Prehistory:
3100 years ago, Taibo and Zhongyong, the sons of Gu Gongtai, the tribal leader in the Yellow River Basin, came to Jiangning Tianyin Mountain (today’s Fangshan). At that time, the primitive people in Jiangning area The forest is full of crocodiles and crabs, and people live a backward primitive life. Taibo's arrival brought advanced farming technology in the Yellow River Basin, leading the people of Jiangning to live a prosperous farming life, so the people of Fangshan elected Taibo as their king. Perhaps the story of Taibo's flight to Wu is well known to everyone, but the founding ceremony of Qianqianshan in 3100 is probably less well known. The ancestors of Fangshan in Jiangning respected Taibo Wu as their leader and established the state of Wu.
Qin Dynasty:
"Jingding Jiankang Zhi" records that during the time of Qin Shihuang, a Taoist priest with good wishes said, "Five hundred years later, Jinling will have the spirit of the emperor." So Qin Shihuang traveled eastward "because he was tired of it" and changed Jinling to Moling, which blocked the flow of the Qinhuai River and ruined the feng shui of Jinling (the Qinhuai River was named after Qin Shihuang). As the "imperial energy" gathered in Fangshan Mountain, Qin Shihuang chose to chisel Fangshan Mountain to "cut off its energy". "Yu Di Ji" records this matter, "The stone tunnel on Fangshan Mountain is where it was cut off. The flow of Huaihe River passes under it." At the same time, Qin Shihuang also personally climbed to the top of Zulong Peak to "hold the drive" Shan Duo whipped the square mountain, broke the sky seal, and broke the stone ridge to vent the king's energy." Now surrounding the city of Nanjing, the world-famous Qinhuai River got its name because Qin Shihuang dug through Fangshan to divert the Huaihe River into Nanjing in order to break the imperial spirit of Jinling.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty
At the end of the Han Dynasty, Sun Ce decided to fight east of the Yangtze River and fought his first tough battle at Moling City in Nanjing. Not only did he lose the battle, but he also failed to capture the city. His main opponent, Nanjing's indigenous warlord Zuo Rong, was not only good at fighting, he was also the first Buddhist in Nanjing. At that time, Moling County was located at Moling Pass to the west of Fangshan Mountain. According to folk legend, Zuo Rong was chased to Fangshan Mountain by Sun Ce, fell off his horse and died, leaving behind the place name of Zuo Rong's Majian. Sun Ce's base camp was at the southern foot of Fangshan Mountain, which is today's Jianxi Village and Jiandong Village.
There is also the ruins of Sun Quan’s Dianjiangtai on Fangshan Mountain.
Jin
Ge Xuan, one of the "Er Ge San Zhang" founders of Taoism, first created Dongxuan Temple in the south of Fangshan Mountain, and Ge Hong later practiced as a hermit here.
In the sixth year of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, Qiyan Temple was also incorporated into Fangshan Cave Xuan Temple, expanding its scale. Yang Xiu of the Song Dynasty wrote a poem "Dongxuan Temple": "Ge Xuan Gong has been completed for three thousand times, and the dragons are flying in the blue sky in the daytime. If the old altar is still there, future generations will believe that there are gods." In the Ming Dynasty, Dongxuan Temple belonged to the Chaotian Palace. jurisdiction. In the twelfth year of Zhengtong's reign, he was awarded a copy of "Tao Zang". It was abolished at the beginning of the Republic of China and is one of the Taoist temples with the longest history in the country.
Southern Song Dynasty
Emperor Liu Yilong of the Song Dynasty wanted to depose the crown prince Liu Shao, so Shao raised an army to kill Emperor Wen and establish the throne. Liu Jun (later Emperor Xiaowu) then sent troops to attack Liu Shao, killed him, and proclaimed himself emperor. During this period, in order to resist the attack of his younger brother Liu Jun, he ordered the attack on Fangshandai to prevent the Eastern Army from entering Jiankang.
In the last years of Emperor Wen's reign in Yuanjia, Shangshu ordered He Shangzhi to live in Fangshan after his retirement, and he also wrote "Retirement Fu" to express his ambition. He Shangzhi is a famous layman who "praises Buddhism".
At the time of Emperor Xiaowu, the eminent monk Xie Fayuan Jielu Fangshan annotated "Shengwan" and "Micro Secret Sutra". This is the earliest connection between Fangshan and Buddhism.
Southern Qi Dynasty
The Temple of Heaven where Emperor Wu of Qi Dynasty Xiao Yu worshiped heaven was located in Fangshan, and the ruins of the Temple of Heaven are still there.
Southern Liang Dynasty
When Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty was Xiao Yan, Patriarch Bodhidharma from Tianzhu stayed in Jiankang and went to Dinglin Temple in Fangshan to hold Buddhist activities. Fangshan still retains the "Da Mo" Historical monuments such as "Mo Cliff" are the place where Bodhidharma, the ancestor of Zen Buddhism, sat. Therefore, in the Buddhist circles, there is a saying of "South Dinglin and North Shaolin".
At the end of Liang Dynasty, the Northern Qi army detoured to Fangshan and attacked Jiankang from the south.
Ten Kingdoms in the Southern Tang Dynasty
In the Southern Tang Dynasty, Baohua Palace was built on Fangshan for his mother. In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was moved and built outside the south gate of the city.
Southern Song Dynasty
Yue Fei, a famous anti-Jin general, passed through Fangshan when he was withdrawing from Jiankang to Guangde to fight guerrillas. There is also a Yuewangtai ruins in Fangshan.
Fangshan Temple is another historic site in Fangshan. It was built in the Southern Song Dynasty and is dedicated to Zhang Bo, a deity from Guangde, Anhui Province. It is a local folk belief. Zhang Bo was a Han nationality and had achievements in flood control. He was regarded as the Great Emperor of the Ancestral Mountain by his descendants and was granted the title by successive dynasties. In the early Ming Dynasty, among the ten temples of Jiming Temple, there was the Guanghui Temple of the Ancestral Mountain dedicated to him. Now there are also other temples in the southeastern provinces. There are more than a thousand Zhangbo temples.
In the ninth year of Qiandao in the Southern Song Dynasty (1173 AD), Dinglin Temple in Zhongshan was abandoned, and the eminent monk Shanjian rebuilt Dinglin Temple in Fangshan. At the same time, the Dinglin Temple Pagoda was also built. The Dinglin Temple Pagoda is dedicated to Buddha statues and cannot be used by people. It has been 834 years ago. Because the inclination of the tower is 1.3 degrees greater than the famous Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy, reaching 5.3 degrees, it is currently the "first leaning tower" in the world. Dinglin Temple is home to numerous eminent monks and broadcasts of Buddhism. Bodhisattvas, the ancestors of Buddhist temples across the country, came from this temple. During the Liang Dynasty, Bodhidharma, the ancestor of Zen Buddhism, came to China to practice Zen. The first ashram was located in Dinglin Temple. Therefore, it is known as "Southern Dinglin and Northern Shaolin" in Chinese Buddhist circles.
Yuan Dynasty
At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang led the army to revolt. The Ming army stationed troops at Mawei and Changgeng, which stopped horses at the western foot of Fangshan Mountain. The current name of Mageng village comes from this. .
Ming Dynasty
The top of Fangshan Mountain is a crater made of basalt. Looking from the surrounding river valleys and plains, the cliffs stand upright, with the top cut off, and the square shape looks like something out of the sky. Also known as Tianyin Mountain. There are thick shrubs and trees on the mountain, which in the eyes of ordinary people is a good place to produce firewood. There are many woodcutters, and visitors can see a scene - "Tianyin Woodcutter Song".
From the "Eight Scenes of Jinling" selected in the Ming Dynasty to the "Forty-Eight Scenes of Jinling" evaluated in the Qing Dynasty, it is indispensable, and it represents a long-established scenic spot. Shi Jin, who was the official of Yingtian Prefecture at the time of Hongwu, was probably the first person to chant the "Eight Scenes of Jinling". His "Tianyin Woodcutter Song" said: "The road is surrounded by green mountains surrounded by green snails, and every time I hear the woodcutter singing, I am shocked by the crane's dream. Through the clouds, the sound of singing pine trees comes out of the stream. I hold my stick and listen to it half-heartedly. Sometimes I come to relax under the pine tree in the evening, and the song of crouching in front of the harmonious rock is also written by Shi Jin. "Sealing the Sunset": "The shape of the mountain is like sealing the clear sky, and the green pressure is the bell of Qinhuai beauty. I have climbed up several times in the setting sun, and there are many shadows of white clouds and red trees."
The spring water of Fangshan is also a good thing for tea. The Ming Dynasty recorded twenty-four famous springs in Jinling that could be used to cook tea in "Jinling Trivia". Fangshan had two exclusive places: Bagua Spring and Ge Xianweng Danjing. With the increasing number of tourists, there are also more pure travel poems, such as "Climbing the Top of Fangshan Mountain" by Xu Gu of the Ming Dynasty: "Tianyin Mountain is high and looks far away, and the clothes are as high as the ones above. The splendens in the deep rocks are still luxuriant in autumn, The clear pond at the top is still dry. Looking at the green mountains around Jintian, I look up to the blue sky, but I love living in the cave. I don't believe that there is a market in the world. "The tourist value of Fangshan gradually surpassed the religious value. The current plan to revitalize Fangshan uses the big name of the scenic spot, and the temple is only one of the attractions.
Qing Dynasty
When Emperor Qianlong, Hongli, visited Fangshan in the south, he once wrote a poem praising "Fangfu often lives in seclusion, and the water of Qinhuai Channel flows leisurely".
On Fangshan Mountain there is the "Cao Family Tomb" of Cao Xueqin, the author of "A Dream of Red Mansions".
In the first month of the sixth year of Xianfeng (1856), Yang Xiuqing, the Eastern King of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, led tens of thousands of people stationed in Anhui to move to the Yangjiaba and Chenzhuang areas at the southern foot of Fangshan Mountain for half a year. There were tens of thousands of people stationed in the small Chenzhuang a few miles away. Here, Yang Xiuqing guarded Tianjing and twice defeated the Qing army's "Jiangnan Camp". Although he repeatedly won, he also suffered heavy casualties. After the war, corpses littered the ground and the population was cut off. Living villagers had their ears cut off or had words tattooed on their cheeks. Both sides used this method to identify themselves and the enemy. War has left a deep mark on history in its own barbaric way.
On June 1, 1864, Hong Xiuquan of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom died of illness. On the 6th, the sixteen-year-old young emperor Hong Tianguifu came to the throne. On July 19, the Hunan army dug tunnels and used gunpowder to blow down the city wall and broke into Tianjing City (today's Nanjing). More than 10,000 Taiping troops engaged in hand-to-hand combat with the enemy. Some died in the battle, while the rest broke out in chaos. When Tianjing fell, the loyal king Li Xiucheng defended the young king Hong Tianfugui and risked his life to break out of the siege. When they arrived outside the city, the emperor and his ministers were scattered by the pursuing troops. Li Xiucheng only led two or three remaining soldiers to flee to the ruined temple at the foot of Fangshan Mountain in Jiangning to hide. The villagers were captured and sent to the Qing camp. He was killed in Jiangning, Nanjing on August 7 at the age of 41.
Republic of China
In April 1937, the Kuomintang established the Armored Corps of the National Revolutionary Army in Fangshan, Nanjing. This is generally regarded as the beginning of the Chinese armored force. This force is a multi-arm armored force, rather than the previous single-arm force, and its scale is also much larger than other domestic armored forces. The armored corps includes the combat vehicle training camp of the transportation school, the armored vehicle team of the second regiment of the transportation corps, and other units. The regiment is headed by Du Yuming.
The most military relics left in Fangshan are the underground fortifications of the National Army in the early days of the Anti-Japanese War. At that time, the outer positions to defend Nanjing were located in Jiangning Town, Niushou Mountain, Fangshan, Chunhua Town, Tangshan, and Longtan, forming a southeastward arc and consisting of permanent reinforced concrete fortifications, barbed wire, and anti-tank trenches. The Fangshan area is particularly strong. The entrance and exit of the underground fortifications are at the end of the mountainside. They are high up and backed by cliffs, making it easy to defend but difficult to attack. During the Nanjing Defense War in December 1937, Yu Jishi's 74th Army was responsible for the Niushoushan, Fangshan, and Chunhua front lines. With the Qinhuai River as the boundary, the defenders at Fangshan and Chunhua were the 51st Division of Wang Yaowu, and the defenders at Niushoushan were the 58th Division of Feng Shengfa. Stationed in Fangshan is the 302nd Regiment of the 51st Division, headed by Cheng Zhi. The underground command post of this defense line is located near Dinglin Temple in Fangshan (the entrance is about 100 meters away from Dinglin Temple and can be seen now). But later this line of defense failed to play a military defense role. After the Japanese detected Chiang's intentions, they avoided the truth and ignored the truth. They bypassed the Fangshan defense line and attacked Zhongshan Gate via Dongtangshan in Nanjing. On December 13, 1937, Nanjing was captured in one fell swoop.
In the autumn of 1946, Chiang Kai-shek and his party came to Fangshan with a Feng Shui master, a compass and other objects. They surveyed the terrain on the northeastern slope of Fangshan and selected a cemetery. Appropriate markings were also made at that time. The "Feng Shui Master" led by Chiang Kai-shek at that time was Taixu, a monk from Xuedou Temple who was the seat of the Chiang family. The mausoleum built on the north slope of Fangshan Mountain will form an "opposite mausoleum" with the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, presenting the "teacher-student ceremony" in which students bow to their teachers.