Differences between Su Dongpo's and Xin Qiji's Poems ...

Su Shi and Xin Qiji are two famous poets in Song Dynasty. They are both famous for their boldness and are representatives of the bold school. After Liu Yong, Su Shi carried out a comprehensive reform of ci style, breaking through the traditional mode of "Ke Yan" and expanding the expressive function and poetic context of ci. The bold school he initiated was later inherited and developed by Xin Qiji in the Southern Song Dynasty, and the new poets gave full play to the lyric function of Ci. After Su Shi and Xin Qiji were also called "Su Xin". Although they are all uninhibited poets, there are still great differences in the style of ci. Miao Yue said: "Su Dongpo's ci originated from Zhuang, and Xin Jiaxuan's ci originated from Sao." This sentence is undoubtedly an appropriate summary. Su Shi (1037-1101), whose real name is Zi Zhan, is a Dongpo layman. As early as when Ouyang Xiu was a literary leader, he predicted that Su Shi's future achievements would be higher than his own, and said that he would be entrusted with the important task of leading the literary world. Sure enough, Su Shi lived up to expectations. During the period when he dominated the literary world, the development of literature in Song Dynasty reached its peak in many aspects. Among them, the historical contribution of Su Ci surpassed that of Su Wen and Su Shi. Su Shi broke the previous concept that poetry was superior to ci, and thought that poetry was homologous. "Micro-words turn to cover the original poem" (Complete Works of Su Shi, Volume 63). He pioneered the expression technique of "taking poetry as words" In this way, poetic words make the aesthetic value of words rise to a lofty realm. In the past, Ci was only an accessory of music, which had beautiful artistic value at best, but after Su Shi's reform, Ci had its own higher literary value, not just relying on notes. People can't help but think of Liu Yong, who devoted his life to ci. Although he promoted the status of Ci, although he was a predecessor of Su Shi, his influence was slightly inferior to that of Su Shi. For example, "When will there be a bright moon?" : "When will there be a bright moon? I take my glass from a distance. I don't know the palace in the sky, and I don't know the month and time. I'm willing to ride the wind to the sky, I'm afraid I can't stand the cold for nine days in a pavilion of fine jade. Dance to find out what shadows look like on the earth. The moon turned into a scarlet pavilion, hanging low on the carved window, shining on the sleepy self. There should be no hate, and nothing can be done. People are sad and happy, and they are separated and reunited. The moon will darken or shine, and it will become round or round. Nothing is perfect, even in the past. I hope that people will last for a long time and have a good scenery. " This word is fantastic and ethereal, which makes people have a surreal feeling and imagination. Many of Su Shi's poems make people feel this way. Their refined, romantic, chic and elegant styles. His bold and unconstrained ci style is light, but he is not limited by the gorgeous style of Fendai's ci. He is full of passion and vitality, not sad, but enterprising, facing the fact that life is not perfect. In the sculpture of ci, the artistic conception and expression of poetry expand its connotation. This magnificent style and rich images have forced the words to make a significant leap from appearance to content. Not only that, there are many feelings and thoughts about life in Su Shi's poems. Originally, in the eyes of literati, expressing one's mind was the duty of poetry, but since Su Shi, ci has also played such a role. Such as "Dingfengbo": "If you don't listen to the sound of beating leaves through the forest, why not sing and walk slowly? Bamboo poles and sandals are more dexterous than riding horses. What's to be afraid of? A raincoat and hemp fiber, despite the wind and rain, still live my life. The coolness of spring breeze awakens my wine, and the cold begins to be cold, and the peak of the sun is the sun, but it is satisfied in time. Looking back at the bleak land, rain or shine. " This poem was written two years after the Wutai Poetry Case. At that time, Su Shi was in a difficult situation, but he was fearless and sad. "Don't listen to the sound of beating leaves in the forest" describes a storm, but Su Shi "doesn't listen" and still "walks slowly" in the storm. His companions are in a mess, and only he is unaware of it. Isn't this his open-minded attitude in the face of the storm of life? Su Shi's life is further revealed in A Misty Rain for Life, but he is calm and independent, and he is not bent by destruction. This detached mentality also makes this word a swan song. Xiaque's "No Rain, No Sunny" has a taste of not being happy with things, not being sad for yourself. The change of life is like natural rain and sunshine, which is hard to predict. What this word wants to express is that we are full of a natural, optimistic and broad-minded heart in the face of any change. Another example is "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia": "The old country is wandering, passionate about Ying Xiao Wo, born early, life is like a dream, and one statue is still on the river." Life is short and fate is changeable. Su Shi's pursuit is not wealth, but a kind of freedom between heaven and man. This language with philosophical thinking is no longer just expressed by poetry. Su Ci fully shows Su Shi's personality spirit of actively facing setbacks and turning depression into self-adaptation, which also makes Su Ci have real eulogy value. In Su Ci, Ci has the artistic essence and expressive function of poetry, but Su Shi doesn't want to completely poeticize Ci, and he also advocates that Ci is "sui generis" (Volume 53 of Complete Works of Su Shi). This raises the height of the word and makes people read like people. At that time, Qin Guan had a poem "Man Ting Square", in which there was a line "Forget me. At this moment, the sachet is hidden and the ribbon is light. " This is a complete imitation of the style of Liu Ci. Later, Su Shi met Qin Guan and mentioned it. At first, Qin Guan refused to admit that he was suspected of imitating his predecessors. Su Shi said "ecstasy at this moment", which made Qin Guan feel ashamed and surprised. Isn't that the syntax of Liu Ci? It can be seen from this incident that Su Shi was very opposed to the poet blindly copying other people's styles at that time. The so-called lyrics should have their own independent side, so that everyone has their own unique personality, which not only enriches the poet's own writing level, but also enriches the poet's interest pursuit. People often say that poets and poets are tragedies, because in ancient times, most talented loyal ministers were not paid for their ambitions, and after being framed, they had nowhere to tell and turned into poems. But most of those poems are unhappy. Su Shi is a special case of history. He vacillated all his life and suffered political setbacks. However, there is no groan in his words, but he is arrogant and unrestrained, with a natural breath. Whether his lyric poems, object-chanting poems or pastoral poems all reflect Su Shi's tenacious optimism, positive enterprising and detached outlook on life and poetic style. This character comes from the integration of Confucianism, Taoism and Zen, and the open-minded attitude is closer to the freedom of Laozi and Zhuangzi. Although my career is frustrated and my life is unpredictable, I still enjoy myself and enjoy it. This is also the artistic conception of carefree travel advocated by Zhuangzi. If Su Shi's words come from Zhuang, I think they are more pertinent. Zhuangzi was a great Taoist thinker in the pre-Qin period. He despises etiquette and power, is bohemian, indifferent to fame and fortune all his life, and advocates self-cultivation, quietism. But Zhuangzi is human. Although he can wander between heaven and earth, under the appearance of his retirement, he can still see the obvious difference between his love and hate for society. This is also the human side shown in Su Shi's poems. Zhuangzi is free and unfettered in spirit. When people are integrated into everything in the world, life can naturally reveal a kind of spiritual strength. In his view, real life is natural and does not need secular rules and plans. When it rains, people will meet it, and when it is sunny, people will enjoy it. Zhuangzi's Wang Yang is wanton, the image is bold and ethereal, and the imagination is rich and strange, all of which have been inherited in Su Ci, and poetic Ci is the best proof. However, some people say that Su Ci originated from Zhuang, which is not only influenced by literary form, but also the fusion of thought and philosophy. Su Shi accepted Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. He faced his official career with the Confucian political thought of managing the world and helping the people, and was interested in reforming the court. However, he opposed Wang Anshi's political reform and Sima Guang's abolition of the new law. As a result, he was rejected and repeatedly exiled. Later, he was criticized by Wutai poetry case and was demoted again and again until he was 65 years old. In such a wandering life, the influence of Taoist thought has undoubtedly become the philosophical basis for shaping his outlook on life. Confucianism's contribution to the WTO has become increasingly nihilistic, and the retreat of Zen is not a manifestation of Su Shi's optimism, calmness and firmness. Only the thoughts of arriving home and Zhuangzi kept him interested in life and exuberant creative vitality. After Su Shi relegated Huangzhou and Wutai poetry cases, he wrote, "The river has no return, and the waves are exhausted. The atmospheric ileum of romantic figures through the ages (Nian Nujiao reminisces about the past at Chibi) and A misty rain for a lifetime (Dingfeng) also wrote "Pick up all the cold branches and refuse to live, and the lonely sandbar is cold" (the folk house in Dinghuiyuan, Huangzhou) and "Look closely, it is not a small flower, but a little tear". Like Laozi and Zhuangzi, these timeless famous sentences are the fruits of Su Shi's mind. Su Shi's mind is what millions of literati and poets in later generations want to have, but it can't fully reach Su Shi's height. In my opinion, all later writers hope to have the outstanding spirit like Su Shi, mostly because their lives are quite sinister and full of difficulties. However, their own thoughts are deeply influenced by Confucianism. If they are rich, they will help the world, while if they are poor, they will be immune to it. Although they want to have Su Shi's mind, they can't achieve Su Shi's goal without the enlightenment of Zhuangzi's thought. /kloc-in the second half of the 0/2nd century, the ci creation of ZTE poets, represented by Xin Qiji, pushed down the peak of history. Xin Qiji (1 140- 1207), whose real name is You 'an, is Jia Xuan. Because I grew up in the Jin-occupied area, I was born with patriotism and national heroism of recovering lost land and revenge. As mentioned earlier, Su Shi changed the image of describing boudoir and pleasure since the Tang and Five Dynasties, and added the poetic realm of daily life, natural landscape and philosophy of life. However, in Xin Qiji's works in the Southern Song Dynasty, the artistic conception of ci has been expanded, and a large number of ci describing national sufferings have appeared. This has to be said to be another major change in writing. Jin Ge's iron horse and armored combat knives have become the most commonly used images of Xin Qiji, such as "Breaking the Array-Watching the Sword with Lights in Drunkenness": "Watching the Sword with Lights in Drunkenness, Blowing the Horn in Dreams. Eight hundred miles of moxibustion, fifty strings of external sound. Autumn soldiers on the battlefield. Horses run like Ma Delu, bows and arrows fly like thunder. Despite the king's world affairs, he won a name before he died. Poor white hair! " These military images are connected into a magnificent picture, which makes the battlefield surging, and the soldiers' desperate battle is vivid. Slightly different from the reserved habits of the ancients, Xin Qiji often pretends to be a hero. I don't think any poet or poet worships historical heroes like Xin Qiji. Su Shi thought of Chibi, but I was full of feelings when he laughed at it. He was born early, while Xin Qiji said that "the whistling in the middle of the night makes the world sad in order to shrink" ("Chibi in the Little Corner of first frost"). The heart of a strong man has a sharp edge. The broad realm of Xin Qiji's ci is also clearly reflected in his description of rural ci, but his historical patriotic ci is the most famous one in later generations. Different from Su Shi, Xin Qiji's "taking prose as ci" combines the advantages of prose and ci, and takes history as the classics. He has ardent political enthusiasm and lofty political ideals. In his prime, he showed extraordinary wisdom and courage. In addition, he also has the ability to improvise. Liu Zai later praised him as Zhuge of Longzhong. It can be said that Xin Qiji's official career was smooth at first. On the one hand, he is always loyal to his country; on the other hand, he does have real talent. Unfortunately, after middle age, Xin Qiji had to face the sadness of being distrusted, discriminated and unable to serve his country. At that time, the Southern Song Dynasty was teetering and willing to bow to Jin. However, Xin Qiji can no longer express his inner anguish with poetic words like his predecessors, but adds the common techniques of composition, discussion and even dialogue in ancient Chinese to his ci creation. For example, "Qinyuanchun will drink a cup": "Before you come to the cup, I will check the legacy today. I have been thirsty for many years, and my throat is like a kettle. I like sleeping today, and I am furious. Your exact words are incomplete. Since Yuan Dynasty, Liu Ling has been regarded as a great man in ancient and modern times. Why not get drunk and die and be buried? It's very kind of you to sigh at your bosom friend. More is the medium of singing and dancing. This is a cooperative guess. No matter how big or small the situation is, it is born in love, and there is no beauty or evil in things. If it is too much, it will be a disaster. Make a promise with you, don't stay or return, I can still drink your cup. Worship the cup again and go at once. You must come. " Answering questions, what Xin Qiji pursues is no longer a beautiful poetic style, but a heavy style of writing. In addition, Xin Qiji also likes to quote classics. "Don't hate the ancients I see, hate the ancients, see my crazy ears. People who know me, two or three sons. " (He Xinlang) Ersanzi comes from The Analects of Confucius, and the phrase "don't hate" comes from Southern History, which is the "Jiaxuan style" he created. Although Xin Qiji's cultural ci makes the whole ci style heavy, his repeated melancholy expresses his patriotic enthusiasm and the pain of unpaid ambition. Another example is "Yongyu Le Jing Kougu Beiting Nostalgia": "Throughout the ages, heroes are not in Sun Zhongmou." . The dance floor was still there, but the heroes had already gone with the passage of time. The setting sun shines on the grassland covered with grass and trees. People say that this was once the place where Emperor Wu of Song lived. Think that year, Jin Ge iron horse, swallowing Wan Li like a tiger. However, Li Liu Yi Long, the son of Liu Wang Yilong, was a great success and made a swift northern expedition. Instead, he made the Northern Wei Emperor Wu Tuoba fly south and returned to the north bank of the Yangtze River, which was severely hit by his opponent. I have been back to the south for forty-three years, and I still remember the war scenes in Yangzhou. Looking back, there is a crow club drum under the beaver temple! Who can ask, can Lian Po still eat when he is old? According to relevant documents, Xin Qiji was 66 years old when he wrote this poem. The old man of this age is still obsessed with the Kingoma Railway, and what he wants to do is still to serve the country with his body. He thought of himself from the heroes of past dynasties, thus expanding his inner anguish and treating the political prospect of death with perseverance. Such disappointment and hardship are inevitable. So I'm more and more worried about fragmentation. This is similar to nagging to repeatedly emphasize your frustration, similar to Qu Yuan's article on the style of practical history. Qu Yuan attached importance to taking history as a mirror, with a strong color of monarchy. Xin Qiji, like him, has a passionate patriotism, but he has also been ignored and appointed by the authorities. Advance and retreat is the basic feature of Li Sao's lyric style, and the poem portrays an image of a patriotic poet who is concerned about the country and the people and dedicated to his ideals. In fact, I think Qu Yuan used all the beautiful words he could when describing the image of this poet. In fact, he has described this man as the perfect hero in his mind, and this man is undoubtedly Qu Yuan himself, which reminds people of Xin Qiji's habit of being a hero. The king "never cared about her husband's heart", but "died nine times without regret" and "preferred to die in exile", thus showing the noble character and patriotic feelings of the poet Qu Zhi, who endured humiliation, exercised integrity and embarked on the right path. Li Sao is already a "prose poem, narrative poem", and its poems are full of stylistic fullness. Xin Qiji's writing with words just reproduces this artistic feature. Qu Yuan compared himself to a beauty and vanilla, and tried to stay with that fiery persistence. Even if the rulers don't reuse it, the country has no place to display its ambitions, and repeats its inner expectations without regrets. Li Sao is full of sadness and disappointment that Qu Yuan can't explain, which makes people feel desolate and helpless. And he repeatedly reiterated his melancholy, soliloquized, turned this sadness into an indelible melancholy cloud, and followed him all the time. This style is also fully reflected in Xin Qiji's ci. Xin Qiji's military pride, if you drag out an ignoble existence against the rulers of the world, can only idealize the life that once won fame on the battlefield as a kind of accusation. From this perspective, Xin Qiji's ci can also be said to come from Sao. This is the characteristic of Xin Qiji's ci, and it is also a big difference from Su Shi's ci style. Su Shi and Xin Qiji are both temperamental people, but Su Shi is free and broad-minded, and Xin Qiji is heroic and sorrowful. Although they all have uneven professional experiences, their differences in personality also determine their different views on the problems and styles of words. Su Shi is bold and cheerful, fresh and elegant, Xin Qiji is bold and unrestrained, desolate and depressed. Su Xin and Su Xin both made indelible contributions to the appearance of Song Ci in China's historical literary world with a brand-new look. Later generations called them "Su Xin", and naturally they were well-deserved to be promoted to the representative of the unrestrained poets.