? Since the establishment of private ownership of land, bureaucrats, nobles and businessmen have been using privileges and funds to annex land. Dong Zhongshu said: "To change the imperial system, people can buy and sell except mine fields. The fields of rich households are connected by buildings, and the land of poor households is dead." By the end of the Western Han Dynasty, many powerful landlords had formed. However, yeoman farmers keep losing their land and have to rent the landlord's land, which is called "tenant farmers". In the Han Dynasty, this kind of tenant was also a resident of the country and the people, so it was relatively independent.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and many tenants had to strengthen their attachment to tenants in order to protect themselves, so they gradually lost their personal freedom and became dependents. During the Three Kingdoms period, tenants could be given with the land and regarded as slaves by their owners. From then on, tenants are not included in the state households, but only need to serve the host. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the private status of tenant farmers was clearly defined. And the number of official tenants at each level is stipulated, such as the first and second official products, but the number of tenants is only 50, and the following is decreasing.
Guests come from diners in the Warring States period, which is the product of the rise of the wind of cultivating scholars. Most of the Qiang people in the Western Han Dynasty raised a large number of guests, who mainly made suggestions for their hosts. In the late Western Han Dynasty, guests have become very dependent on their masters, who can be guests' "livestock" and "servants". At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, the strongmen began to restrain the guests, so the guests gradually became a part. For example, Ada "deployed guests" and "led guests into the army". With the strengthening of attachment, the status of guests will gradually decrease. By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, guests were called "private guests" and "home guests", and finally they were called "slave guests" and "guests".
Among the tenants and guests, the powerful private army is called trilogy. Trilogy is the military establishment of the Han Dynasty. There were five general barracks in the Han Dynasty, each with a captain and a comrade-in-arms. Men have songs, and every song has a soldier waiting; There were chariots in the Song Dynasty, and each chariot had a conductor. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and aristocratic families defended themselves at the dock, building walls to protect each other, forming a trilogy of tenants and forming local armed forces. They plow and fight, and father and son inherit.
Guests, songs, etc. You are not allowed to leave the manor without going through the land, otherwise you will be accused of "fleeing". "History of the South" records that "the trilogy is to buy goods and lose the official position", that is to say, if the trilogy is caught after fleeing, it can sell their goods and lose the official position by buying silver. The Law of the Tang Dynasty stipulates that "every official household, official, slave or deceased person will get 60 sticks a day, and they will be given the first class on three days", and "so will folk songs and private slaves". After the death of a tenant, the landlord has the right to assign his wife to another tenant, but he shall not coerce them into becoming concubines. The trilogy has a low social status and is basically not protected by national laws.
? Second, protege, protege, was originally a mentoring relationship in the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, those who were personally educated by professors were called disciples, and those who were taught by disciples were called disciples. Ouyang Xiu's Postscript to the Inscription of Confucius said: "Many officials in the Han Dynasty taught themselves, and there were often hundreds of disciples. Their relatives are disciples and their followers are disciples. "Later, professors and students became a channel for climbing the trend and climbing relationships.
According to the regulations, students can be exempted from taxes and corvee after their qualifications are recognized, so many students keep giving their teachers "hard labor" in order to gain shade. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, a person's protege status declined and he became a dependent citizen of a big family. In the Southern Dynasties, students and scholars could not sit at the same table, which was called "separation of heaven and earth". At that time, the aristocratic family monopolized the official career, and the protege could only rely on the aristocratic family to support it. However, the status of a pupil is still higher than that of a tenant or trilogy.
In the Han dynasty, the procuratorial system and the expropriation system were implemented in the selection of officials, that is, the local authorities recommended talents to the central government. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the procuratorial system was basically controlled by aristocratic families. If ordinary people want to get the chance of being elected, they must take refuge in aristocratic families. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, these recommended people were called old officials or old people. Once this recommendation relationship is formed, it forms a dependency relationship, so officials become retainers and must serve the recommenders, even live and die together. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, some lineal disciples of aristocratic families spread all over the world and became powerful local forces.
Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the status of old officials has declined, and they are called "righteous old" and "attached to the door". However, officials have a higher status than students. They are the main supporting force of the gentry in the bureaucratic system. Since the implementation of the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty, the meaning of the old official has also changed, and it has become a subordinate of the old official without any dependence.
? Third, the land annexation of handmaiden was serious in Han Dynasty, and many farmers lost their land and became slaves. There are many names for slaves in the historical materials of Qin and Han Dynasties, such as "slave", "handmaiden", "lad", "official", "warehouse head", "concubine", "minister" and "guest", which are generally called "handmaiden". How many handmaiden were there in the Western Han Dynasty? The history of Qin and Han dynasties is estimated to be about 6.5438+0 million years. These handmaiden are used for farming, textile, construction, frontier defense and other activities.
Handmaiden problem is an important social problem in the late Western Han Dynasty. Wang Mang once carried out the policy of restricting handmaiden, but it was opposed by bureaucrats, nobles and powerful landlords and could not be implemented. After Liu Xiu established the Eastern Han Dynasty, he ordered the release of handmaiden seven times. At the same time, Liu Xiu also ordered to improve the status of handmaiden and give handmaiden national judicial protection. For example, in 35 AD, Liu Xiu issued three imperial edicts prohibiting the killing, injury and abuse of handmaiden.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the status of handmaiden declined again. According to the law, the status of handmaiden is "legal than livestock production" and "equal to wealth", which is only the property of the owner and can be bought and sold at any time. A handmaiden can only marry one handmaiden. Slave owners are prisoners of war, farmers who are forced to sell themselves into slavery after bankruptcy, those who plunder and sell others into slavery, criminals into slavery and so on. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were more and more handmaiden. During the Northern Dynasties, Xianbei people entered the Central Plains, bringing backward slavery into the Central Plains, resulting in an unprecedented increase in the number of handmaiden.
Wei and Jin gentry
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, in order to increase the working population on the land and the national tax revenue, the government also introduced many policies to release handmaiden. There were 15 large-scale handmaiden releases in Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties. After the reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty, slaves were released constantly, which was also very frequent in the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty. The release of a large number of handmaiden makes the country's yeomen gradually increase, which is an important condition for the implementation of the land equalization system. The law also prohibited the owner from killing handmaiden privately until the Tang Dynasty. The main purpose is to protect the labor force and prevent the handmaiden from being killed by the noble family before the transformation.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the dependent population of China was very large. According to the statistics of the Three Kingdoms, the compiled population of China at that time was only 7.67 million, and most of the rest were dependent people. According to relevant information, Ge estimated that there were150,000 dependent people during the Three Kingdoms period, accounting for almost half of the population. In the early northern and southern dynasties, this number should be more. The so-called "Xing, the people suffer; In most of ancient times, the survival of ordinary people was difficult, especially in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, which was similar to slavery. Because there are many dependent people, the gentry don't have to take part in labor at all, they just need to drink and have fun. People yearn for the romantic life in Wei and Jin Dynasties, which is based on the hardships of going to the common people.