Xiao Fuxing is from Beijing. Born in 1947. 1966 graduated from Beijing academy high school; 1968 Go to Beidahuang to jump the queue; 1982 graduated from the Central Academy of Drama. When I was a primary school teacher, I was the deputy editor-in-chief of Selected Novels. He is currently the deputy editor-in-chief of People's Literature magazine. He has published more than 50 books and won many outstanding literary awards in China, Beijing and Shanghai. His recent works include three volumes of Selected Works of Xiao Fuxing, Xiao Fuxing's Prose Art Volume and Emotion Volume.
The author's language: "People are actually very fragile, and they are saddened by the past, especially the wasted youth, and their feelings are hard to say. I know that no matter whether the past is right or wrong, it can be sadness or regret, and it is irreparable. People can look back, but the road always goes forward. The past road is a bow, which can only catapult us forward. This is a fate that we can't escape and can't avoid. "
More than 20 years ago, in the early 1970s, I began to learn to write novels. At that time, I just jumped the queue from the Great Northern Wilderness and returned to Beijing to teach in a middle school in the suburbs. My best teacher for studying novels was a book, but it was not easy to find a good book at that time. Now it's a bit like a fable, even children don't believe it. It was my middle school teacher who finally helped me find some books, among which I was most impressed and helped: romain rolland's john cleese Dover, Hugo's' 93', Qiao Zhisang's The Grinder in Anji Fort and lev tolstoy's Anna karenin. I took a lot of notes while watching it. But with my age, experience and thoughts at that time, I think I was just hungry and excited and didn't really understand. But the novelty, sincerity, simplicity and pure impulse of the novel will only be possessed at that time, and it is difficult to get it back now. When people grow up, just like a bear breaking a stick, they always break this and throw away that.
That day, in order to write a postscript to the novel, I accidentally dug out my notes after reading Tolstoy's Anna karenin. In this note, I made a list of the relationships among Anna, karenin, Li Du, Aublanc, Katie, Levin and W. Lenski. It also lists the clues of Anna and Ya Lenski, Levin and Katie. It's really funny to think about it now. But for me, it's really a stupid way to learn novels. Looking at these two tables again, we can see that I am naive and clumsy, and we can also see how Tolstoy handled two sets of love stories of joys and sorrows, and how to face the 186 1 Russia's top-down serfdom reform era. Tolstoy opened his pen wide, spread these two love lines parallel and intertwined, and swam like a fish in the rivers of the times and the streams of the family.
It may be easy to write a novel well, but it is not so easy to write a novel with profound meaning of the times and not so frivolous. Only with the rich meaning of editorials, it may not be difficult to write a novel, but at the same time it has artistic charm. It is not so easy to write a novel that readers love and endure. Tolstoy's greatness lies in his ability to make his works have artistic charm in the organic combination of the two.
Tolstoy and romain rolland taught me a lot together. My first novel Jade Carving was written after these studies, and was later published in People's Literature from 65438 to 0978. That was my first step on the narrow road of novel.
My novella was written in the early 1980s, when I was still studying in the Central Academy of Drama and just graduated. At that time, books were already easy to find, and I read a lot of miscellaneous books. But maybe I'm too nostalgic. I always miss reading Tolstoy and romain rolland. The effect of reading is not as good as that at that time, and my progress is not fast.
The previous novellas "Bon voyage" and "The color of apple green" were written at that time, and I was lying on a wooden bed in a warehouse by the Tianjin River. There is a strong smell of dye and river pollution in the warehouse. Strangely, those novels are particularly naive and bright as apple green. The state of mind when writing a novel and the situation outside the novel are sometimes so contradictory that they cannot be balanced. But it is in this contradiction and imbalance that novels give us spiritual happiness and spiritual balance.
The novellas included in this collection were written in the 1980s and early 1990s when I was in my thirties and forties. The division of age has changed the content and practice of the novel. Later novels, such as Long Hair, Noodles Driver, Green Rose and Spring and Autumn Annals, let me see the shadow of my aging, not that it is good to write old novels, but my own mentality. The best time for a person to learn to write novels is when he is young. If he misses it when he is young, he will get old easily. When I was young, Tolstoy and romain rolland gave me the nutrition of youth, but after all, I was only influenced by them and looked thin.
In my opinion, novels are the most unique literary category. Poetry lacks narrative ability, drama is limited by time and space, and prose can only express itself ... Only novels can maximize the space of imagination and create another broader novel world completely different from our real world. Above, he looks for the green void, below, the yellow spring, but he has not found the person he is looking for in these two places.
In my opinion, novels are the most colorful in the literary category. It is the best place for the eighteen martial arts to show their talents here. Poetry, drama and prose, of course, can also have various experiments, but after all, they are limited by their own styles, but novels can accommodate them, absorb them and evolve themselves. Before speaking of Czech novelists, I only knew Milan Kundera. Not long ago, I had the opportunity to meet with the Czech Republic. I didn't know there was Horabar. He is as famous as Milan Kundera, even more famous than Milan Kundera. Their novel practice is different from the concerns in novels, but this does not prevent them from becoming excellent writers. What I want to do is not to be self-righteous and paint the ground as a prison, but to be eclectic. Fiction is not an iron plate that thinks it is hard enough to resist everything, but a sponge that draws water from rivers and streams to make itself moist forever.
Being able to sit down and write novels feels different from writing other styles. Although I have written some essays in recent years because of my short official time, my wish is to really calm down and write my own novels one day. I always feel that there are still many things to write novels.
Finally, I would like to thank Mr. Shi Qun, the editor of Straits Literature and Art Publishing House and this book. It was their concern that enabled the book to be published. They have been deeply concerned about my creation.
At the same time, I also want to tell readers, in fact, I also want to tell myself that when this novella was received by Fu Zi, it happened that I ended my career of selecting novels for more than two years and was ordered to be transferred to people's literature. Besides, I am 50 years old this year. Who knows? This part is also a commemoration of myself at this moment.
Thank all the teachers and friends who have given me help and care, and thank all the readers who are willing to pay for this book.
Beijing 1997 12 14
According to the information of the International Olympic Committee, Olympic events are divided into sports events, discipline events and individual events.
Like Athens Olympic Games, Beijing Olympic Games has 28 sports, including track and field, rowing, badminton, softball, basketball, football, boxing, kayaking, cycling, fencing, gymnastics, weightlifting, handball, hockey, judo, wrestling, water sports, modern pentathlon, baseball, equestrian, taekwondo, tennis and table tennis.
Some of these events have no disciplines, and the most disciplines are water events, including swimming, synchronized swimming, water polo and diving. Although there are no disciplines in track and field, there are 46 events, including 24 men's events and 22 women's events, which are the most gold medals in the Olympic Games. Followed by swimming, although there is no subject, there are 32 events, male and female 16.
International Olympic Committee President Rogge said that Wushu will appear as a competition in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and its full name is "Beijing 2008 Olympic Wushu Competition".
Rogge made the above remarks when attending the opening ceremony of the 10th National Games in China. He said that although Wushu competition is different from the other 28 major events of the Olympic Games, it is a major breakthrough for Wushu to enter the Olympic stage.
According to Wang Xiaolin, director of the Wushu Sports Management Center of the State General Administration of Sport, Rogge talked about Beijing's Olympic bid in an interview with the media in Nanjing on June 5438+03. This is also the first time that Rogge said that Wushu will become an event in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, and also clarified the rumor that "Wushu will become a performance event in the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games".
It is reported that the International Wushu Federation and the Beijing Olympic Organizing Committee will have a more in-depth discussion with the International Olympic Committee on the details of the Wushu competition in Beijing 2008 Olympic Games.
28 major events
302 activities
303 gold medals
No, according to the Olympic Charter, if you want to become an Olympic event, you must decide seven years before the Olympic Games that new events will appear as performance events before you can join the Olympic Games.
Second, the Olympic mascot:
Fuwa is the mascot of the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008. Its color and inspiration come from the Olympic rings and the vast mountains and rivers of China.
Rivers, lakes and seas and people's favorite animal images. Fuwa conveys friendship, peace, enterprising spirit and harmony between man and nature to children all over the world.
Best wishes for this place.
Fuwa are five lovely close friends whose shapes combine the images of fish, giant panda, Olympic flame, Tibetan antelope and swallow.
Fuwa Beibei Fuwa Jingjing Fuwa Huanhuan Fuwa Yingying Fuwa Nini
Every doll has a catchy name: Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying and Nini. In China, they have overlapping names.
Chinese characters are a traditional way to express love for children. When you connect the names of five dolls, you will read Beijing's kind invitation to the world "Beijing Huan"
Welcome. "
Fuwa represents the dreams and aspirations of the people of China. Their prototypes and headdresses contain their connection with the ocean, forest, fire, earth and sky.
Its image design uses the expression technique of China traditional art and shows the splendid culture of China.
Bring blessings to all corners of the world.
For a long time, China has a tradition of conveying blessings through symbols. Every doll in the mascot of the Beijing Olympic Games represents a beautiful wish: complexity.
Glory, joy, passion, health and good luck. With the enthusiasm of Beijing, the dolls brought blessings to all corners of the world and invited people from all over the world to gather in Beijing.
Celebrate the 2008 Olympic Games.
Beibei's blessing is prosperity. In China traditional culture and art, the patterns of "fish" and "water" are symbols of prosperity and harvest, and people use them.
"Carp yue longmen" means successful career and dream realization, and "Fish" also means good luck every year.
Beibei's head decoration adopts the fish pattern of Neolithic age in China. Beibei is gentle and pure. She is a master of water sports and one of the five Olympic rings.
Blue circles reflect each other.
Jingjing is a naive giant panda, and wherever she goes, she will bring joy to people. As the national treasure of China, the giant panda has won the love of people all over the world.
Love.
Jingjing comes from the vast forest, symbolizing the harmony between man and nature. His head decoration originated from the lotus petal shape on Song porcelain. Jingjing hanhoule
Perspective, full of power, represents the black link in the Olympic rings.
Huanhuan is Fuwa's eldest brother. He is a fire doll, symbolizing the Olympic flame. Huanhuan is the embodiment of sports passion, which he spreads all over the world.
The world will convey the Olympic spirit faster, higher and stronger. Everywhere Huanhuan went, Beijing 2008 was full of enthusiasm for the world.
Huanhuan headdress originated from the flame patterns in Dunhuang murals. He is outgoing and unrestrained, and is familiar with all kinds of ball games, representing the red in the Olympic rings.
A circle of colors.
Yingying is a clever, agile and flying Tibetan antelope. He comes from the vast western land of China and sends his best wishes to the world. english-english
It is a unique protected animal in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and a demonstration of the Green Olympics.
Yingying's head decoration combines the decorative styles of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Xinjiang and other western regions. He is agile and an excellent track and field athlete, representing the Olympic Five.
The yellow circle in the ring.
Nini is from the sky. She is a swallow spreading her wings and flying. Her modeling creativity comes from the traditional Shayan kite in Beijing. "Yan" also represents Yanjing (ancient Beijing
) title. Nini brings spring and joy to people. Wherever she flies, she spreads good wishes of "good luck".
Naive, cheerful and agile Nini will make her debut in gymnastics competition. She represents the green ring in the Olympic rings. Ten reasons for choosing Beijing.
1. China is the most populous country in the world, but it has never hosted the Olympic Games. If the 2008 Olympic Games are held in Beijing, China, which has one fifth of the world's population and 400 million teenagers, the Olympic ideal and spirit will be more widely popularized and carried forward.
2. Have the economic strength to host the Olympic Games. Beijing is a city with great development potential. In the past decade, the economy has been growing at a double-digit rate. From 65438 to 0999, the city's GDP was $24 billion, with a per capita GDP of more than $2,000.
3. Excellent athletic performance. Won the fourth place in the total number of gold medals and medals in two consecutive Olympic Games. Up to now, China athletes have won 13 17 world championships, exceeding the world record 1026 times.
4. Political stability and social stability. Among the major capital cities in the world, Beijing is one of the cities with the lowest crime rate, traffic mortality rate and fire incidence rate, and the urban security guarantee has the ability to hold large-scale sports events.
5. splendid culture. Beijing has a history of 3,000 and 800 years, with many places of interest and rich cultural heritage.
6. Rich experience in hosting large-scale sports games. Beijing not only successfully hosted 1 1 Asian Games and 1994 Sixth Far South Paralympic Games, but also won the right to host the 2006 February1World Universiade.
7. A beautiful Olympic Park is being designed. Beijing will build an Olympic Park with the most beautiful urban environment in the north, covering an area of 1 2 15 hectares, including a main stadium with 80,000 people, 14 stadium, athletes' village and international exhibition center. , plus 760 hectares of forest and green space, will be very suitable for athletes to compete and rest.
8. First-class social service facilities such as communication, transportation and hotels. There are 344 star-rated hotels in Beijing with 72,000 rooms (sets). During the Olympic Games, the reception capacity was 400,000, and the annual passenger traffic of the Capital Airport was 35 million. These routes connect any country or city in the world.
9. Support from the central government. On May 8, 2000, Premier Zhu Rongji said: The China government fully supports Beijing's bid for the Olympic Games and will create favorable conditions for Beijing's bid for the Olympic Games.
10. Strong support from the people. According to a family survey of Beijing residents conducted by an independent survey company, 94.6% of the residents support Beijing's bid to host the 2008 Olympic Games.
In 776 BC, the Greeks stipulated that a sports meeting should be held in Olympia every four years. During the sports meeting, all Greek athletes and nearby citizens gathered in Olympia, a scenic town in southern Greece.
In 776 BC, the first Olympic Games was held here, and Dorian Klose won the 192.27 meter sprint. He became the first winner of the first event in the International Olympic Games. Later, the scale of the ancient Greek Games gradually expanded and became a grand event to show the national spirit. The winner of the competition can get a wreath of laurel, wild olive and palm. From 776 BC to 394 AD, after 1 170 years, * * * held the 293rd ancient Olympic Games. It was banned by the Roman emperor in 394 AD.
1875 ~ 188 1 year, Kutius in Germany excavated cultural relics in Olympic sites, which aroused the interest of the whole world. Therefore, Pierre De Coubertin, a French educator, believes that it is of great significance to restore the tradition of the ancient Greek Olympic Games to promote the development of international sports. Under his advocacy and active running, the first international sports conference was held in Paris in June 1894. The International Sports Conference decided to call the world-wide comprehensive games the Olympic Games. The first modern Olympic Games was held in Athens, Greece, on April 1896, and it was held in every member country in turn every four years. By 1992, 25 Olympic Games have been held.
The ancient Olympic Games were basically held every four years, and this cycle was called "Olympiad". According to this cycle, from 776 BC to 394 AD, * * * should be held for 293 sessions; But in fact the number of meetings is much less. However, according to the ancient Olympic Games, one Olympic Games is one, whether it is held or not.
In the early days of the ancient Olympic Games, there were not many events, so the first 22 sessions only lasted for one day. Later, with the increase of incidents, it was extended to two days. From the 37th session, the juvenile competition was added, and the time was extended to 5 days. The first day is the opening ceremony, where sacrifices and oaths are held, the second, third and fourth days are the specific contents of the competition, and the fifth day is the closing ceremony, where prizes are awarded and sacrificial activities are held.
At present, the Olympic Games include track and field, swimming (including diving, water polo and synchronized swimming), shooting, weightlifting, cycling, archery, basketball, volleyball, football, handball, hockey, gymnastics (including rhythmic gymnastics), fencing, international wrestling (freestyle and classical), boxing, judo, rowing and kayaking.
The development scale and level of the modern Olympic Movement have attracted worldwide attention. The Olympic spirit has been widely spread. People see that Olympism, as a cultural phenomenon, closely links ethnic groups with different skin colors and cultural backgrounds in the form of competition, which has a far-reaching impact on human social activities and human civilization. As a sports phenomenon, the Olympic Games is the most fascinating stage for human beings to explore the limits of physical fitness. Olympic records and medals have become lofty goals pursued by athletes, and the Olympic movement has become a global activity with great attraction, penetration and cohesion in many participating countries and regions.
The origin of the ancient Olympic Games
On the peninsula, on the alfons River, at the foot of Crophius Mountain, it belongs to the Olympia village in Ilya area, and is considered as the place where the gods live together. Therefore, the temple of Zeus was built here, and its vicinity was called Altz. At that time, every city-state came here in July and August to worship Zeus. In addition to offering sacrifices and holding ceremonies, competitive sports are also listed as activities of offering sacrifices to gods. The leap year, which is held every four years, expanded the sacrificial ceremony and later formed a system, which is the origin of the Olympic Games held every four years. The four-year cycle of the ancient Olympic Games was called "Olympiad".
There are many myths and legends about the origin of the ancient Olympic Games. One of the most popular myths and legends is that Polosse, the son of Poseidon, defeated Oenomais, the king, in a racing car to marry Princess Hippodamia and won the princess and the throne. In order to celebrate the victory and thank the gods for their protection, Olympia held a competition.
Of course, the myth well is not history. In fact, the appearance of the ancient Olympic Games in ancient Greece is an objective historical phenomenon cast by geographical environment, economic life style, cultural customs, religious beliefs, values, aesthetics and other historical and cultural factors. Most historians believe that since 776 BC, competitive performances have appeared in the form of competitions, so people usually regard this as the beginning of the ancient Olympic Games.
The modern Olympic movement rose in the capitalist industrial age in Europe, but its origin can be traced back to the Olympic Games in ancient Greece. The ancient Olympic Games was held every four years. From the first recorded Olympic Games in 776 BC to 393 AD, * * * held 293 sessions, which lasted165,438+069, and experienced several classes of emergence, development and decline.
First of all, the natural environment of ancient Greece and the formation of competitive sports customs.
The superior geographical location made ancient Greece a meeting point of various cultures, accelerated the process of social development, made outstanding contributions to mankind in various fields such as science, culture, art and sports, and became the birthplace of western civilization. Competitive sports is an important part of Greek life.
Second, the events of the early Olympic Games also reflected the development relationship between the war and the ancient Olympic Games. In the 500 years since 776 AD, the Olympic events have gradually expanded, from a single competition to wrestling, mixed martial arts, boxing, four-horse chariots, horse racing, wrestling, horse racing and pentathlon. Most of these events are related to military skills, which reflects the role of war in promoting the development of Olympic events. Although the events of the ancient Olympic Games had obvious military brand, the Olympic Games itself was a grand event of the whole Greek nation. Although there are frequent conflicts between the city-states, they are also closely related. Especially since the 8th century BC, with the rise of the ancient Greek colonial movement, a Greek civilization circle has been formed in the Mediterranean region.
Third, the religious customs of ancient Greece and the formation of the Olympic model.
The ancient Olympic Games is a pan-Greek religious celebration, which has the following three characteristics: first, the worship of the gods of Olympus; Second, there is a unique sacrificial system; Third, there are rich religious myths and legends.
Fourth, the rise and fall of the ancient Olympic Games.
It can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage (8th century BC-6th century BC) developed into a grand event attended by Greek city-states. The second stage (6th century BC-4th century BC) was the heyday of slavery in ancient Greek city-states, and the ancient Olympic Games reached its peak. In the third stage (4th century BC-4th century AD), ancient Greece was conquered by Macedonia and the Roman Empire, and the ancient Olympic Games entered a period of decline.
Second, the motivation of the Olympic movement:
In order to meet the needs of international sports development,/kloc-in the second half of the 9th century, with the development of international political and economic situation, there are two obvious trends in the development of modern sports. One is the rapid development of competitive sports, and the other is the internationalization trend of sports. 188 1 year, the first international individual sports organization, the International Gymnastics Federation, was established. With the expansion of international sports exchanges, it has become an urgent need of the times to establish a comprehensive stage for international sports exchanges and an international sports organization that coordinates the activities of individual organizations and plays a management role.
Finally, at the suggestion of Coubertin 1893, the French Federation of Athletics Associations held an international sports conference. Discuss the revival of the Olympic Games.
1894 the international sports conference was grandly opened at the Sorbonne theological seminary in Paris. And adopted an important document-the resolution on "Resuming the Olympic Games". As the first Olympic Games will be held in Athens, Greece, the birthplace of the ancient Olympic Games from 65438 to 0896, Kailas VI of Greece will be the first president and Coubertin will be the secretary-general. Congress stipulates which country's big cities hold the Olympic Games every four years.
Three. Comparison of Main Features between Modern Olympic Games and Ancient Olympic Games
1. The name "Olympic Games" has already been used.
2. Inherited the tradition of "Olympia" with a cycle every four years.
3. Learn from and develop some ceremonies of the ancient Olympic Games.
4. Absorbed and developed the traditional ideas of ancient Olympic Games.