First, the poetic style
As for the types of poetry, the problem is quite complicated. Here is just a brief talk based on Mr. Wang Li's book Poetic Metrics.
According to the rules, ancient poetry is divided into classical poetry and modern poetry. Ancient poetry is also called ancient style or ancient poetry; Modern poetry is also called modern poetry, and classical poetry other than modern poetry is generally called ancient poetry. Rhyme can only rhyme, and ancient poems can also rhyme.
Ancient poems are divided into four-character poems, five-character poems and seven-character poems according to the number of words. After the Tang Dynasty, there were few four-character poems, so the general poetry collections were divided into five-character poems and seven-character poems. This is the basic structure of classical poetry. Why do you want to divide it like this? Because this is related to the "rhythm" of ancient poetry. As for the rhythm of ancient poetry, the following chapters will talk about it. Ancient prose is divided into five ancient prose and seven ancient prose according to the number of words. Rhyme can also be divided into five laws and seven laws. There are also long poems in the law, which are called the law of exclusion. In addition to five words and seven words, there are miscellaneous words in ancient poetry. Miscellaneous language refers to a mixture of long and short sentences, for example, Li Bai's Difficult Road to Shu is miscellaneous language. Miscellaneous poems generally do not have another category, only belong to the seven ancient. Even if there are no seven words in the article, as long as they are long and short sentences, they will be classified as seven ancient. This is a conventional division and has no theoretical basis.
There is also a quatrain in ancient poetry, which was previously considered to be a metrical poem. However, according to Professor Wang Li and Professor Jun Binjie of Beijing Normal University, quatrains, as a five-character and four-sentence style, should have an earlier origin than metrical poems, so quatrains are considered as a separate category, including both ancient quatrains and metrical quatrains. Why is it called quatrains? Wu Mingna quoted the origin of poetic method in "Article Argumentation" and said: "Those who make quatrains also cut sentences." In other words, quatrains are poems that cut off the beginning, end or middle part of a poem. But the essence of quatrains is the poetic style of five words or seven words and four sentences.
Second, legal poetry
Modern poetry, represented by regular poetry, originated in the early Tang Dynasty. It is generally believed that their founders were Shen Quanqi and Song in the early Tang Dynasty. Why are regular poems difficult to do, but they inevitably appear? This is because China's ancient poems, from The Book of Songs to Yuefu poems, are all harmonious and accompanied by music. But later, poetry gradually divorced from music, so that it can only rely on itself to solve the rhythm and cadence beauty in music, and this can only be solved by the tone sandhi of Chinese itself, which is the most fundamental reason for the emergence of rhythmic poetry. The development of metrical poetry has two sources, one is the prevalence of antithesis, and the other is the development of tone. Under normal circumstances, if you do well in metrical poems, you can certainly do well in ancient poems. Therefore, the writing of classical poetry begins with regular poetry.
Because of the rhyme, flatness and antithesis of the metrical poems, there are many stresses. Because the meter is very strict, it is called meter poem. According to the analysis of predecessors, the characteristics of metrical poetry have six elements:
1, whole: every sentence is neat, or five words, or seven words. 2. Couples: antithesis is required in poetry.
2.Leaf: it means that even and odd sentences are opposite in turn. 4, rhyme: refers to ancient poetry can only be flat rhyme.
5. Harmony: It means that there are strict rules for the leveling of the whole article. 6. Degree: It means that the full text is definite.
In fact, Mr. Wang Li and Mr. Qi Gong believe that the most important thing about metrical poetry is that there are only four tones:
1, each song is limited to eight sentences, with 40 words in five laws and 56 words in seven laws. Every two sentences of a metrical poem are called couplet, the first two sentences are called couplet, the middle two sentences are called parallel couplet, the last two sentences are called neck couplet, and the last sentence is also called tail couplet.
2. Only rhyming can make it even.
3. The level of each sentence has strict regulations, including the level of each sentence.
4. Every article must have antithesis, except the first and second couplets, and the couplets in the middle must be antithetical.
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How to learn to write ancient poems
Measure common sense
Near body and ancient body
Metric poems, including metrical poems and quatrains, are called modern poems or modern poems. The ancients called them that, and so do we now. Although they are actually very old, they originated from Qi Liang in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty. Poems before the Tang Dynasty, except the so-called "Qi Liang Style", are all called ancient styles. Poetry that does not conform to the modern style after the Tang Dynasty is also called ancient style.
There are differences between ancient style and modern style in syntax, rhyme and level tone;
Syntax: The number of words in each sentence in ancient style is uncertain, including four words, five words, six words, seven words and even miscellaneous words (uneven sentences), and the number of sentences in each song is also uncertain, ranging from two to dozens and hundreds. There are only five words and seven sentences in modern poetry, eight in metrical poetry, four in quatrains and more than eight in quatrains, which is also called long-style poetry.
Rhyme: each song in ancient style can use one rhyme, or two or more rhymes, and it is allowed to change rhymes; Each song can only use one rhyme, and even the arrangement of dozens of sentences cannot be changed. Antique can rhyme in even sentences, or even sentences can rhyme in odd sentences. The near aspect rhymes only in even sentences, except for the first sentence, which rhymes with a flat voice and does not rhyme. Five words don't gamble more, seven words gamble more), and the rest of the odd sentences don't rhyme; Antique can rhyme smoothly; Generally, only flat rhyme is used in the near body.
Smoothness: The biggest difference between ancient and modern styles is that ancient styles don't talk about flatness, while modern styles pay attention to flatness. After the Tang dynasty, the ancient style also pays attention to flatness, but it is irregular and can be ignored. Classical poetry is basically metrical, so I will only introduce modern poetry to you.
rhyme
The rhyme book used in the Tang Dynasty is Qieyun written by Sui Lu Fa Yan, and it is also the originator of all rhyme books in later generations. Song people added Qieyun to Guang Yun, with more than 200 rhymes. In fact, the rhymes used by poets in Tang and Song Dynasties are not entirely based on these two rhymes. Poets' rhymes in Tang and Song Dynasties are well reflected in Ping Yun Shui edited by Wang Jinwen Yu, and later poets' rhymes are generally based on Ping Yun Shui.
"Ping Yun Shui" has 106 rhymes, of which Pingsheng has 30 rhymes, which are divided into upper and lower halves, called upper and lower Pingsheng. This is just for the convenience of arrangement, and there is no difference in tone between the two. Modern poetry only bet on flat and even rhymes, so we only look at the rhymes of these flat and even rhymes (the first word of each rhyme):
Shang Pingsheng: Yidong, Erdong, Sanjiang, Sizhi, Wuwei, Liu Yu, Qiyu, Bayi, Jiujia, Shi Hui, Shiyizhen, Shi Wen, thirteen yuan, fourteen cold and fifteen deleted.
Xia Pingsheng: Yixian, Erxiao, Sanyao, No.4,, Liu Ma, Qiyang, Bageng, Jiuqing,, Shiyiyou, Shieryan, Qin, Yan and Xi 'an.
From these rhymes alone, we can see that ancient sounds are very different from modern sounds. Some of them belonged to different rhymes in ancient times, but now they can't tell the difference, such as East and Winter, River and Yang, Fish and Danger, True and Wen, Xiao, Yao and Hao, Salty and Salty, Geng and Qing, Cold and Delete, and so on.
If we look at the words in each rhyme, we will find the opposite situation: what the ancients thought belonged to the same rhyme does not rhyme at all today. For example, the first poem of Du Fu's "Three Juequatrains" (the following quotations are all subject to Du Fu's poems, no longer noted):
The catalpa tree is fragrant and leaning against the rock.
Cut the new stamens and stop flying.
Why don't you get drunk and get angry,
You can endure the rain when you wake up
"Fei" and "Fei" belong to five tones in Pingshui rhyme, but they don't rhyme in Mandarin.
Another example is the second song:
Can the cormorant walk outside the door?
Sha Tou suddenly looked at his eyes and guessed.
From now on, knowing what people want,
Come back a hundred times a day.
"Guess" and "Hui" belong to "Ten Grey" in Pingping, but they don't rhyme in Mandarin nowadays.
The rhyme of classical poetry can be mixed with the rhyme of neighboring rhymes, such as Dong Yi and Er Dong, Si Zhi and Wu Wei, which are called tongyun. However, the rhyme of modern poetry must strictly only use words with the same rhyme. Even if the number of words in this rhyme is small (called narrow rhyme), it cannot be mixed with words in other rhymes. Otherwise, it is called rhyme, which is the taboo of modern poetry. But if the first sentence rhymes, you can borrow adjacent rhymes. Because the first sentence can be put or not, you can bend the rules. For example, "Drunk to Send Ba Shen Liu Sou to the Army":
Wine thirsty Qingjiang River,
Dried fish tree bay pavilion.
Sitting on the soft beach,
Leng Shi was drunk.
With the picnic table,
Huayin comes from music.
I can't meet you for a few drinks,
They were all sent to Shen Ming.
This song "Ting Xing Ling Ming" consists of nine tones, but the first sentence borrows the word "Qing" from Ba Geng. This is called borrowing neighboring rhymes, which was popular in the late Tang Dynasty and even formed an atmosphere in the Song Dynasty.
Modern people can of course write modern poems with modern rhymes. If we want to use Pingyunshui according to tradition, we must pay attention to the differences between ancient and modern sounds, especially when reading ancient poems. These differences can sometimes be distinguished by dialects, but they are not necessarily reliable, so we should read more and recite more.
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