and is almost starving to death filling ravines, how can he not be filled with grief and anger! Six years later, when Du Fu was in the Yanwu shogunate, he once again expressed this lament about poverty and old age: It is a pity that a boy has achieved nothing in life and has a white head, and his teeth are falling out. ("Don't doubt your behavior") The meaning is similar.
In the second sentence, "Three Years of Hungry" means "walking on a deserted mountain road". The word "three years" is appended to the end of the sentence, which further highlights the poet's suffering in recent years. Three years refers to the second year of Zhide (757) to the second year of Qianyuan. Du Fu was reprimanded for offending Su Zong by going to Shangshu to rescue Fang Guan. He was driven by hunger and suffered enough hardships on the barren mountain road.
In the third or fourth sentences, the poet recounts his feelings when he was trapped in Chang'an, and the whole poem suddenly reaches a climax. Twelve years ago, Du Fu entered Chang'an, but he had no way to make progress and spent ten bleak years. He came into contact with various types of dignitaries and found that most of the people in Chang'an City who relied on the influence of their fathers and brothers to obtain ministers were young people: How many years have the ministers of Chang'an been appointed? This cannot help but make the poet express angry words: Wealth and honor must lead to early death. Zhi Shen Zao's tone seems to be persuasive, but it is deeply indignant at the corrupt politics of the emergence of young ministers. This is obviously an angry statement like what he wrote in his early years: "The rich man will not starve to death, but the scholar will miss his body if he has too many scholarly crowns" ("Twenty-two rhymes to Wei Zuocheng").
The fifth and sixth sentences return to reality, showing the dialogue between the poet and the Confucian scholar in the mountain: the Confucian scholar in the mountain is an old acquaintance, but the old words hurt his embrace. The poet was in an extremely embarrassing situation, so of course he lamented his unfortunate experience, so he talked about some very unpleasant past events with his friends. The concern for the country and the people cannot be realized, which naturally causes infinite sadness.
The seventh sentence of the seventh line of "Wu Hu Qi Ge Xi Xi" quietly ends with the poet silently putting away his pen and stopping his sad, angry and passionate singing. However, how can he stop the huge tide of thoughts all at once? Looking up at the emperor's sky, the sun is speeding, and putting down his pen to look at the sky, I can see that the sun is running very fast. At this time, a sense of twilight, a desolate, melancholy, solemn and intense feeling surged in the poet's heart, and he couldn't help himself.
"Seven Songs of Tonggu" learns from Zhang Heng's "Poetry of Four Sorrows" and Cai Yan's "Eighteen Beats of Hujia" in form, adopts the writing method of fixed frame couplets, and draws more from Bao Bao in content. Based on the artistic experience of "It's Difficult to Travel", it changes in spirit, does not follow the appearance (Shen Deqian's "Tang Poems"), and creates an original body, which is deeply praised by future generations. As the last chapter of the group of poems, this poem expresses the poet's feeling of wandering. In terms of art, the mixed use of long and short sentences, and the sad and angry emotions hit the readers' heartstrings like a tide. Du Fu's "Xiaohan's Food on the Boat"
"Xiaohan's Food on the Boat"
Author: Du Fu
Original text:
Jiachenqiang's diet is still It's cold, and it's almost depression. Wear a heguan.
The boat on the spring water is like sitting in the sky, and the old flowers are like looking in the mist.
Juanjuan plays with butterflies passing through the curtain, and light gulls fly under the rapids.
The clouds and white mountains are more than 10,000 miles long, and looking directly to the north is Chang'an.
Notes:
1. Xiaohanshi: the day after the Cold Food Festival and the day before Qingming Festival. Since fire is forbidden, it is eaten cold.
2. Jiachen: refers to Xiaohan Food Festival. Forced rice: barely eat a little.
3. Yin: lean on, rely on. Hidden table, sit on the ground impromptu, leaning against the small table table, see "Zhuangzi Qiwu Lun": Nan Guo Ziqi sat hidden on the table. The table here refers to the black table (covered with black lamb skin). It is a small table table that Du Fu loved, and he always carried it with him. In one of his poems, he also wrote: The black table is heavily bound ("The black table is heavily bound") "Zhen Shu Huai Thirty-six Rhymes Presented to Relatives and Friends in Hunan"), which means that the turtleneck has been worn out and has been sewn many times. He (pronounced hhe), a pheasant, is said to be a combative bird and is found in "The Classic of Mountains and Seas". Here Hetong brown refers to the color. Qiu Zhaoao's note: Zhao's note: He Guan, the crown of the hermit. Volume 5 of "Records of Chongwenzhai" written by King Duanlu of the Qing Dynasty: Hunwang is haggard and colorless, and laughs at others for wearing heguan.
4. Two sentences about spring water: When spring comes, the water rises and the river current is vast, so floating up and down in the boat is like sitting among the clouds in the sky; the poet's body is old and his old eyes are dim, and he looks at the flowers and plants on the shore as if they are separated from each other. Covered with a layer of mist. Sitting in the sky and watching in the mist bring out the author's ups and downs of heart. This ups and downs of heart are not just the poet secretly lamenting his old age, but also contain deeper thoughts: the current situation is unstable and unpredictable, and it is like looking at flowers through the fog. Is it hard to understand the truth?
5. The two sentences "Juanjuan" contain Bixing.
I saw butterflies and gulls coming and going freely, each finding his own place. I feel that I am not free. Juanjuan, the play of a butterfly. Pieces, as light as a gull. The curtain is free, and the curtain is opened.
6. Yunbai sentence: It describes the distance between Tanzhou (now Changsha) and Chang'an. This is an exaggeration by the poet. In fact, Changsha is only more than a thousand kilometers away from Chang'an.
7. Direct North: True North. Also see the golden drum shaking in Guanshan, Zhibei (fourth of the eight poems of Qiuxing). Zhu Han's note: The butterflies and gulls are at ease, but the clouds and mountains are empty, so I feel sad about the scenery. Mao Qiling said: The boat is like the sky, the flowers are like the mist, the butterflies are playing with butterflies, and the gulls are light, it is extremely leisurely. Suddenly looking at Chang'an, I suddenly felt sad, so I said: "I am worried about Chang'an directly to the north. This chronicle also makes me feel emotional" ("Xihe Poetry Talk").
It has been sewn many times.
It has a brown hat on its head.
When spring comes, the water rises and the river is vast.
So floating up and down in the boat is like sitting among the clouds in the sky;
The body is old and the old eyes are dim. ,
Looking at the flowers and plants on the shore is like looking through a layer of mist.
See butterflies and gulls coming and going freely, each finding his own place.
Standing in Tanzhou and looking northward at Chang'an,
it's like looking at the white clouds in the sky,
more than ten thousand miles away, I suddenly feel sad.
Appreciation:
This poem was written by Du Fu more than half a year before his death, that is, when he stayed in Tanzhou (now Changsha, Hunan) in the spring of 770 AD (the fifth year of the Dali calendar). , showing his thoughts and feelings of living in the world in his later years but still deeply concerned about the safety of the Tang Dynasty.
Xiaohanshi refers to the day after Cold Food and the day before Tomb Sweeping Day. From cold food to Qingming, fire is forbidden for three days, so the first sentence says that Jiachenqiang's food is still cold. On the occasion of the festival, the poet still cheered up and drank alcohol even though he was old and ill. The forced drinking not only indicates that the person is sick and cannot bear the power of alcohol, but also reveals the mood of barely surviving the holidays while wandering. This opening sentence provides a lyrical scene for the poem and arranges an internally connected beginning. The second sentence depicts the lonely image of the poet in the boat. The He Guan is said to be a crown made of He Guanzi worn by He Guanzi, a hermit of Chu, which points out that the author lost his official position and was no longer used by the court. Being poor and depressed, not being in the official position but still worrying about the current situation and missing the court, this is what hurts the most about the helpless Du Fu. Qiang Yin and He Guanzheng in the first couplet summarize the author's life experience at this time, and also contain the endless bitterness of his life.
The second couplet follows the first couplet and expresses what the poet saw and felt in the boat very vividly. It is a famous line that has always been recited by people. Zuo Chengwen commented on these two sentences: The water rises in spring and the river is vast, so floating up and down in the boat is like sitting among the clouds in the sky; the poet's body is old and his old eyes are dim, and he looks at the flowers and plants on the shore as if through a layer of mist. Sitting in the sky and looking at the fog are very suitable for the reality of the elderly and sick people living on the boat and viewing the scenery, and it gives the reader a very real feeling; and in the realism there is a layer of ethereal mist, which also brings out the author's ups and downs of heart. This kind of ups and downs of heart is not only the poet's secret sadness about old age, but also contains a deeper meaning: the current situation is turbulent and unpredictable, just like seeing flowers through fog, the truth is difficult to understand. The brushstrokes are delicate and implicit, showing the poet's deep thoughts and exquisite observation and expression.
The third couplet contains two sentences describing the scenery on the river in the boat. The first sentence of "Juanjuan playing with butterflies" is a close-up view of the boat, so it is said to be "free". In the second sentence, the light gulls are the distant scenery outside the boat, so I talk about the rapids. On the surface, this seems to have no connection with the upper and lower alliances, but this is not the case. These two sentences follow the above and describe the scene from the boat in the sky and the water. The word "Xian" in "Xianmen" echoes the depression in the second sentence of the first couplet. The curtains are rolled up and the boat is lonely, so butterflies flutter through the air. Turbulence refers to the rapids in the river. White gulls fly briskly along the current and fly away far away. It is precisely this scenery of butterflies and gulls coming and going freely that is easy to compare, triggering the author's worries about looking northward at Chang'an while trapped in the boat, making a very natural transition to the tail couplet. Pu Qilong in the Qing Dynasty quoted Zhu Han's words in "Reading Du Xinjie" to comment: Butterflies and gulls are at ease, but the clouds and mountains are empty, so they are worried about the scenery. It also points out the connection between the third couplet and the last couplet in scene and emotion.
The last two sentences summarize the entire poem. The clouds are white and the mountains are green, which is the natural scenery on the river during the cold food festival. Wan Yuli leads the author's thoughts away with the endless green mountains and white clouds, paving the way for the conclusion. The "worrying" sentence summarizes the thoughts and feelings of the whole poem and condenses the deep sorrow on Chang'an, which is directly north. Pu Qilong said: "The green mountains of Yunbai should be in harmony with the beautiful morning, and if you look at the straight north, it should be hidden." This is just a literal analysis of the dark correspondence between the beginning and the end. In fact, this sentence condenses all the feelings in and out of the boat, near and far, as well as the poet's sad feelings about the difficult times during his wandering period, and summarizes it with the word "melancholy", which not only ends the whole poem solemnly, but also There is infinite affection beyond words. Therefore, "Du Shi Jingquan" says that there is a distant spirit in the knot.
This poem draws on Shen Quan's poems, such as people sitting in doubt in the sky, fish like hanging in the mirror ("Fishing Rod Chapter"), clouds and white mountains thousands of miles away ("Yang Du Yuanwai Shenyan Crossing the Ridge") 》).
The seven lines of this poem show deep condensation in the natural flow, which can well express the confused and melancholy characteristics of Du Fu's poetic style in his later years.
Du Fu's Swallows Come to Compose in a Boat
"Swallows Come to Compose in a Boat"
Author: Du Fu
Original text:
Hunan moves for guests After spring, the swallows hold mud twice in their mouths.
I used to come to my hometown to know the Lord, but now I am seeing people from afar.
How pitiful it is to live in a nesting room everywhere, so fluttering and caressing this body.
For a moment, the rafters of the boat are still up, and the flowers and water are soaked in the towel.
Notes:
1. Zhu Han’s caption: The boat is drifting alone, only the swallow comes, the proposition is filled with emotion.
2. Hunan: Hunan here refers to Changsha because it is located to the south of Dongting Lake. Dynamic Spring: Several springs have passed.
3. Swallows carry mud in their mouths: Swallows are migratory birds, so they carry mud in their mouths to build nests every year. Wang Sishi: It has been three springs since we left the gorge, and two springs since we left Hunan.
4. There is already a hint of Deja Vu Yan Returns in this sentence.
5. Society Day: The two days in ancient spring and autumn when worshiping social gods were usually held on the fifth Wu day after the beginning of spring and the beginning of autumn (around the spring and autumnal equinoxes). Look at people from a distance: Look at people from a distance. One saying is to look at people from a distance.
6. Living in a nest everywhere actually means living in no fixed place, so why is it so different to live in a nest?
7. This sentence is Du Fu’s autobiography. The meaning of "Piao Piao" in this body is like "Piao Piao", like a sand gull in the sky and earth ("Lv Ye Shu Huai").
8. Qiang: the mast on which the sail is hung. This sentence can be found in Qiangyan Yu Liuren ("Fatanzhou").
9. Towel: hand towel. These two sentences mean that the swallow came to the boat, rested on the raft for a while, murmured, and then immediately got up and flew away, wearing flowers and water, lingering in love, which made the author shed tears.
Appreciation:
Du Fu left the gorge in 768 AD (the third year of the reign of Emperor Daizong of the Tang Dynasty). He first wandered in Hubei and then moved to Hunan. In the first month of 769 AD, he traveled from Yuezhou to Tanzhou. . When he wrote this poem, it was already the spring of the second year, and the poet was still stranded in Tanzhou, making the boat his home. Therefore, at the beginning of the poem, it is pointed out that Hunan is moving through spring for guests, and then the scene of spring is vividly described by swallows carrying mud in their mouths and building nests, which leads to the object of the poem, the swallows.
Swallows are migratory birds that migrate with the seasons. They like to stay in pairs and stay in other people's houses or under the eaves. Therefore, it was favored by ancient poets and was often placed in ancient poems to cherish the spring and regret the autumn, to exaggerate the sadness of separation, to express lovesickness, or to express sentiments about current events.
I used to come to my hometown to know the Lord, but now I am seeing people from afar. It means: When you came to my hometown in the old days, you got to know me as the master. Now, on the day of the Spring Society, Xiao Yaner, you actually looked at me from a distance. Are you also wondering? Why has the master become so lonely and old? What happened to his hometown? Why is he drifting in a lonely boat?
How pitiful it is to live in a nesting room everywhere, so fluttering and caressing this body. It means: I will be old and sick all my life, no one will take pity on me, but you, little swallow, will care about me. And I am also pitying you. The world is so vast, but the little swallow can only make homes everywhere and has no place to settle down. How is this different from me wandering around in the vast rivers and lakes?
For a moment, the rafters of the boat are still up, and the flowers and towels are soaked in water. It means: In order to comfort my loneliness, little swallow, you came to my boat gracefully and rested on the rafter for a while. But as soon as you said a few words to me, you immediately got up and flew away, because you are also busy with your livelihood and have to keep working. Go grab the mud and catch insects. And you couldn't bear to go there, wearing flowers and water, lingering in love, I couldn't help but burst into tears.
This poem describes the arrival of swallows in the boat, as if they are here to accompany the lonely poet; and the poet's feelings flow into the reader's heart like spring water. The scene shown in the poem is that the poet, who has faded face and white hair, is stranded in a lonely boat due to illness, but there is a light little swallow standing on the rafter of the boat. This lively little life brings the message of spring to the poet. The poet raised his head and spoke lovingly to the swallow, while lamenting and muttering to himself. There is nothing more touching to readers than this scene.
The whole poem is full of worries about wandering and turmoil, and "Jingchun for a Guest" is the backbone of the poem. The four sentences in the middle seem to be about chanting Yan, but in fact they are related to the poet's vast life experience. In the last couplet, the first eleven characters are also all about "Yan", and the last three characters "Yizhanjin" suddenly switch to writing about the poet himself. The body, object, and emotion are so integrated that the reader can't tell whether it is the person who pities the swallow, or the swallow who pities the person. It is sad and sad, touching the heart. Lu Shique's "Du Shixu Chao" written in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty commented: This beauty wrote when he visited Hunan in his later years. The seven-character rhymed poem is wrapped up like this. Within the fifty-six words, things are similar and similar, and they seem complex and complex. There is a feeling of infinite life experience, but not a word is said. When I read it, I feel that the paper is full of tears, and the world is full of things. The Prime Minister is a thousand years old, and his poems are so touching.
Meng Haoran, "Twelve Luoyang Road Masters with the Same Preserver"
A prosperous son with pearls and a knight-errant with golden restraints.
The day is full of wine and the sun is setting, and I am walking into the world of mortals.
Appreciation
Meng Haoran (689～740), a poet in the Tang Dynasty. His real name is Hao, and his courtesy name is Haoran. He was born in Xiangyang, Xiangzhou, and was known as Meng Xiangyang in the world. Because he had never been an official, he was also called a Mengshan man. In his early years, he had ambitions to serve the world. After being embattled and disappointed in his official career, he was still able to respect himself and did not flatter the world, so he lived his whole life as a hermit. He once lived in seclusion in Lumen Mountain. When he was forty years old, he traveled to Chang'an, but he failed to win the imperial examination.
He once wrote poems in Taixue, and became famous among the officials. He was so impressed that he wrote for him. Later he worked in Jingzhou and died of gangrene. Traveled throughout the Southeast. Shi and Wang Wei are both called Wang Meng. His poems are light and good at describing scenery. They mostly reflect the landscape, pastoral, seclusion, travel and other content. Most of them are five-character short stories, and he has unique attainments in art. There are three volumes of "Collected Works of Meng Haoran" and two volumes of compiled poems.