1. How to read textbook errors
In the illustrations of the textbook, Qu Yuan and Zu Chongzhi’s clothes are worn backwards; Xunzi is sitting on a stool reading paper that was impossible to have in that era. Books... In recent years, some common sense errors in textbooks have been continuously discovered by experts and readers.
Just a few days after school started, another parent pointed out on the Internet that in the second volume of the third-grade Chinese textbook from the People’s Education Press (hereinafter referred to as the “People’s Education Press”), “Swallow Train” and “The Moon” There are common sense problems in the two texts "Mystery". For a time, the debate raged online.
Is there an error in the textbook?
"Swallow Train" tells the story of thousands of swallows in Switzerland migrating from south to north in the spring of one year. When encountering wind and snow, the temperature drops sharply, and the swallows are on the verge of death. For this reason, *** called on people to save the swallows and send them to warm places by train.
"The Mystery of the Moon" pointed out that on July 20, 1969, two American astronauts landed on the moon for the first time. People sprinkled bacteria on the dust brought back from the moon, and the bacteria died instantly. In the text, he wrote: "Does this dust have the ability to sterilize?" In addition, the text also mentioned that once algae is put into the lunar dust, it will grow particularly fresh and green; a piece of rock recovered from the moon is estimated to be It is 4.6 billion years old, and only stones from 4 billion years ago can be found on Earth. Is the moon older than the earth?
Some experts and parents have put forward different views on this. "Transporting migratory birds by train" goes against the natural living habits of birds and can easily lead to their death; the statement of "lunar dust sterilization" lacks effective proof, so there is It goes against common sense.
People's Education Society: There is currently no problem
In response to parents' objections, Wu Haitao, director of the Publicity Office of People's Education Society, responded that there seems to be no problem with these two texts at present. Interpretations online seem to be taken out of context.
"Last year, there were media reports that a Dalian parent had doubts about the authenticity of the text "Swallow Train", so he checked with the Swiss Bird Research Institute for verification. The answer he received was that the country had indeed There has been an incident of using a train to rescue swallows."
Regarding the statement that this behavior goes against common sense, Wu Haitao said that the first paragraph of the text has already used a hypothetical question: "Swallows are migratory birds and can fly long distances. How can they still fly?" How about sending it by special train?" There is also a corresponding explanation in the text. People are looking for swallows that will be frozen in sudden weather conditions. The teaching purpose of this text is to use the form of stories to promote the idea of ??protecting wild animals to students.
"The text of "The Mystery of the Moon", judging from the content and expression, should not be misleading as netizens say. The statement in the text is, 'Sprinkle bacteria on the things brought back from the moon. The bacteria on the dust died all at once. Does this dust have the ability to sterilize? ', and 'A piece of rock recovered from the moon is estimated to be 4.6 billion years old, but on the earth, it can only Found stones that were 4 billion years old. Is the moon older than the earth? Or is the moon's volcanic activity earlier than the earth's? "The whole text is in the form of a question," Wu Haitao said, "The purpose of this text is. The purpose of teaching is to guide students to explore these 'mysteries of the moon'."
Children's scientific spirit should be cultivated.
The teachers raised questions about the two texts. A completely opposite view from netizens.
Wan Ping, a Chinese teacher at Shijia Hutong Primary School in Beijing, believes: "It is wrong to not be conclusive about these issues at present. "Swallow Train" mainly expresses the beauty of the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and cultivates children's love for nature. And "The Moon" The teaching focus of "Mystery" is to encourage students to consult information and ask questions after class. "
"If students ask questions, we will encourage them to think and do investigations, rather than simply giving them a answer. Or wrong conclusion." Wan Ping said that today's children have very strong thinking ability and rich knowledge. It is reasonable and meaningful for students to raise questions about the textbooks and then draw conclusions through active learning.
"There should be no errors in words, grammar, etc. in Chinese textbooks. If there are so-called common sense errors in these two texts, I think children should be encouraged to think before drawing conclusions." Parents Ms. Wu believes that better results will be achieved by letting children learn to question the knowledge they have learned and then draw conclusions through thinking.
He Ming, who has been working as a scientific editor for many years, proposed: "There should be a distinction between common-sense errors." One type is errors that have been confirmed. For example, expressions such as "a strong smell of carbon monoxide" that completely violate scientific common sense have appeared in recent media reports. There is also a type of knowledge that changes from correct to incorrect as knowledge develops. For example, in a large number of domestic translations of "Insects", "spiders" and "scorpions" that are not insects are selected. In Fabre's time, perhaps "spiders" and "scorpions" belonged to "insects". But according to the current definition of "Insecta" - the body is divided into three parts: head, thorax and abdomen, and three pairs of legs. "Spiders" and "scorpions" both have four pairs of legs and should belong to the "Arachnida".
The third category remains controversial. As one researcher suggested, the English title of "A Brief History of Time" is "A Brief History of Time".
The correct translation of this book title should be "a brief description of time" or "a brief description of the origin of time", not a "history" of time. The translation error stems from the fact that "history" has two meanings in the dictionary, one is "history", and the other is "the record, evolution, and origin of past events." The researcher believes that based on the content of the book, the second meaning should be chosen here. But there is no clear conclusion yet.
"Especially in the face of the third type of situation, children should be encouraged to conduct argumentation and inquiry, and cultivate their scientific spirit from an early age, rather than jumping to conclusions easily." He Ming said.
2. How to define "common sense errors" and "logical errors" in articles and reports
Common sense errors: The main body of the error is a violation of "common sense", which is manifested as A violation of some recognized, well-defined, and well-known axioms, laws, or understandings.
Logical errors: The main subject of the error is "logic", which indicates that the reasoning, argumentation, and argumentation process in the article are incorrect, the causal relationship is reversed, and the necessary and sufficient conditions are lacking, etc.
Sometimes common sense errors overlap with logical errors, because some "simple logic" is also "common sense"
For example: because someone accidentally made a small mistake, So this person usually performs very poorly.
"One cannot generalize" can be considered as "common sense", but the sentence itself is an inference, so it has both. < /p>
Most of the authors of the Four Great Classics were erudite scholars who were well versed in learning and memorizing. They were able to recite classics, histories, zis, and collections, whether they were telling history or preaching to the world, or admonishing the world through romance.
However, when reviewing the chapters and carefully reviewing the text, there are often several so-called "common sense errors" in the four famous works. **Liu Chan has two mistakes. A biological mother? ** "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" is a novel with particularly distinctive historical features. It does not pay much attention to the history and establishment or even the royal lineage.
For example, when studying "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". When it comes to the family background of Liu Bei, the star of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", no matter how wise the textual research expert is, he cannot compare the concubines and princes of Emperor Liu in the official historical writings. First of all, there is an obvious contradiction with Chen Shou's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". /p>
Regarding Liu Bei's prince, the "Book of Shu·The Biography of the First Lord Liu Bei" in "Three Kingdoms" clearly states: "In May of the first year of Zhangwu (221), Queen Wu's Zichan was established as the crown prince. In June , with Ziyong as the King of Lu and Li as the King of Liang." However, "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" said in the thirty-fourth chapter "Uncle Liu Huang leaps across the Tanxi River": "In the spring of the twelfth year of Jian'an, Mrs. Gan gave birth to Liu Chan. "How could Liu Chan, the "dragon slinger", have two biological mothers? When the "Shu Shu" of "Three Kingdoms" records the concubines of Shu, there is no record of Mrs. Mi, but in the 85th chapter of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms" "Liu Xianzhu's Legacy Edict" In "Orphan", Mrs. Mi actually has a clear title of queen: "Empress Wu is respected as the empress dowager, Mrs. Gan is posthumously named empress Zhaolie, and Mrs. Mi is also posthumously empressed. "
**Can Saint Guan predict the place names 300 years from now?** "Haizhou" first appeared in the seventh year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (549), and was unique in the Three Kingdoms era (220-265). There is no place named Haizhou, so the "unconventional" talented man Luo Guanzhong insists on spitting out the word "Haizhou" from the mouth of Guan Yunchang, the courageous swordsman - Chapter 19 "Xiapi City Cao Cao's fierce battle" In "The Death of Lu Bu at Baimen Tower", Guan Yunchang said to Zhang Fei: "I was stationed on Haizhou Road to find out the news, so I came here. "Can Saint Guan predict the names of places 300 years later? Hou Baolin said in cross talk, in order to ridicule, he insisted on "Guan Gong fighting Qin Qiong". No, as early as the early Ming Dynasty, in the black and white text of "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", the great sword Guan Gong himself was thinking "Battle against Qin Qiong".
In the story of the 20th century, it is just a replay of Guan Yunchang's old tricks. "History of the Song Dynasty" records that Zhang Shuye commanded the naval battle to recruit Song Jiang when he was the governor of Haizhou. < /p>
However, Shi Naian decided to move the battlefield to Shandong and put a black gauze hat of "Jeju Prefect" who had nothing to do with Zhang Shuye on Zhang Shuye's head. **Tang Monk" "Loss of classics and forgotten ancestors"? ** "Journey to the West" is a novel with the historical background of the "Reign of Zhenguan" at the founding of the Tang Dynasty. However, the author often mentions the officials and institutions of the Ming Dynasty - the Military and Horse Division, the Jinyiwei, and the Lili Bureau. The prisoner... when explaining the family background of the male No. 1 Tang Monk, he even referred to a deer as a horse, Zhang Guanli Dai.
"Journey to the West" said that Tang Monk's father Chen Guangrui was the number one scholar in the "Zhenguan Jisi" year. However, there is no such thing as the Zhenguan year. There is no such thing as "Ji Si". Yin Kaishan actually existed, and there are detailed records in "New and Old Tang Books", "Tongjian" and "Tongdian". According to slightly different records, he never served as prime minister. However, in the original version of "Journey to the West", which is regarded as a famous book, Tang Monk's grandfather Yin Kaishan actually built a luxurious prime minister's mansion in Chang'an City. p>
As we all know, Tang Seng's hometown is Chenliu in Yanshi, Henan Province. I have made a special trip to visit the ruins of Tang Seng's former residence. However, when Tang Seng in "Journey to the West" reported his family name, he forgot about his ancestors everywhere: "Father" He is Chen Zhuangyuan of Haizhou.
" **Yan Zhenqing also "travelled"? ** "Dream of Red Mansions", known as "the end of Chinese classical realism", made a generous statement in the concluding remarks: "When it comes to the bitterness, the absurdity becomes more tragic! "The edge between history and novels is particularly straightforward: "Mr. Cao Xueqin is reading the ancient history there...smiling: 'It is indeed Jia Yucunyan... Since it is a fake villager... I am happy to talk to the second and third. Comrade, when we are full of wine and food, we can relieve our loneliness together in the rainy evening and under the lights, and there is no need for adults and gentlemen to comment on the topic and pass it on to the world. If you are searching for the root of the matter like this, you are carving a boat to seek a sword, and playing a stick with a drum and a harp. ”
The author of "The Fate of Flowers in the Mirror" is listed as one of the top ten famous works. The author is a scholar who is good at "quoting from many sources, including exhaustive relics" and "sees everything in learning". He is highly praised. The novel historian Wang Tao even said that Li Ruzhen's "Jinghuayuan" is "a combination of talents and scholars", which is unique in terms of academic skills.
However, even such a masterpiece, which Lu Xun praised as "comparable to Wanbao Quanshu", is also suspected of being a public war against Qin Qiong. For example, Chapter 72 "Five Beauties of Ancient Tongtai Fu Yaoqin". In "The Eight Girls from Bai Shu Pavilion Write about the Spring Fan", the author borrows Caiyun's words to boast about the "Duobao Pagoda in Sister Zixiao's House" tablet.
Yan Zhenqing was a Jinshi during the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Where did his Yan body come from during the Wu Zetian era. The epitaph of the masterpiece "Duobao Pagoda"? No wonder, Li Ruzhen sighed in the final volume of "Jinghuayuan": "Wow! As the novelist said, it doesn’t matter! "No wonder, the novel critic Ye Zhou said that "Journey to the West" can contain countless "nonsense" and "absurd stories". No wonder, the most outstanding representative of novelists, the barnyard saint Cao Xueqin, announced to the reader at the beginning of the opening volume: The Story of the Stone, “It’s full of nonsense! A handful of bitter tears. ”
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4. What are the common sense mistakes
1. When we drink It is often said that blushing is due to drinking, which means that if you blush when drinking, it means that you are a good drinker. However, in fact, people who blush when drinking cannot drink, and they are more likely to damage the liver when drinking.
2. July. "Liuhuo" is often misused to describe the hot weather. It is easy to misinterpret the meaning. It actually refers to the cooler weather. 3. We often say that genius is 99% sweat and 1% inspiration. But in fact, Edison's original words. There is an additional sentence at the end: But 1% of inspiration is often more important.
4. "Existence is reasonable" we often understand as: "Existence is reasonable", but in fact it is: "Everything that is rational is reasonable." It is realistic, and all realistic things are rational.
5. Combing your hair 100 times a day is good for your health. Over-combing your hair will damage the sebaceous glands on the scalp and damage the scalp
6. People with sweet blood are easily bitten by mosquitoes, and mosquitoes can’t smell them at all. There is no smell of blood.
7. Raise your chin when you have a nosebleed. The only advantage of this method is that the nosebleed will not flow to the floor, but it will not stop the nosebleed. Instead, it will allow the nosebleed to flow into the throat, and may even cause the nosebleed to flow into the throat. It causes vomiting and suffocation, and dirty blood will not flow out.
8. You can turn into Popeye by eating spinach. We generally think that spinach is high in iron - but the iron content in spinach is due to a transcription error in 1870, when a doctor named Woolf accidentally put the decimal point in the wrong place, making the iron content in spinach the actual amount. 10 times more. (For this reason, how much spinach have I been forced to eat since childhood!!)
9. Newton has never been hit by an apple!
10. The steam engine was invented by Watt. But in fact Watt never invented the steam engine, he just improved them.
11. The Great Wall cannot be seen on the moon.
12. Rabbits like to eat carrots. Well, rabbits really don’t like to eat carrots. People prefer green vegetables.
13. Bird’s nest and shark fin are very nutritious. But in fact, bird's nests are just bird saliva, and shark fins are even poisonous and can have a bad impact on the human body
14. When watching movies, I often see those gang bosses or JCs. Undercover agents will know the drugs after tasting them true or false.
To be honest, they are looking for death. The purer the drug, the faster they will die!
5. Regarding the deduction standards for common sense errors in essays
The basic level is 50 points, first class (50-41), second class (40-31), third class ( 30-21) Fourth grade (20-0) Conforms to the meaning of the question, meets the meaning of the question, basically meets the meaning of the question, deviates from the meaning of the question, the center is prominent, the center is clear, the center is basically clear, the center is unclear or the intention is inappropriate, the content is substantial, the content is relatively substantial, the content is thin, there is no content, the emotion is genuine, True feelings, basic, true feelings, false structure, rigorous structure, complete structure, basically complete structure, chaotic language, fluent language, fluent language, basic fluent language, multiple fonts, neat handwriting, clear handwriting, illegible handwriting, difficult to read, meets the requirements of the question, generally meets the stylistic requirements, generally meets the stylistic requirements, does not meet the stylistic requirements, development level 10 points Profound, rich, literary and innovative 1. Go deep into the essence through phenomena 4. Rich materials 7. Vivid language and flexible sentence structure 10. Novel insights, fresh materials and exquisite ideas 2. Reveal problems and create problems 5. Rich images 8. Good at Use rhetorical techniques 11. The reasoning and imagination are unique 3. The views are inspiring 6. The artistic conception is far-reaching 9. The sentences are meaningful 12. There are personal characteristics [Explanation] 1. The basic level scoring focuses on the question meaning, content, language, and style. , comprehensive measurement.
Meeting the stylistic requirements means meeting the stylistic requirements selected by the examinee based on the meaning and content of the question. 2. The development level score is based on 12 scoring points. It does not seek to be comprehensive. Those with outstanding points will be graded in equal order until full score.
3. Points will be deducted for missing questions; 1 point will be deducted for every three typos, and duplicates will not be counted; if there are insufficient words, 1 point will be deducted for every 50 words missing.
6. Which of the following common sense about literature is wrong?
Answer B
Item A is correct. Regarding the "Book of Songs", it has been introduced in the short knowledge essay of the "Poetry" unit in the fifth volume of the high school Chinese textbook and the short essay on "my country's Ancient Literature" in the appendix of the sixth volume, and the textbook also selected two poems as texts. Item C is correct. Ba Jin is a famous novelist and essayist in modern my country. Middle school textbooks select excerpts from his essay "Lamp" and his novel "Home" as texts. Students should know something about him. Item D is correct. Soviet writer Gorky was born in a carpenter family and had rich experience as an apprentice and dockworker. He created many works throughout his life, such as the novel "Mother", "The Life of Klim Samkin", the novella "Ogulov Town", the script "The Bottom", the essay "Eagle Song", etc. . Middle school textbooks also selected excerpts from his prose poem "Haiyan" and novel "Mother" as texts. Item B is incorrect. The common knowledge about Yuan dramas has been introduced in the short article in the appendix of the sixth volume of the Chinese textbook, and the works of Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan and others have also been selected as texts. But Kong Shangren (1648-1718) was not from the Yuan Dynasty, but a poet and opera writer in the early Qing Dynasty; his work "The Peach Blossom Fan" is not a Yuan drama, but a legendary opera. So option B is the option for this question.
Is this okay?