Britain/kloc-the founder of realistic novels in the enlightenment period in the 0/8th century, is known as the "father of English novels". He is a modernist writer. Daniel defoe 1660 was born in a merchant family in London. My father runs the slaughter industry and believes in Presbyterian church which is different from the state religion. Defoe's original surname was Fu, and he called himself Defoe after 1703. He has a secondary education, but he has no university education in classical literature. He has always maintained a position different from the Anglican belief, and is politically inclined to the Whigs. After being a priest for many years, he realized that he was not suitable for religious life, so he chose to go into business in the sea. He traveled widely and had a successful career. During this period, he became a family and began to support his family. 1692, his business failed. Defoe, 32, is heavily in debt and has to support his wife and six children. Because of his strong interest in politics, he began to write political articles for newspapers to make a living. Because these articles often criticized the king and the ruling party, Defoe went to prison several times and stayed in prison for many years. Because political articles can only bring him trouble and increase debts, Defoe has to turn to novel creation. 17 19, Defoe, who was nearly 60 years old, published his first novel, which later became one of the world-famous adventure novels-Robinson Crusoe. Today, more than 250 years later, this novel is still popular. Robinson Crusoe brought Defoe great success and helped him pay off some debts. After that, he wrote Moore Flanders, Colonel Jack and two other novels about Robinson, but creditors always followed him to collect debts. In the last few years of Defoe's life, he was sickly and friendless, his creditors kept coming to him, and his children gave him up. 173 1 year, daniel defoe died at the age of 7 1 year. Just like Robinson, the hero of his novel, who lived on a desert island for 28 years, he was lonely and afraid. In his early years, he managed Defoe's portrait.
Clothing, tobacco, alcohol, woolen goods and brick-making industries have all done business in mainland countries. 1685 participated in the rebellion against the Catholic king led by Monmouth Duke; From 65438 to 0688, William, a Dutch Protestant, led an army to land in England and succeeded to the British throne. Defoe joined his army. 1692, he went bankrupt in business and his debts reached 17000. Later, I failed many times and had to make a living in various ways. He worked as a government agent, designed various development careers and engaged in writing at the same time. 1698 published "On Development", advocating building roads, running banks, enacting bankruptcy laws, setting up insane asylum, running fire and water insurance, collecting income tax and running girls' schools. 170 1 year, he published the satirical poem "The Real Englishman", arguing that there are no pure Englishmen, opposing the aristocratic Catholic forces and defending the foreign Protestant William III. This poem has been printed in nine editions. 1702 published a political essay "Shortcuts to Eliminate Different Sects", which used irony to oppose the oppression of people of different sects by the state religion. The writing is unique, I didn't see it at first. Later, he was found out, fined, imprisoned for six months and flogged three times, but he was regarded as a hero by Londoners. While in prison, he wrote an ode to the cangue (1703) imitating the ode of the Greek poet Pindaros, satirizing the injustice of the law. 1704, he ran Review magazine for Whig leader Harry, mainly to win support for Harry's joint policy of England and Scotland. After that, he traveled between England and Scotland for 1 1 year, serving as the secret agent of Harry and his successor Tory Godolphin, collecting public opinions. During this period, he was imprisoned for a short time for writing articles. But he never stopped collecting information, running newspapers and writing articles for Whig politicians. Defoe started writing novels at the age of 59. Robinson Crusoe, the first novel published by 17 19, is very popular. It has successfully created an idealized bourgeois image and is a pioneering work in the history of European novels. A sequel was published in the same year. 1720, Robinson's Meditations was written again. Since then, he has written four novels: Captain singleton (1720) and Moore? Flanders, Captain Jack (both 1722) and Roxana (1724). In addition, he also wrote biographies of cadres, such as Campbell's Biography of the Deaf (1720) and Peter the Great (1723). There are several travel notes at home and abroad, such as New Global Travel Notes (1724), Four Travel Notes of Captain Roberts (1726) and Travel Notes of Great Britain (1724 ~ 1727, 3 volumes, tour guide nature). He also has several books on business, such as Business Encyclopedia (1726), British Business Strategy (1728) and Ways to Make London the Most Prosperous City in the World (1728). His Encyclopedia of English Gentlemen was published in 1890 after his death. His novel Robinson Crusoe is the most widely circulated and is regarded as his masterpiece. It is said that Defoe is associated with 26 magazines, and some people call him "the father of modern news reporting". His works, including a large number of political pamphlets, up to 250 kinds, meet the needs of bourgeois development and write about issues of interest and concern to the urban middle class. For example, Mrs. Will's epiphany documentary (1706) vividly reported a popular ghost story; In the plague era (1722), the great plague of London in 1665 was written, which vividly described the occurrence and spread of the plague, the terror and panic it caused, the number of deaths and the escape from the plague. At that time, the plague epidemic in Marseille, France attracted special attention, and Defoe's works satisfied the public's curiosity about plague. Defoe's Robinson Crusoe is a very popular masterpiece. 1704, Scottish sailor Selcock rebelled at sea and was thrown to a desert island off Chile. It took him five years to be saved at last. Defoe was inspired by this incident and wrote this book. Robinson did not listen to his father's advice, went out to sea to do business and sell slaves, was killed at sea, lived on a desert island for 28 years, fought against nature on the island, took in a savage on Friday, saved the captain of a mutinous ship, returned to England, and went to Brazil to run a plantation to get rich. There is also a sequel. In the second part, he revisited his hometown, pretended to be an island owner, educated the islanders, visited Brazilian plantations, and then ventured around the world, including China and Siberia. The third is moral preaching. Captain singleton tells the story of the protagonist being kidnapped as a child, becoming a pirate and venturing to Africa and the East to make a fortune. Moore? Some people think Flanders is Defoe's best novel. The protagonist is the daughter of a female thief, born in prison and adopted by a kind mayor. She seduced men, married many times and stole for a living, and was sent to Virginia, USA, to run a plantation with her ex-husband for the rest of her life. Colonel Jack is the worst. The hero became a thief at an early age, worked as a soldier, was sold to Virginia, and finally became a planter and returned to England. The protagonist of Roksana is the daughter of French Protestants. She lives in England, married a wine merchant in London, was abandoned, became a prostitute in other places, married a Dutch businessman, was heavily in debt, was jailed, and she also died in regret. Defoe's novels inherited the tradition of Spanish tramp novels in the Renaissance, and often wrote about a man of humble origin, who became rich and succeeded through wit and personal struggle. Society does not allow such a person to stand out, so he (she) has to do a series of cheating, stealing and even selling his/her body by any means. Out of Puritan morality, the author always makes his hero express regret and swear not to do bad things, but the environment repeatedly forces the hero to break his oath. Defoe has a deep understanding of the characters he describes, and he is good at writing about individuals overcoming difficulties in unfavorable environments. The hero in his works is smart and energetic. He doesn't believe in fate, but believes in "common sense". The plot structure leaves no trace. He is particularly good at describing the environment, with vivid details and fictional scenes, which makes people feel as if they are there. I can't help but be unconvinced. His language is natural and he doesn't quote classics; The story is told by the protagonist, which makes readers feel kind. Defoe was the first of the four famous English novelists in the18th century. Robinson Crusoe, written by him, had a great influence at that time and is still a masterpiece that appeals to both refined and popular tastes. Defoe was born in 1660. 1640, the British bourgeoisie gained political power through violence, but in the year when Defoe was born, the Stuart royal family representing the feudal reactionary forces was restored in Britain. Defoe was born in a small oil candle merchant family, belonging to the middle and lower bourgeoisie, and politically opposed the feudal rule of Stuart royal family. When Defoe was 28 years old, that is, 1688, the bourgeoisie drove out the Stuart royal family and regained power. While doing business, he engaged in political activities and wrote many pamphlets. Because some books and speeches exposed unreasonable phenomena in society at that time, he was put into prison three or four times. At 59, he wrote Robinson Crusoe. This novel is based on a true story. More than 200 years ago, selkirk, a Suge, was a sailor on an English ship. 1704 One day in September, selkirk was abandoned on an uninhabited island in ancient Latin America because of a conflict with the captain. Selkirk was in a bad mood, but he got used to it. He caught goats as food, built two small houses with wood and sheepskin, used nails as needles, and took apart broken socks for sewing. He lived on a desert island for two years and four months. On February 1709, an English navigator rescued him from the island. When Selkirk returned to Scotland, he often told people about his extraordinary experiences in hotels. Later, Defoe wrote this book based on this story. After Robinson Crusoe, he wrote many novels, such as Captain singleton, Captain Jack, Rock Cha Na, Diary of the Year of the Pandemic, Memoirs of a Knight and so on. But he never got into the famous literati circle at that time. These literati have higher social status than him. He was poor all his life, and had to leave home to hide from his debts before he died.
Edit fragments of this famous book Robinson Crusoe.
My father wants me to study law, but I am bent on sailing. One day, I went to hull. One of my companions is going to London on his father's boat. Nothing moves me more than this. I had to go with him-it was August of 165 1, when I was nineteen years old. As soon as the ship sailed out of Haikou, it was attacked by a terrible storm, which made me feel unspeakable sadness and fear. I swear with pain that if God spared my life on this voyage, I would return to my dear parents after landing, and I would listen to their advice from now on. But the next day the wind stopped and the waves stopped. The sun sets in the west, followed by a beautiful and lovely night. At this time, I drank a bowl of sweet wine brewed by my companion and forgot my determination to go home after this voyage. This habit of mine has brought great misfortune to my life-willful actions often bring me disasters, but when disasters come, I always refuse to seize the opportunity to repent. As soon as the danger was over, I forgot all my vows and devoted myself to my beloved sailing life. After the first stormy voyage, I experienced several different adventures. When I was doing business in Guinea, Africa, I was caught by a Turkish pirate ship and sold as a slave. After many difficulties and dangers, I fled to Brazil, running a sugar cane plantation alone and living a happy life. But then I became a victim of temptation. Because Brazil is short of manpower, several plantation owners know that I have been to some slave market ports in Africa to do business, so they try their best to coax me to sail and buy some slaves for their plantations. If you listen to bad ideas, you will be in trouble. Our ship hit the rocks on an unnamed island on the north coast of South America, and all the sailors and passengers were drowned. God bless, only I was washed ashore by the high waves and saved my life. All I had at that time was a knife, a pipe and a little tobacco in a box. I walked along the coast when my strength recovered and I could walk. To my great joy, I found fresh water. After drinking water, I put a handful of tobacco in my mouth to relieve my hunger. I lived in a tree, slept comfortably, refreshed my mind, and the sea was calm. But what pleased me most was that I saw the boat. When the tide receded, I saw that it was close to the coast, and I found it convenient to swim to the boat. There is only one dog and two cats left on the boat, and there are no other creatures. But there were many necessities on board, so I started to work. In order to transport those things to an inlet on the island, I specially made a raft and made a flat highland with fresh water on the island as my residence. Bread, rice, barley and wheat, cheese and dried mutton, sugar, flour, boards, logs, ropes-all these, plus a few muskets, two pistols, several shotguns, a hammer, and-that's the most useless-36 pounds. I carried all these things from the boat to the shore day after day-between low tides. On the evening of the thirtieth day, my handling work was completed. When I lay down, although I was still scared as usual, I was full of gratitude to God, because I knew that I was ready to deal with this desert island in the future, and my heart was very solid. There are many wild fruit trees on the island, but it took me a long time to find them. I dried them to make raisins. There are goats running around the island, but if I don't get guns and ammunition from the boat, what good will they do me? Therefore, I have reason to thank the merciful God for putting the boat on the coast until I bring everything useful to me. There are still many things to be done to ensure that I can survive on this island. I did what I had to do as continuously as possible. But my efforts are not always lucky. When I first planted the seeds of barley and rice, half of these precious stocks were wasted because I planted them at the wrong time. I worked hard for several months and dug several cellars to store fresh water. It took 42 days to cut a big tree into my first long board. I worked hard for several weeks to make a mortar for pounding wheat, but in the end I had to hollow out a large piece of wood. It took me five months to cut down a big iron tree, cut it down again and again, and made a decent canoe to escape from the island, but I had to throw it away because I couldn't get it into the sea. However, every failure has taught me something I didn't know before. As for the natural environment, there are storms and earthquakes on the island. I was used to everything then, too. I plant and harvest my barley and wheat; I picked wild grapes and dried them to make very nutritious raisins; I raise tame goats, then kill them, smoke them and pickle them. Because of the variety of food, the supply is not bad. Twelve years have passed, during which I have never seen anyone on the island except myself. So until that big day, I came across a man's bare footprints on the beach. I seem to have been hit by a bolt from the blue. I listened attentively and looked around, but I heard nothing and saw nothing. I ran to the seaside and went to the sea to see, there was only one footprint! I was terrified to the extreme and fled back to my residence like a person being followed and chased. For three days and nights in a row, I was afraid to go out. This is the best explanation for being afraid of people! After 12 years of pain and hard work, 12 years of struggle with the natural environment, you will be terrified because of a person's footprint! But that's the truth. After observation, I learned that this is the habit of those savages on that continent to eat people. They took the prisoners captured in the war to that place on the island where I seldom went, killed them and had a big meal. One morning, I saw thirty barbarians dancing around the bonfire through the telescope. They have cooked one prisoner, and the other two are preparing to roast on the fire. At this time, I ran to them with two loaded muskets and a big knife, and saved a prisoner who had no time to eat. I named the person I saved "Friday" to commemorate his rescue on Friday, and his voice became the first voice I heard on this island in 25 years. He is young and smart, and he is a barbarian of a high tribe. Later, when I was on the island, he was always my reliable partner. He told me about the mainland on Friday after I taught him a few words of English. I decided to leave my island. We built a boat, this time not far from the coast. Just when we were almost ready to set sail, 2 1 barbarians took three prisoners in three canoes and came to the island to prepare for a banquet. One of the prisoners is white, which makes me very angry. I loaded two shotguns, four muskets and two double-ammunition pistols, gave Friday a small axe and drank a lot of sugarcane wine. I brought my own broadsword. We rushed down the mountain and killed them all. Only four barbarians escaped. One of the prisoners is Friday's father. This white man is Spanish. He is the survivor of the ship I saw hit the rocks on my island a few years ago. At that time, I also took more than 1200 gold coins from the boat, but I didn't value the money at all, because they were not worth more than the sand on the beach. I gave the Spaniard and Friday's father guns and food, and told them to take the shipwrecked sailor on the Spanish ship to my island in my newly built ship. While waiting for them to come back, an English ship broke down near my island because of sailors' troubles. I helped the captain get his boat back and returned to England with him. When we left, we took two honest sailors who also wanted to go back to England, leaving a few sailors who had the most trouble on the island. Later, those Spaniards came back and settled on the island. At first, they quarreled with each other, but after settling down, they finally established a prosperous colony. A few years later, I was lucky enough to go to that island again. When I left the island, I had been there for 28 years, 2 months and 29 days. I always thought I would be so happy in England, but I didn't expect to be a stranger there. Unfortunately, my parents have passed away. Otherwise, I can take care of them dutifully now, because besides the 1200 gold coins I got from the Spanish ship, I still have 20,000 pounds waiting for me to collect from an honest friend, who is a Portuguese captain. Before I went to do that unfortunate job, I entrusted him with the management of my manor in Brazil. I have lived on the island for 28 years for this mission. I'm glad to see him so honest. I decided to pay him one hundred Portuguese gold coins every year and fifty Portuguese gold coins every year after his death as their lifelong allowance. I got married and had three children. I didn't roam again, except because I wanted to visit the island where I lived mentioned above. I live here, grateful for the enjoyment I don't deserve, and determined to travel the longest. If I have learned anything, it is to realize the value of retirement and pray for peace for the rest of our lives.