On the Differences between Fan and Hu in Tang Poetry

When the Anshi Rebellion broke out, Gao Shi supervised the suggestion, Zuo Ge Han Shu guarded Tongguan. After the fall of Tongguan, he went to Hangzai to see Xuanzong state his military situation, move the imperial history, and admonish the doctor. Xuanzong was in Shu, and the kings were used to divide the town. He thought it was impossible and was known by Su Zong. A few months later, Lin set out from Jinling, and Su Zong called Gao Shi to discuss and analyze the situation. He thought that Wang Yong would fail, and he was rewarded by Su Zong. He was appointed governor of Yangzhou (from the third rank) and our special envoy to Huainan, making him beg for the forest. Gao Shi became a border official in the important town of Fan Xiong and became the most outstanding poet in Kaiyuan and Tianbao periods. Hu Zhenheng once commented: "A poet can reach a high standard. Different people, (Du) just good, suitable for independence and left (that is, against Fang Yi's suggestion that the kings divide the town); (Li) Bai was wrongly incited, so he should be prepared to observe it alone and oppose it. The second son is poor and comfortable, no doubt. " ("Tang Yin Gui Qian" Volume 25) The careers of these three poets are obviously gloomy, which is really related to their attitude towards this major political move. Hu's statement is reasonable. The following year, Wang Yong was defeated. Li, a big eunuch, dares to speak out when he does evil. Before Su Zong went, he was demoted to Prince Shaozhan. As the secretariat of Pengzhou (now Pengxian County, Sichuan Province), he wrote a famous book about his life, Rewarding Mr. Pei with Poetry instead of Books. Moved to (now Chongqing County, Sichuan Province), and moved to Chengdu Yin and Jianchuan in the south. A few days later, he called the assistant minister of punishments and turned left to ride a regular servant, a pawn and a loyal servant. Finally, I want to mention the friendship between Gao Shi and Du Fu in his later years. Du Fu arrived in Chengdu with his family at the end of the second year of Gan Yuan (759). At this time, Gao Shi was the secretariat of Pengzhou. When he heard the news, he sent a poem to greet him, and Du Fu also wrote a poem in return. In the future, the two often had poetry exchanges. Du Fu had a hard life and asked Gao Shi for help. After Gao Shi moved to Zhoushu, he visited Du Fu's thatched cottage, and Du Fu also relied heavily on Gao Shi. They are really "old friends and closer friends", which can also be clearly seen from Gao Shi's poem "People Send Addendum Day" to Du Fu. Shiyun: People send poems to the thatched cottage every day, pity their old friends and miss their hometown. When spring comes, willow leaves are in bud and plum blossoms are in full bloom, which is pleasant, but the wandering wanderers are branded with homesickness. Being in Nanfan, I have no expectations and am full of worries and troubles. This year, everyone remembers the sky. Next year, where will everyone know? Although life is hard, but also idle, it is impossible to know that at this time worthy of the sword book, always in the dust. That is to say, he is tired of his body, the official title of the governor, and the rest of the country, and he is ashamed of his wandering friends. This poem is straightforward. The simpler it is, the more touching it is to read. Since Gao Shi is the representative of frontier poets, let's talk about his frontier poems first. He went to Jimen for the first time and had a personal experience of the life of border guards. He wrote "Five Poems on the Journey to Jimen", expressing indignation and deep sympathy for the unequal treatment of "keeping soldiers tired of dross and reducing their food and clothing". He said, "Try the pavilion, I'm going to cry." Enthusiasm eulogized the heroic patriotism and dedication of "Hu Qi leans on the mausoleum, Han Bing ignores his body". He expressed sympathy for the long-term presence of soldiers and the separation of husband and wife, and asked: "When will Hu Qiang come back from endless days?" In the 26th year of Kaiyuan, he created the most outstanding masterpiece Ge Yanxing. In the preface, this poem is related to the defeat of Zhang Shousheng, but its content is not all about this battle, but a higher-level artistic summary of his experience in Jiyumen, thus showing his deep sympathy for the soldiers and praising their heroism and patriotism, which is more than the previous works with the same theme. This poem describes the fierceness and hardship of the battle, and is in sharp contrast with "half of our people on the front line were killed, but the other half are still alive, and beautiful girls are still dancing and singing for them in the camp", which profoundly reveals the gap between the painful and happy life of generals and soldiers and the political and military corruption and darkness in the Tang Dynasty. Due to the incompetence of the generals, underestimating the enemy, falling into a tight encirclement, the war could not be understood, and the relatives of the soldiers were separated for a long time. The words "Until the White Sword is seen again, blood is red, and death becomes a duty, who will stop to think about fame" warmly praised the patriotic spirit of the soldiers who died for their country. I hope a general like Li Mu can defeat the enemy and protect the border: "But speaking of the hardships of desert war, we call Li a great general today. He lived a long time ago." This poem skillfully interweaves the desolate environment of the desert beyond the Great Wall, the fierce and tragic fighting atmosphere and the inner activities of soldiers during the war with specific descriptions, forming a vigorous and profound artistic style. The whole poem rhymes with four sentences, and often uses antithetical sentences and metrical sentences. The rhythm of poetry changes with the change of content, so that the cadence of syllables is in harmony with the artistic conception of poetry. Because the poet himself has a strong patriotic thought, he enthusiastically praised the patriotic generals who defended the frontier. For example, the description of Xiongnu general in the poem "Sending Xiongnu General out of the Great Wall" is excellent. The invasion of the enemy, "Yesterday, the book of the border court feather arrived", and the Xiongnu general generously participated in the war. The phrase "the corner of the city is painted three or four times, and the treasure knife in the box rings day and night" did not impress the general himself, but it just showed the spirit of the general's courage and excitement for the country. The scenery of "Huang Yun White Grass" and the high-spirited spirit of "Sword Singing" beyond the Great Wall further highlight the image of a patriotic general who is not afraid of difficulties, who is willing to give up, and who is optimistic. The whole story is neat, bold and unyielding, showing the artistic characteristics of high fitness and harmony, just like walking. Gao Shi is also excited about regaining lost ground. In May of the 12th year of Tianbao, Ge recovered the occupied Jiuqu Yellow River. He wrote a magnificent and joyful poem "Nine Lyrics". Two or three clouds: ten thousand riders compete for songs, and a thousand dances embroider phosphorus. It's always peaceful to meet people anywhere. Iron-blooded warriors run wild in Tieling Head, and the West sees its logic and takes its seal. Qinghai only drinks horses today, and the Yellow River doesn't need to take more precautions against autumn. Here, he also expressed his desire to consolidate the frontier and achieve peace. Secondly, it is poetry that reflects current events. Its content mainly satirizes Xuanzong's fainting in his later years and his hatred of Anshi Rebellion. For example, in his later years, Xuanzong favored An Lushan, while An Lushan was a treacherous guy, who repeatedly provoked border troubles and used the so-called "border politics" to cheat. Only when Gao Shi sent his troops did he realize that he regarded the border soldiers as victims of personal market sentiment, and pointed out the sad fact that "the border soldiers are like pigs, and their bones turn to dust" in the poem "Answer Hou Shaofu". Xuanzong, on the other hand, liked him more and more and promoted him to official position and title year after year. Gao Shi said a rather obscure sentence in "In Ji Zuo" (also known as "Send Soldiers to Return to Work"): "If there is no guarantee, all the generals will be in debt." It satirizes Xuanzong's excessive appreciation of ignorance. In the ten years of Tianbao, An Lushan was "unable to escape from the palace" and "quite ugly", but Xuanzong let it go. To this end, Gao Shi wrote a poem "Biyang City" that satirizes the present with the ancient. By examining the ambiguous relationship between An Lushan and Lv Hou, this poem implies the ambiguous relationship between An Lushan and Yang Guifei. This kind of satirical poem directed at the supreme ruler and exposing his court scandal was rare at that time. Gao Shi's attitude towards Anshi Rebellion is clear. He wrote in "Appreciating the Works of Doctor Helan in Henan Province": "Lotus Tun is enchanting, and Guo Yi has the sound of war." He lamented the sword, but his heart was full of difficulties. He also sent a letter to Helan to enter the Ming Dynasty to save Liang and Song Dynasties and lift the siege of Suiyang. Nine quarters of the soldiers were defeated in Yecheng (now Anyang). He witnessed the destruction of the country and the death of the people, and wrote the poem "Reward Mr. Pei with poetry instead of books". There are four lines in this poem that say "there are thorns, but there are piles of rubble." Pedestrians have no blood and bones are covered with moss. " It reflects the tragic scene of the Central Plains after this killing and looting, with broken tiles and broken walls, numerous bones and people displaced. The havoc caused by the battle of Yecheng can only be described in detail in Gao Shi's poems. This is its beauty. Third, he profoundly reflected the sufferings of farmers. Because Gao Shi has been in poverty for a long time, he has a personal experience that "the rabbit garden is too old to plow, and the fishing heart in the wild pond is often bitter", so he can care about the sufferings of people's livelihood. Poems that fall into this category include "The East meets a flood on the road" and "Zi Qi is on the way to the Yellow River". The former wrote the scene of rural floods by sketching, so "farmers have no one to rely on, and the wild old people are worried"; The latter reveals the poverty of farmers and the bleak life in rural areas under the exploitation of drought and heavy taxes: "Although it was thin last autumn, it didn't rain this summer. Hard days, rent and tax. The vegetable garden is empty and the industry is insufficient. " Gao Shi is the first poet who reflects the sufferings of farmers in Kaiyuan Tianbao. Because of this, Gao Shi greatly praised local officials who could care about people's livelihood, especially the good government with a single father "Qin and the people were idle" in the Spring and Autumn Period. Later, when he was appointed as a state shepherd himself, he followed Zibei's example. According to the legend of Old Tang Book, he "has been a vassal herder for many times, keeping politics simple and letting the officials and the people do it." In addition, Gao Shi wrote more poems that hurt himself, reflecting the unreasonable social reality that despite the prosperous Tang Dynasty, a large number of talents were still oppressed. Poems such as "Wei does not join the army" and "Rewarding Xue to send Guo Shaofu three certificates of Wei" are omitted here. From the above simple description, we can see that Gao Shi is an unruly, thrifty, resourceful, aggressive and generous person. Like people, his poems reflect people's sufferings in many ways, expose social contradictions and express patriotic enthusiasm and incompetence. The language is bright and simple, straightforward and bold, resolute and powerful, vigorous and dignified, and the voice is generous and tragic, which has established its own unique style. On his personality and creation, Du Fu said: "The general manager should be completely incompetent. He can control Cao Liu." Yin Yun commented on his poem: "There are many words in my heart, and there is also strength in my heart." Xu Yue said, "Heng Fu is tall and comfortable, full of vigor and strong heart, holding jade and gold, floating between Shen and Lu lanes, and he is also a dangerous man." Therefore, poetry, chest-lifting, landscape painting, natural spirit, and the word peak China Resources, the sense of appreciation, almost out of the ordinary table. "These comments are very pertinent.