First, the perspective of prose appreciation sentence:
Structurally: deduction, introduction, straight to the point, general introduction, summary, echo from beginning to end or before and after, connecting the preceding with the following, paving the way and foreshadowing.
Content: This sentence is general and highlights the main idea.
Rhetoric: metaphor, personification, contrast, parallelism and exaggeration;
Writing skills: comparison, symbolism, setting off, reality, movement, association and imagination.
Language features of prose: simple and natural beauty: colloquialism and dialect color. Simple, cordial and touching, fully showing the author's feelings. Implicit beauty: rich and profound in meaning, philosophical and enlightening. (It is philosophical and lyrical. )
Musical beauty: the rhythm is bright, the syllables are harmonious and full of rhythm, which gives people musical beauty.
Beauty of painting: (multiple rhetoric, multi-angle scenery, strong sense of picture. ) the picture is strong and poetic. Beauty of elegance: (There are many words in classical Chinese, and ancient poems are quoted or used) The language is elegant. Beauty of humor: beauty of humor conciseness: short sentences. Delicate beauty: delicate description or expression of emotion.
Second, the benefits of the topic: it has several functions, and the key is to analyze it concretely. General functions are:
One is as a clue to the full text, the other is to point out the main idea, and the third is to summarize the main contents of the full text.
Fourth, things are used to describe people, or symbolism (this is generally called things)
Fifth, be subtle and euphemistic, or attract readers' attention.
Sixth, the significance of the combination of reality and reality. Some titles have multiple meanings, literal and deep.
Seventh, the title also reflects the author's feelings and lays the emotional tone. Eighth, subtitle. Function: the format is novel and coherent.
Safe. It can well reflect the contextual structure of the article and give people a refreshing feeling.
Third, repetition: the same words and sentences appear continuously or intermittently in the article, which is called repetition.
Repetition has the rhetorical effect of highlighting thoughts, emphasizing feelings, distinguishing levels and strengthening rhythm. Repetitive intervals can also echo back and forth to make the structure neat.
Fourth, the role of the beginning.
1, pointing out the main idea of the article. 2. Set the emotional tone of the article. 3, leads to the following.
4. hand in your intention. 5. Create suspense, arouse readers' thinking and attract readers. 6. Write the scene to render the atmosphere. 7. Introduce the characters. 8. Express your feelings. 9. echo the end.
1. If the question is aimed at the beginning, the function of the first paragraph is often to summarize the full text, point out the theme, or express some feelings related to the theme (lay the emotional tone). ※.
2. If there is no topic at the beginning, then the function of the first paragraph is to open (lead out) the following, or to contrast with it, or to pave the way for it.
3. If the opening of the article is a description of the scenery, the function of the first paragraph may be a foreshadowing from the structural point of view. Judging from the description of scenery, its function is to set off, outline the environment, provide the background, or create (render) a certain atmosphere.
If the first paragraph asks questions continuously, then the first paragraph is also fascinating or thought-provoking.
If you keep sighing from the beginning, then the first paragraph also has a strong lyrical effect.
6. If the opening is flashback, then the first paragraph also has suspense.
Scenery descriptions are often encountered in general narratives and various literary works. How can we fully understand and accurately analyze their expressive functions?
First of all, we should consider the ideological content. You can try to start from the following aspects.
First, express feelings. Scenery and emotion often penetrate each other and complement each other, which is called "scenery blending" and "borrowing scenery to express emotion". This is the main function of scenery description, especially in poetry and prose. Such as Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night,
The poet's description of the silent scene of the spring rain is to express the poet's joy in smelling the breath of spring.
Second, render the atmosphere. This is common in novels and plays. The article "The Meaning of Life" uses "cold and clear" and "eerie" scenes to render the chilling atmosphere that has just been slaughtered and seriously damaged by the white bandits; Render the prosperity and vitality after defeating the white bandits with "green trees", "tall and straight pine trees" and "tender grass"
Third, set off the characters. This point can also be subdivided into the psychological activities of the characters, the thoughts and feelings of the characters, and the personality characteristics of the characters. It also often appears in novels and plays, as well as in writers' narratives. At the beginning of the seven matches is a hard, gloomy and desolate scenery, which sets off Lu Jinyong's inner distress, anxiety and hope for fire.
Fourth, highlight the theme. This effect usually appears at the end of the article. The last night scene of the article "Seven Matches" set off the happy mood of the Red Army soldiers after lighting the bonfire, indicating that the unknown soldier played a great role with the seven matches saved by his life, thus praising the noble quality and great spirit of the unknown soldier and highlighting the center.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) explains the background. This effect usually appears at the beginning of an article. The description of the scenery at the beginning of the article "Hometown" shows the bleak and desolate winter scene, which is also the epitome of the rural areas in China at that time and a typical environment for stone-moistening activities.
Secondly, we should consider it from the perspective of structural thinking. There are roughly the following three situations.
First of all, set the emotional tone for the full text. This effect usually appears at the beginning of the article. The beginning of Orchard of Fruit Trees focuses on the bright and pleasant morning scenery of the orchard, which sets a pleasant emotional tone for the full text. The description at the beginning of Hometown sets a gloomy tone.
The second is to play the role of clue transition. This effect generally appears at the junction of paragraphs in an article. Listening to the tide is based on the change of scenery in the ebb and flow of the tide.
Third, promote the development of the plot. This kind of scenery description is generally interspersed in the development of stories, which is more common in novels and plays. The natural environment of ice and snow in the article Monument pushes the story to a climax.
Fourth, hint at the fate of the characters.
Five, in addition, we should also consider the role of language expression. Description often makes the language more concrete, vivid, vivid and sensible, and makes readers feel listening to its voice, observing its shape and being there.
Of course, the role of scenery description in some articles is diverse and should be comprehensively analyzed. For example, the scenery description at the beginning of "Hometown" not only set off the sad mood of "I" at that time and the tragic experience of farmers; It also explains the background and reveals the center; It also sets a gloomy emotional tone for the full text.
Through the above analysis, comparison and induction, it is not difficult for us to accurately analyze and fully grasp the role of scenery description.
Six, how to analyze the characteristics of scenery description:
Whether to borrow scenery to express emotion. Whether to draw sounds, shapes and colors.
Whether it is described in multiple senses.
Is it a combination of static and dynamic or static? Write dynamically or write statically.
Whether it is a combination of reality and reality or writing reality.
Whether it's association or imagination.
Whether from far to near, from high to low, from inside to outside, from whole to part (from surface to point), or the opposite order. Whether there are rhetorical devices such as metaphor, personification, parallelism, contrast and exaggeration.
Whether the language has the characteristics of simplicity, implication, music, painting, elegance, conciseness, humor and delicacy.
Linguistic features of verbs (abbreviation of verb)
1, prose language requires conciseness, accuracy, simplicity, naturalness, freshness, liveliness, kindness and touching.
2. Different writers have different language styles, such as rough, delicate, bold and graceful.
For example, Bing Xin is soft, Zhu Ziqing is mellow, Ye Shengtao is light and plain, Xu Zhimo is complicated and beautiful, Ba Jin is warm and frank, Sun Li is beautiful, Wang Zengqi is beautiful and plain, Yu Guangzhong is elegant and beautiful, and Zhou Tao is magnificent. ...
3. Different language styles are caused by different aesthetic pursuits and artistic personalities of writers. Zhou Zuoren's prose language soothes nature and dilutes meaning, which is related to his philosophy and interest in life. Xu Zhimo's prose language is gorgeous, complicated, unrestrained and free, which is undoubtedly the embodiment of his individuality and poetic temperament.
Six,
On the characteristics of formal creation of prose.
First, in the way of narration, prose reflects things from the author's subjective feelings, with personal lyricism as the mainstay. Although narrative methods such as narration and discussion are also used, they all integrate the author's feelings. They often combine lyricism, narration and discussion into one furnace, forming a style of narrative discussion, which makes people feel as if they walked into the author's open heart, listened to his confidence and felt cordial.
Secondly, in terms of artistic expression, prose does not have specific requirements like novels, poems and plays, but it also needs considerable "wit". Someone once compared the artistic expression of prose to "using a magic weapon"-winning by surprise and getting twice the result with half the effort. The "wit" of prose in artistic expression is mainly reflected in two aspects. Write down the details first, and see the big picture from the small.
Reading prose, we often see that the author's observation and description of things are always so subtle. The author is good at grasping the vivid details that can best contain his thoughts and feelings. With a few strokes, he can write very rich and complicated contents, or personal feelings, or character styles, or beautiful mountains and rivers, or environmental atmosphere, which makes people "see the big picture from the small".
For example, in Zhu Ziqing's Back, the description of his father crossing the railway and buying oranges on the platform is as detailed, clear and infinite as the close-up of the film in slow motion before our eyes, and the author's deep understanding of this kind of fatherly love is all in it. The second is the side suggestion. Short prose, written in an indirect and suggestive way, often has better artistic effect than straightforward narration.
This can not only provide us with a novel perspective, but also give full play to our imagination, thus further broadening and enriching the realm of prose description. For example, Lao She's Little Sparrow is very suggestive. The author's understanding of social life permeates the description of sparrows.
"It was destroyed by people, but it still wants to rely on people. How pitiful! " "Because the kitten was only born for four months, we haven't caught the big mouse yet. It probably hasn't learned to kill people yet, but it's just a bird for fun. " "It is not prepared to resist, but it is not without courage, because it does not dare to move in front of the cat." The lines between the lines are full of the author's sympathy for the weak who have been devastated and humiliated, including the expectation that the weak can struggle for survival, and also contains some thought-provoking life philosophies.
. However, when reading a work with this implied writing, we must pay attention to the actual situation of the work and think carefully about the body odor, so as to avoid "exploring the seclusion" and "the taste outside the image" of the work far-fetched, so as to avoid misunderstanding.
Thirdly, in terms of structure and writing, prose pursues a "natural rhythm". That attitude is really a bit like "walking", "chatting" and "flowing". The reason why I can reach this state is mainly because the author is very familiar with the written materials and has a well-thought-out plan, and can design the best structural blueprint for prose; At the same time, he has skillful presentation skills and can easily realize the structural blueprint. The specific situation is different.
As far as structure is concerned, some of them are more organized, with meticulous layout and precise form, so readers can easily grasp their context and level, such as Spring by Zhu Ziqing and Litchi Honey by Yang Shuo. Some are just around a center, holding a clue to organize materials and control ideas. The form is loose and free, but the context and level are also clear.
Such as Xiao Gan's jujube pit and Jason's digging shepherd's purse. Also, just to express a complicated mood or mood, it depends entirely on the secret control of subjective feelings, so it seems to be more casual in form, and there seems to be no trace, such as Tian Xiaofei's Thirteen Opportunities. As far as style is concerned, the beauty of prose lies not only in the simplicity and elegance of language in the general sense, but also in the special tone of the text formed by the combination of the author's personality and linguistic beauty.
When reading prose, we should pay attention to how the author uses language correctly, actively rhetoric, flexibly structure and arrange sentences, so that the language can produce special aesthetic effects. We pay attention to all this, in the final analysis, in order to appreciate the emotion, reason, meaning and taste contained in the works, that is, the author's special understanding of life or nature.