In addition to the realistic Book of Songs, pre-Qin poetry has another kind of poetic style that represents romanticism. Qu Yuan and Song Yu are his representative writers, and Li Sao is one of them.
In the Han Dynasty, Yuefu Poetry, a poem sung with music, appeared. There are four words, five words and miscellaneous words in language, but most of them are five words. Later, the literati headed by Cao Cao and his son and Tao Yuanming developed five-character poems. At the same time, seven-character poems have also developed greatly. The representative works of Yuefu poetry & gt,<& lt Shang Mo Sang >> It has important literary value in the history of poetry.
The Han and Wei Dynasties is an important turning point in the cultural history of China. The Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties at the end of Han Dynasty were eventful and dark periods in China's history, but they were very important in the history of ideology, culture and art, with far-reaching influence to this day.
Before Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the rhythm and rhyme of poetry had not formed a rule that everyone followed, but the author wrote it according to his personal content needs and rhyme feeling. In the Wei and Jin Dynasties, influenced by Indian Sanskrit phonology (called Tianzhu in ancient times), phonology in China developed. Zhou Ai and Shen Yue of Qi Liang summed up the pronunciation rules of Chinese characters and put forward the theories of "four tones" and "eight diseases", which made poetry creation develop from natural rhythm to pursuit of rhythm, and the nature of paying attention to levelness and rhythm appeared in poetry writing, forming the main content of metrical poetry.
When it comes to Han and Wei poetics, we have to mention Jian 'an literature. The main representatives of Jian 'an's literary achievements are San Cao and his son, Kong Rong, RoyceWong, Serina Liu, Ruan Yu, Xu Gan, Chen Lin and Angelababy. These people are called "seven sons of Jian 'an". Later generations called this period "the revival of Wei tune at the end of Han Dynasty", which marked the end of the writing style of Han Dynasty and ushered in a new literary era. In the Tang Dynasty, Li Bai once wrote a poem praising "the bones of great writers are your brushes, in the school of heaven. In China, for quite a period after Confucius, literature advocated rationality, focusing on reasoning and narration, so "poetry expresses ambition" and "writing embodies Tao" became a tradition. But in the Three Kingdoms period, the idea of "fatalism" appeared, which was mentioned side by side with "expressing one's will". "Destiny's love" is roughly equivalent to today's lyric. For example, Cao Cao's poem "Sing a song about wine, life is geometric", "Jieshi is in the east to see the sea", and Cao Pi's poem "The autumn wind is bleak, the weather is cool, and the vegetation is like frost" is such a poem.
In addition to Jian 'an poems, there is also a school of poetry in Han and Wei Dynasties that inherits the "folk natural rhythm" in poetry style, that is, "Han and Wei Yuefu". Following the Book of Songs and Songs of the South, Yuefu poems in the two Han Dynasties became another magnificent scenery in the history of ancient China poetry. As a new poetic style, Yuefu poetry shows great vitality. Han Yuefu became a new model of China's ancient poetry with its ingenious conception, superb narrative skills and flexible and diverse system. For example, "ancient songs" with free style and true feelings; The upward inclination reveals a woman's unswerving oath to love; All the way to the Altair with neat form and beautiful words; And the narrative folk songs "Sang Shang" and "Peacock Flying Southeast" with twists and turns, distinctive characters and bright and concise words.
Influenced by the Han Yuefu, the poetics of Han and Wei dynasties experienced a turning point from narration to lyricism, to imitation of folk songs and to writers' originality. For example, Nineteen Ancient Poems, which have been handed down to this day, were written by literati in the Han Dynasty. Jian 'an literary creation has completed the transformation from Yuefu folk songs to literati poems. China's traditional poetry thus entered the ranks of elegant literature.
In addition, the development of poetry from "four-character poem" with four words and one sentence to "five-character poem" and "seven-character poem" with five words and one sentence was also established in the Han and Wei Dynasties. It is generally believed that Cao Cao's four-character poems, such as Watching the Sea and Returning to the Life, are masterpieces of the previous generation, that is to say, the four-character poems appeared at the latest, but they are the best works, while Cao Pi's clever seven-character poems in Ge Yanxing opened up a new era for the later seven-character poems.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, his poems produced a special "Wei and Jin demeanor". It contains wild behaviors such as "binge drinking" and "birthday celebration", strange atmosphere such as "speaking freely", "seclusion" and "archaizing", and the mixed thoughts of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. From the perspective of subject matter, in addition to "love", the poems of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties also produced different poetic schools such as "landscape", "pastoral" and "metaphysical words". In the poetic style, there is a natural and fresh, clear and smooth mainstream; Formally, * * * tends to be neat in five or seven words, and then forms a complete and strict meter.