(1) Symbolism:
Symbolism:
1. Symbolism is the earliest and most influential literary school in the Western modernist literary movement. It is divided into two periods before and after. Early Symbolism was popular in France in the second half of the 19th century. After the First World War, Late Symbolism came into being, and in the 1920s, Late Symbolism reached its climax.
2. Symbolism has distinctive characteristics: creating morbid "beauty"; expressing the "highest reality" of the heart; using symbolic hints; constructing images in illusions; using musicality to increase the meditative effect. It developed the artistic characteristics of early symbolism, opposed superficial lyricism and explicit preaching, advocated the unity of emotion and reason, and expressed the beauty and infinity of the ideal world through symbolic suggestion, image metaphor, free association and the musicality of language.
3. Representative writers: French Valéry, German Rilke, American Pound, Irish Yeats and British T. S. Eliot.
Main writers and their works:
1. British T.S. Eliot: "The Waste Land" (1922)
2. French poet Valet Here: "Seaside Cemetery" (1926), pondering the meaning of life, praising the never-ending movement of the universe, and expressing the joy after transcending the consciousness of death. Philosophical contemplation and novel and symbolic images blend in seamlessly, with harmonious and beautiful phonology and profound artistic conception.
3. Irish poet and playwright Yeats: "Sailing to Byzantium", Yeats won the 1923 Nobel Prize for Literature for "expressing the spirit of the entire nation".
4. Maeterlinck: The representative writer of symbolist drama, "The Blue Bird" (1908, Tytier, Mytier, Belleon), the blue bird symbolizes happiness, and the theme is to praise people's love for happiness and happiness. The pursuit of light.
5. Blok: Russia's "extremely sincere poet", "Twelve" (long poem)
Imagism (a variant of symbolism):
1. Characteristics of Imagist poetry: clear, precise, condensed, concrete, not expressing emotions or preaching truth. The focus is on expressing the poet's intuitive image, but the author's intuitive feelings are not directly expressed, but are hinted through imagery.
2. Representative: American Ezra Pound, "Metro Station" (a typical image poem)
The Hermit School (another poetry genre derived from Symbolism):
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1. Founder: Ongaretti
2. Representative writers (two disciples of Ongaretti): Quasimodo and Montale
(2) Expressionism:
1. Expressionism is an important modernist school popular in European and American literature from the early 20th century to the 1930s before and after World War I. Originating in Germany, it first started with painting and then spread to literature.
2. It first appeared when the German critic Walden published a painting review in the magazine "Crazy Biao", emphasizing the need to break through the external appearance of things, express the inner world, and replace "expression" with "expression" Reappearance".
3. Characteristics of expressionism: abstraction; deformation; use of masks; mixture of reality and illusion in time and space; emphasis on sound and light effects; symbolic and absurd techniques. Its theoretical program is "art is expression rather than reproduction", and it advocates that literature should not represent objective reality, but should express people's subjective spirit and inner passion, express the essence of things grasped through representation, and accurately grasp the external form of things. There is no point in describing it. His poems are emotionally intense and eloquent, pursuing strength and exaggerated lyrical style, often using condensed verses. Drama and novels often use abstract symbolic techniques to express profound philosophies and themes.
4. The pioneer of expressionism is the Swedish writer Strindberg. His plays such as "Ghost Sonata" put ghosts on the stage, allowing dead corpses, phantoms, dead souls and living people to appear on the stage at the same time.
Main writers and their works:
1. In poetry:
Tracker and Welver of Austria ("Friends of the World", "Friends of the World", " Each other"), Germany's Heim and Bain
2. In drama:
American O'Neill: "Emperor Jones" (1920), the author integrated expressionist artistic techniques Based on his own creation, he formed a unique model of "O'Neill School" expressionist drama. The Hairy Ape (1921), subtitled "Eight Comedies of Ancient and Modern Life." Protagonist: Jank
Sweden's Strindberg: "To Damascus", "Ghost Sonata"
3. In novels:
Austria's Kafka: Representative of Expressionist novels. "The Castle" (1915), "The Metamorphosis" (1915)
(3) Stream of consciousness novels:
1. Stream of consciousness novels emerged in the early 20th century (1920s) In the West, novels mainly express the flow of people's consciousness and show the trance and confused spiritual world. He believes that literature should express the flow of consciousness of characters, especially subconscious activities. The flow of human consciousness follows "psychological time" rather than physical time.
2. It is characterized by stream-of-consciousness creation methods such as symbolic suggestion, inner monologue, and free association. It formed a rather spectacular modern style in Britain, the United States, France and other countries in the 1920s and 1930s. ism literary genre.
3. The artistic techniques used by stream-of-consciousness novelists have different emphases, but the artistic characteristics are the same: "the writer withdraws from the novel"; the plot is diluted; a large number of inner monologues and free association; time and space Alternation and psychological time; symbolic suggestion and contrastive association; innovation and variation in the use of language.
4. The representative writers are Joyce from Ireland and Woolf from England, Proust from France and Folkner from the United States.
Detailed explanation:
1. Inner monologue: Stream of consciousness novels directly display what they are thinking and feeling, showing the original psychology without being organized or logical. The writer withdraws from the novel and becomes subjective. There is less intervention and the focus is on expressing the characters’ conscious activities themselves.
2. Use the method of free association and stay on an object for a while. Any external stimulation can interrupt the previous thinking process and start new thoughts.
3. It is highly subjective and random, often breaks the limitations of time and space, has large jumps, and organizes the process from the psychological structure, while traditional novels mostly unfold the plot in the passage of time and space.
4. In terms of content and subject matter, traditional novels are often omniscient and omnipotent, but in stream-of-consciousness novels, the status of the writer decreases, and the reader's participation is strengthened. He does not pay attention to portraying typical characters, and relies on the consciousness of the characters to write about people and plots. fade.
Representative writers and their works:
1. Irish Joyce: "Dublins", "Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man"
2. British Wolf: "The Spot on the Wall", "To the Lighthouse"
3. French Proust: "In Search of Lost Time"
4. The Fortune of the United States Kerner: A major representative of "Southern literature" who created a unique "Yoknapatawpha lineage."
"The Sound and the Fury" (1929) reflects the decline of the Compson family, a prominent southern family. The novel creates a composite stream of consciousness method, which brings the use of stream of consciousness techniques to explore the inner life of characters to a new height. Focusing on Quentin's abnormal psychology and Benji's insane subconscious activities. Characters (eldest son Quentin, second son Jason, younger son Benji, daughter Katie)
(4) Surrealism:
1. It emerged in France in the 1920s. Dadaism developed. 1919 Dada poets: Breton (founder), Aragon ("The Communists", socialist realist works, anti-fascism), Eluard, published the first "Surrealist Manifesto" 》
2. They believe that literature is not to represent reality, but to express "hyperreality", that is, "absolute reality transformed from fantasy and reality", which is a unified object of two elements: reality and unreality. . In order to depict surrealism in content, they opposed logical reasoning thinking activities, respected the subconscious and dreams, and even made literature the product of dreams, subconsciousness and even insanity. The emphasis on fantasy and the denigration of rationality have become important symbols of his aesthetics. They advocate writing about people's subconsciousness, dreams, and coincidences of things, and propose "automatic writing" as a creative method to express the above content.
2. Main writers and their works: Breton's "Nadia", Aragon's "Countrymen in Paris", Eluard's poem "Pyme for Peace", "The Drowning Man", Soupo
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