Yuan Haowen
Yuan Haowen, whose name was Yu Zhi, was known as Mr. Yishan. Taiyuan Xiurong (now Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province) is a native of Hanyan Village. Born on the eighth day of July in the first year of Mingchang in Jin Zhangzong (119), he died on the fourth day of September in the seventh year of Mengge in Yuan Xianzong (1257). His tomb is located in the northwest of Hanyan Village, five kilometers south of Xinzhou City. He was the most accomplished writer and historian of Jin Dynasty in China more than 7 years ago, the main representative of northern literature during the confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties, and a bridge between Jin and Yuan Dynasties in literature. He is the author of The Complete Works of Mr. Yuan Yishan, and his ci collection is Yi Shan Yue Fu.
Yuan Haowen came from an official family with a scholarly family for generations. His ancestors were originally Tuoba, a Xianbei royal family in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and later moved to Luoyang from Pingcheng (now Datong City) with Emperor Xiaowen of Wei, and changed his surname to Yuan in the Sinicization Reform of Emperor Xiaowen. After the death of the Northern Wei Dynasty, he settled in Ruzhou (now Linru County, Henan Province). After the Five Dynasties, it moved from Henan to Pingding Prefecture (now Pingding County, Shanxi Province). His great-grandfather, Yuan Yi, served as the military envoy of SHEN WOO (Tiger) in Xinzhou during the reign of Huizong Xuanhe in the late North (1119-1225). Great-grandfather Yuanchun (a Zuo Chun) was appointed as the Yong Lian ambassador of Xizhou in the Northern Song Dynasty (governing Xixian County in Shanxi Province today), and moved to Xinzhou from Pingding, so he became a Xinzhou native. Yuan Zishan, my grandfather, worked as a teacher in Roufu (near Togtoh, Tumd Right Banner, Inner Mongolia) in the second year of Wang Zhenglong in the Jin Dynasty (1157). Father Yuan Deming failed in the imperial examinations many times, taking teaching rural studies as his career, entertaining himself with poetry and wine at ordinary times, and writing Dongyan Collection.
seven months after Yuan Haowen was born, he adopted Yuan Ge, his second uncle who served as a county magistrate (Yuan Haowen later called him Longcheng Fujun).
Yuan Haowen lived in a time when Jin and Yuan Dynasties were rising and falling, and the Jin Dynasty was destroyed by Mongolia. Mongolia was a vassal of Jin, but after its rise, it conquered all directions and destroyed the Jin State. In such a social environment of great war and turmoil, Yuan Haowen also experienced the pain of national destruction and displacement. Generally speaking, his life can be divided into several major stages: before the age of 21, he lived an affluent life as a student and a dude. In the past 2 years, with his stepfather Yuan Ge, he moved to the county magistrate posts in Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi and Gansu. On the one hand, he got a good education and showed his literary talent very early. At the age of 8, he won the reputation of "prodigy" for his poetry. Although I failed to win the title of senior high school when I participated in the imperial examination for the first time, I have made great progress in my knowledge because I met many celebrities and laid a solid foundation for writing poems. Wang Zhongli of Taiyuan (word Tomson), Hanlin Tuluduo (word Xuanshu), and Hao Tianting (word Jinqing), a famous Confucian, all made contributions to Yuan Haowen. On the other hand, Yuan Haowen developed a bad habit of drinking because of his rich material life and frustration in the examination field. From the age of 22 to 35, Yuan Haowen was frustrated many times, suffered from war and family destruction, fled from Shanxi to Henan and gradually settled in western Henan. In the meantime, he tasted the pain and hardships of life. However, by taking the examination in the capital of song dynasty, he was able to make good contacts with famous human rights figures in China, such as Zhao Bingwen, Yang Yunyi, Lei Yuan and Li Yan. Not only was he well-advised in his knowledge, but his poems made great progress, and he also laid an important foundation for his future career advancement. From the age of 35, he was elected to the Hanlin Academy, and was captured by Mongolian soldiers in Bianjing City in the second year of Jin Aizong's Yan Yan Shou Xu Tianxing (1233), which was the final end of his official career. During this period, because he was dissatisfied with the cold official life of the history museum, he quickly resigned and returned to his home in Dengfeng, western Henan. Later, he was recommended as the county magistrate of Zhenping, Neixiang and Nanyang, and then transferred to the central government as the provincial magistrate of Shangshu, and moved to Bianjing, where he lived a nightmare life, such as the Mongolian siege, Cui Li's rebellion, Bianjing city's collapse, hunger and sorrow, blood and tears, and where will you go. He was captured by Mongolian soldiers in April, the second year of Tianxing (1233), and was taken to Liaocheng for house arrest. He ended his life at the age of 49 in August, the tenth year of Yuan Taizong Wokuotai (1238). As a prisoner, he moved between Liaocheng and Guanshi in Shandong Province with his family, and gradually got in touch with Mongolian Han army leaders Yan and Zhao Tianxi, and his life gradually improved and became free. During this period, he was saddened by the fall of the Jin State and the traitor's mistake of the country, and in order to preserve history with poetry, he diligently edited the collection of poems of the late monarch and minister of the Jin State, Zhongzhou Collection. Taking the collection of "Zhongzhou" as its name implies the deep meaning of remembering the old country and taking gold as its orthodoxy. From the autumn of the 11th year of Wokuotai (1239), when he returned to his hometown Xinzhou at the age of 5, to the fourth day of September of the 7th year of Mengge in Yuan Xianzong (1257), when he died at the age of 68, it was a period when his adherents failed to be an official and searched for relevant information for the compilation of Jin history. During this period, he made more friends, wrote more poems and articles, and his attitude towards Mongolia gradually changed.
Yuan Haowen is a talented and versatile writer. He has not found any evidence or recorded legends about all literary forms at that time, except the traditional operas such as Jin Yuan Ben, such as poems, words, songs, songs, fu, novels, traditional theories, notes, expressions, sparse, monuments, inscriptions, praises, ambitions, preface, quotations, ode, books and speeches.
The main features of Yuan Haowen's works are that the content is real, the feelings are sincere, and the language is beautiful but not flashy. His contemporaries and later generations have highly appraised his poems. His friend Xu Shilong said: "As poetry, all have considerable statutes, and the essence of style is a change. Li and Du, the ancestors of Da Gai's mountain poems, have profound laws and are bold and bold. Literati, such as Korea and Europe, are fair and clear, without strange and obscure words; Yuefu is fresh and frustrated, carefree and bright, and the system is the most prepared. It is also possible to use vulgarity as elegance and change it into a new one, so that the predecessors will not pass it on, and Dongpo and Jiaxuan will not care. " Another friend of his, Li Ye, even praised him as "the back of Er Li (Li Bai and Li Yong)". Comments on Yuan Haowen's Collection of Yishan, the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu; "The inquisitive man is a scholar, and the Jin and Yuan Dynasties are towering as a large number of articles. The" Zhongzhou Collection "written by him is intended to preserve the history with poetry, and it is not enough to get it. If you do it yourself, you will have a profound image and a high style. There is no habit of the people who crossed the Song River and Lake in the south of Song Dynasty, and there is no loss of rough derivation in Jiangxi. When it comes to ancient prose, the ropes are tight and all the people are well prepared, and the inscriptions on tablets are particularly powerful. "
Yuan Haowen is also a brilliant literary theorist, and his Three Poems, Thirty Poems, A Langzhong Paper with Zhang Zhongjie, Postscript of School Li Ze Series, etc., all brilliantly comment on the gains and losses of ancient poets' poetic schools. He also advocates "sincerity" and "emotion" in writing poetry, and puts forward many technical principles in writing, such as opposing blunt and obscure, arranging allusions indiscriminately, and "accumulating strength for a long time" in learning, which are the crystallization of his decades of personal practice and have practical guiding significance.
Yuan Haowen was a central and local official, who was dedicated and conscientious, concerned about the rise and fall of the country and the sufferings of people's livelihood, so his political reputation was very high. When he dismissed the Zhenping county magistrate, it was the Lantern Festival, and the people, old and young, were reluctant to him and toasted goodbye. When neixiang county took office, he was in exile, and the border was peaceful. Therefore, when he dismissed his mother for three years in accordance with the traditional etiquette, he was praised by "officials and people": "Yuan Hao asked Lao Fu to go into exile, followed the history, and was not a poet." When he was appointed as Nanyang county magistrate, he won a three-year tax reduction for the local people, developed production, and made the people have the hope of recuperation and recovery. Therefore, Henan chronicles said that he "knows Nanyang County, especially good governance". "Nanyang County Records" records: "Nanyang County, with more than 1, soldiers and civilians, (Yuan Haowen) Shuai Fu ordered the town governor to be very powerful."
Yuan Haowen witnessed the decline and fall of the Jin Dynasty and the whole process of Mongolia's destruction of gold. He has been in politics for many years, and he has a strong sense of social responsibility of worrying about the country and the people, which makes him always pay attention to the fate of the Jin State and the preservation of its historical sites. On the eve of Jin Ru's downfall, he suggested to the politicians to write a history of Jin in small print in Jurchen, but failed to do so, so he privately compiled A Miscellany of Renchen. After the death of Jin, he was determined to compile a history of Jin with his own efforts and paid a heavy price, with the patriotic belief that "the history of the country will flourish after its death." He refused to be an official of Mongolia to show his status as a adherent and his loyalty to his motherland. However, in order to write the history of gold, I had to deal with the middle and upper-level officials who went to Mongolia to get their assistance and necessary information. It is precisely because of this that many people do not understand him, "vilify and scold, laugh at her and insult her, and insult her children and grandchildren." In order to complete his ambition of compiling the history of gold, Yuan Haowen endured humiliation for more than 2 years until his death. In order to compile the history of gold, he built a "unofficial history Pavilion" in his yard as a place to store relevant materials and edit and write. After years of running around, he accumulated millions of words of information about the last words of the rulers and ministers, which was later called "Records of the Words and Actions of the Rulers and Ministers of Jinyuan". With the aim of "preserving history with poetry", he edited Zhongzhou Collection. This is a collection of poems of the Jin Dynasty, which not only contains 2,116 poems of poets and poets who died or did not serve in Mongolia in the Jin Dynasty, including two emperors and ministers of the Jin Dynasty and even ordinary people in cloth clothes (including 2,1 poems and 115 words), but also wrote biographies for more than 25 people of each author, filling a gap in the history of China literature. The Biography of Jin Shi Yi Wen was written based on it, and the later All Jin Shi was naturally supplemented on its basis. At the same time, Zhongzhouji also provided rich materials for the history of the Jin Dynasty. Unfortunately, just as he confidently said that he only needed to spend three months to consult and copy the relevant contents in the Record of the Golden History, he could start writing the Book of the Golden History, but one of his friends got in the way and failed to see the Record of the Golden History in Zhang Rou, a Mongolian household and the leader of the Han army, which fell short and made him regret it. Although Yuan Haowen failed to realize his wish of compiling the history of gold before his death, the materials he collected provided a lot of first-hand materials for compiling the history of Song, Liao and Jin in the Yuan Dynasty and even the history of Yuan in the Ming Dynasty, especially laid the foundation for compiling the history of gold. Yuan Haowen respected historical facts, was unfashionable and straightforward, so later generations of scholars agreed that the Book of Golden History was closely related to Yuan Haowen, and the General Catalogue of Sikuquanshu was called "many books written by him". Yuan Haowen's practice of revising the history of the country's death was also imitated by future generations. For example, Wan Sitong, an old man of the Ming Dynasty, refused to be recruited by the erudite macro-ci department of the Qing government, and resolutely refused the title of editor of the seven-product salary given by the Qing Dynasty, but participated in the compilation of Ming History with "cloth clothes". In the third year of the Republic of China (1914), the Qing history museum was founded, and many Qing dynasty veterans participated in the compilation of the draft of Qing history as a reward.
Yuan Haowen attaches great importance to and strives to protect talents, and likes to reward those who are backward. In April (1233), the second year of Emperor Aizong of Jin Dynasty, Mongolian soldiers invaded the early Bianjing. Yuan Haowen recommended 54 Central Plains scholars Wang Ruoxu, Wang E, Yang Huan, Zhang Dehui, Gao Ming, Li Zhi, Liu Qi, Du Renjie, Zhang Zhongjing, Shang Ting, etc., and invited them. However, he educated or instructed many famous literary artists, such as Hao Jing, Wang Yun, Xu Yuan, Wang Silian, Meng Qi, Xu Yan, Hao Jixian and Yan Fu. In particular, his story of protecting and educating Bai Pu has always been a much-told story in the literary world. The reason why Bai Pu later became one of the four masters of Yuan Qu, Wang Bowen, who prefaced Bai Pu's "Collection of Teana", thought that this was inseparable from Yuan Haowen's teaching: "Who is the famous Yuefu after the mountain was left behind? The residual paste remains fragrant and turns into magic, which is also seen in Tai Su's (Bai Pu's word). However, those who have inherited the mountain do not belong to Tai Su, but to Xi! "
Yuan Haowen's attitude towards Mongolia has undergone a process of contradictory changes. He was saddened by the destruction of the State of Jin by Mongolia, and hated Cui Li, marshal of the west side of Jin Bianjing in 1233, who surrendered to Mongolia and betrayed the empresses of the rulers. However, he did not completely deny that surrender to Cui Li objectively saved millions of lives in Bianjing from being wiped out once. Therefore, he was coerced to participate in the important political event of writing a merit monument for Cui Li, which was also an important excuse for him to be bitter and ridiculed by others. At the turn of Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Yuan Haowen's thought was very painful and contradictory. On the one hand, he was saddened by the corruption and chaos of the rulers, hoping for a new situation of getting rid of the old cloth. When he saw that the rulers were doomed by Mongolia, he recommended the 54 "shows of the heavenly people" of the rulers to Mongolia, the "reform dynasty". He can forgive those former ministers of the Jin Dynasty who surrendered to Mongolia, such as Yeluchucai, Zhang Sang, Yan Zhang and Zhao Tianxi, as long as they have done some good things to alleviate the suffering of the people of the Jin State. He has lived in Mongolia for twenty-four or five years. Through years of observation, his views on Mongolia have gradually changed. He expressed his appreciation for those Han people in the Central Plains who went to Mongolia as officials, such as Zhang Rou and Yan Zhang, who were able to promote culture and education and stabilize people's lives. In particular, I am very grateful to Kublai Khan, the wise king of Mongolia, for attaching importance to Confucianism and developing schools and implementing policies that are more conducive to the development of economy and culture; I especially admire Kublai Khan's great achievements in defeating local forces in Yunnan, canceling its semi-independent state and restoring the old Xinjiang in Han and Tang Dynasties, and sing praises for him. Therefore, he gradually regarded the Mongolian government as a legitimate and orthodox government worthy of his pride, like the Han and Tang Dynasties. In his seven-character poem "Liu Shiju Restrains Yunnan", he directly called Mongolia a "Han family": "The mountains in Yunnan are high, and the Han family has broken the wall. Kyushu is more Kyushu than Kyushu, and the sea color reflects the Antarctic. " Gradually, Yuan Haowen also regarded himself as a subject of Mongolia, and the opposing feelings gradually disappeared. It was on this premise that during the spring and summer of the second year of Yuan Xianzong (1252), Yuan Haowen, though 63 years old, went north to see Kublai Khan with his good friend Zhang Dehui, requesting Kublai Khan to be a great master of Confucianism, and Kublai Khan accepted it with great pleasure. They also proposed to exempt the Confucian soldiers from paying taxes, and Kublai Khan also agreed.
Yuan Haowen is versatile. Besides being good at poetry and politics, he is also deep in calendar calculation, medicine, appreciation of calligraphy and painting, calligraphy, Buddhism and Taoism, etc. His friends spread all over the time, including famous officials and princes, as well as ordinary painters, hermits, doctors, monks, scholars, farmers, etc. According to some research, some of them have
Yuan Haowen, with profound knowledge and rich writings, was an upright official, especially in the literary world of Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Even in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people who were equal to him were rare, and he was honored as "a master of a generation" and "a master of a generation" by his students, teachers and friends. It is believed that his works have been handed down so far: more than 1,38 poems, more than 38 words, 6 Sanqu, more than 25 essays, 22 novels in 4 volumes, 1 volumes of Zhongzhou Collection and 1 volumes of Tang Poetry Advocacy. In addition, there are many lost works: Jin Ji, Dongpo Poetry, Du Poetics, Poems and Self-warning, Renchen Miscellaneous Compilation, Jin Dynasty's Remarks and Actions, Nan Guan Lu, Ji Jian Fang, Gu Wu Pu and so on.
Yuan Haowen has four sons and five daughters. Yuan Dai, the eldest son, is a word uncle, and the official yuan is Ruzhou Zhizhou; The second son Yuan Zhen, the word Uncle Kai, Taiyuan Road Assistant; The three sons are always in charge, and the word uncle is all in the province. Another son, nicknamed Asin, died early. Yuan Yan, the second female in the middle school, became a female Taoist priest.
Yuan Haowen's Poems (Jin)
Touch the fish
Ask the world,