Poetry in the middle period of Ming Dynasty is mainly represented by the "first seven sons" in Hongzhi and Zhengde years and the "last seven sons" in the middle period of Jiajing. The first seven poets are very dissatisfied with the current literary phenomenon, which is the main reason why poetry lacks emotion and falsehood. Therefore, they advocate that poetry should go beyond the reason of Song people and return to the tradition of giving priority to emotion in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
The restoration movement of the "First Seven Scholars" was led by He Jingming, including Bian Gong, Kang Hai, Wang, etc. The first seven scholars put forward the idea that "literature must be in Qin and Han dynasties, and poetry must flourish in Tang dynasty", which played a positive role in eliminating the monotony and monotony of Taige's style of writing.
The first seven sons also turned their eyes to the people and thought that "the real poetry lies in the people." However, they deliberately imitated the ancient prose of Qin and Han dynasties, which encouraged the literary world to imitate and copy, or covered up the poverty and shallowness of the content with the difficulty of ancient Olympics in form. Although the creation of the first seven sons mainly imitates ancient times, the content is relatively poor and shallow, but they have made certain achievements in two aspects.
First of all, the first seven poets have their own political experience and courage to participate in the discussion of state affairs, which makes their poems have practical significance in some aspects, such as Song of General Shi's Battlefield and Self-Walking. He Jingming's Xuan Ming Palace Tour and Point Troop Tour, etc.
Secondly, due to the feelings of the first seven poets, they paid great attention to sincere folk songs while praising the poems of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, which objectively promoted the development of folk songs.
During the reign of Jiajing and Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, there appeared "the last seven sons" represented by Wang Shizhen, including, Zong Chen, Liang Youyu, Xu Zhongxing and Wu.
The literary thoughts of the last seven sons are in the same strain as those of the first seven sons. They further advocated that "literature must be in the Western Han Dynasty, poetry must flourish in the Tang Dynasty, and reading is not allowed after the Dali period." This will push the antique wind to a climax again.
Among the last seven poets, Wang Shizhen has the highest reputation, the most works and the greatest influence. His poems are rich in themes and diverse in styles, which broke through the barriers of retro to some extent.
At the same time, there appeared a group of Jiangnan painters and poets represented by Wang, Gui Youguang and Mao Kun. They first rose up against the movement of imitating ancient literature, inherited the tradition of praising Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu and Ceng Gong in the Tang and Song Dynasties since the Southern Song Dynasty, and put forward the idea of "literary integration" to correct the disadvantages of the first seven poets' creation. They are called "Tang and Song Dynasties" because they admire the ancient prose of Tang and Song Dynasties.
At that time, the Tang and Song schools saw the crisis brought by the retro school to literature and strongly opposed the literary retro, which was progressive in this respect. Gui Youguang was born in Kunshan, Jiangsu. He is one of the most outstanding writers of "Tang and Song School".
Poetry is not directed by Gui Youguang. Of the 40 volumes of Selected Works, only one volume is poetry, which mostly describes the misery of people's lives, the greed and cowardice of officials, and the rampant Japanese pirates, such as Sending Friends to Yunzhou and Fourteen Records of the Sea.
Great changes have taken place in poetry in the late Ming Dynasty during the Wanli period. At that time, the retro movement had gradually subsided. Li Zhi strongly opposed the literary retro ideas of the former and the latter seven scholars and put forward "childlike innocence". Li Zhi believes that the so-called childlike innocence, that is, childlike innocence and true feelings, is an inner emotion that has not been blinded by Taoism and ethics.
In Li Zhi's view, only the literature with childlike innocence is the real literature. He clearly declared: "Nothing in the world is not out of childlike innocence." Li Zhi's theory has the color of anti-traditional value system, which has a great influence on the later police poetry school.
The "Public Security School" is a school of poetry in the Wanli period in the late Ming Dynasty, mainly represented by Yuan Hongdao, Yuan Zongdao and Yuan Zhongdao. Because "Sanyuan" is a public security person in Hubei, it is called "Public Security School". The slogan of the core theory of the public security school is "express your own spirit" Their poetry theory is mainly embodied in three aspects:
First, the development direction of poetry is not retro, but innovation; The second is to oppose plagiarism and falsehood in poetry creation, and emphasize that poetry creation should express one's actual feelings and unique opinions; The third is to oppose the obscure and obscure poetic style in ancient Austria and advocate that poetry should express its meaning smoothly.
Public security schools integrate the theory of poetry and prose into their own poetry and prose creation. For example, in Yuan Hongdao's "The Story of Zhai Bi", he said that "one is a knife and pen official, and he is buried with old paper"; In Yuan Zhongdao's Listening to Springs, it is cold in January, and the two mountains are as bright as day. , are excellent works.
Jingling School is a school of poetry after Gongan School. In fact, there is not much difference between theory and practice. Jingling school is just trying to correct the shortcomings of the public security school. The representatives of this school are Zhong Xing and Tan. Because they are all from Jingling, Hubei, this school was named Jingling School.
Zhong Xing and Tan jointly wrote "The Return of Poetry", which is called "The Return of Ancient Poetry" and "The Return of Tang Poetry". In the Preface to Poetry, they actively promoted their own literary ideas, which was popular for a while and "Jingling School" became a school of poetry with great influence.
In theory, Jingling School accepted the slogan put forward by the public security school to express its spirit, but it also saw that the shortcomings of the public security school were vulgar, superficial and rash, and they pursued to correct the shortcomings of the public security school with a "deep and lonely" style. They put forward the idea of "seeking the true poems of the ancients", which not only learned from the ancients, but also learned from the truth, emphasizing exploring the spirit of the ancients with their own spirit as the main body. However, they are too self-conscious and show some intolerance.
The poems of Jingling School are mainly psychological feelings, with narrow realm and strong subjectivity. The scenes in poems are often lonely and cold, and the language is awkward and awkward, which makes people feel quite quiet.
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions became increasingly acute, and scholars strongly felt the pain of home and country and injected this deep affection into their poems. Among these scholars, Chen Zilong and Xia Wanchun are the most outstanding writers.
He is good at poetry creation and has created many works that hurt the time, such as Car Shop, Selling Children's Travel, Liao Zashi and so on. 10 Miscellaneous feelings in autumn is his masterpiece. Xia Wanchun, a native of Huating, Songjiang with Chen Zilong, is a student of Chen Zilong, a patriotic hero, and his masterpiece Different Clouds;
Three years as an anti-Qing soldier, defeated and imprisoned. Endless tears, who says the world is wide? I already know the way to another spring, and I am really worried when I think of saying goodbye to my hometown. On the day when the ghost man and soul are waiting to return, the spirit wants to see their homeland.
On the one hand, the poem expresses the author's unyielding determination to swear to death, on the other hand, it also expresses his infinite attachment and deep sigh for his hometown that is about to say goodbye. This poem was written in autumn, and the author was arrested by Qing soldiers in his hometown. This is a tragic and generous poem. I wrote about the author's grief and indignation at national subjugation and the helplessness of his ambition.