Knowledge points that must be tested in the history final exam of senior two 1.
First, "Open your eyes and see the world"
1. Representative figures and core ideas: (landlord class resistance).
(1) Lin Zexu: He set up a translation library, compiled The History of the Four Kingdoms and The Laws of Various Countries, and became the first person in modern China to see the world.
(2) Wei Yuan: Compiling the Atlas of Sea Countries, and expounding the idea of "learning from foreigners to control foreigners".
2. Concept: Advanced landlord class intellectuals walked out of the closed state, abandoned foreign traditional concepts, and took the lead in proposing to learn from the West.
3. Influence: guide people to pay attention to the world situation and emancipate their minds.
Second, "middle school as the body, western learning for use"
1. Background: The Qing government was faced with internal troubles and foreign invasion.
2. Proposition: They put forward the proposition of "taking middle school as the body, spreading western learning to the east" and "learning from foreigners to control foreigners".
3. Purpose: To save the feudal rule of Qing Dynasty.
4. Concept: feudal ethics is the foundation of the country, and western technology is used to save the rule.
5. Significance: Putting the thought of landlord class resistance into practice has taken the first step of China's modernization.
Third, the idea of reform and political reform.
1. Early reformers:
(1) Background: The development of Westernization Movement and Chinese national capitalism.
(2) Representatives: Wang Tao and Zheng.
(3) Advocacy: economically advocating the development of national industry and commerce and conducting commercial wars with foreign countries; Culturally, it advocates setting up schools and learning western scientific knowledge; Politically, it advocates innovation and implements a constitutional monarchy.
(4) Limitations: No complete theory has been formed; Not put into practice.
2. Late reformers:
(1) Background: With the development of the national capitalist economy, the strength of the national bourgeoisie is growing; The national crisis is serious; The influence of early reform thought.
(2) Representative figures: Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong and Yan Fu.
(3) Claim:
(1) Kang Youwei: His works The Study of New Classics and The Study of Confucius' Reform borrowed the coat of Confucian classics, and used Confucius to deny the absolute monarchy and advocate constitutional monarchy, which provided a theoretical basis for the reform and reform in line with traditional cultural values.
(2) Liang Qichao: Published "General Discussion on Political Reform", publicized the extension of civil rights, established parliament, and reformed to survive.
③ Yan Fu: It is pointed out that the feudal monarch is a "thief", and the translation of "Theory of Evolution" puts forward that "natural selection, survival of the fittest".
(4) Practice: 1898 initiated the Reform Movement of 1898, but the final result failed.
(5) Influence: It was a patriotic movement of the national bourgeoisie in modern China to explore the truth of saving the country and the people, and it was the first ideological emancipation trend in modern China.
Knowledge points must be tested in the history final exam of senior two.
First, The Book of Songs and Songs of the South
1, The Book of Songs is the earliest collection of poems in China, and its editor may be the Yue Guan of the Zhou Dynasty.
The Book of Songs contains 305 poems from the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, which are divided into three parts: style, elegance and ode.
② The content of The Book of Songs reflects the broad social life during the five or six hundred years from various angles.
③ The artistic techniques of The Book of Songs mainly include "Fu", "Bi" and "Xing".
2. Songs of the South is another collection of poems in ancient China.
(1) "Songs of the South" was originally a poetic style that rose in Chu during the Warring States Period.
The main author of Songs of the South is Qu Yuan, and his main work is Li Sao.
3. The Book of Songs and Songs of the South have always been called "Sao", which are the two major sources of China's ancient poetry.
Second, pre-Qin prose and Han Fu
1, pre-Qin prose
(1) Pre-Qin historical prose mainly includes Zuozhuan in chronological style, Guoyu in national style, Warring States Policy, Yanzi Chunqiu and so on. Among them is the literary achievement of Zuo Zhuan.
(2) Proses of pre-Qin philosophers were mainly sorted out from the speeches of philosophers in the period of "a hundred schools of thought contend", including the Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Laozi and Zhuangzi of Taoism, and Han Feizi of Legalism.
2. Han Fu
(1) Fu is a unique style in China, which has the nature of both prose and verse, and its main feature is to write things without singing.
② Han Fu can be divided into two categories according to its theme orientation, one is short fu expressing feelings and aspirations, and the other is "physical" fu with layout as the main method. The latter is the mainstream of Han Fu. The representative writers of Doctor Han are Sima Xiangru and Yang Xiong.
The grandeur of Han Fu is the artistic embodiment of the national character of self-improvement and the positive and optimistic spirit of the times in Han Dynasty.
Third, Tang poetry and Song ci.
1. The development of Tang poetry can be roughly divided into four periods, namely, early Tang, prosperous Tang, middle Tang and late Tang. Among them, the poetry circles in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and the middle Tang Dynasty are the most brilliant.
(1) In the Tang Dynasty, there were pastoral poetry schools represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran and frontier poetry schools represented by Gao Shi and Cen Can. The former is the artistic accumulation of the Chinese nation's national psychology of loving nature and attaching importance to the harmonious relationship between man and nature, while the latter embodies the Chinese nation's national character of loving peace, opposing aggression and not fearing violence.
② The weather in the prosperous Tang Dynasty is a kind of spiritual outlook full of romantic flavor and ideal color. In Tang poetry, Li Bai, the most outstanding representative of meteorology in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, was the first poet. Du Fu, the poet sage, profoundly and comprehensively reflected the real life with sober insight and positive spirit of joining the WTO.
There are two main schools of poetry in the middle Tang Dynasty, one headed by Bai Juyi and the other headed by Han Yu.
2. Song Ci
Ci is a kind of music lyrics, whose main function is for musicians and singers to sing at banquets. Its theme is mainly to describe women's appearance, psychology and life scenes, especially the love between men and women.
② Graceful words were almost the dominant word in the Northern Song Dynasty.
(3) Su Shi and Xin Qiji are the representative writers of bold and unconstrained ci in Song Dynasty, but they are both good at writing graceful ci.
④ The graceful and implicit aesthetic features of Song Ci are the typical embodiment of China's traditional aesthetic thought.
Fourthly, Yuan Zaju and Ming and Qing novels.
1, Yuan Zaju can also be called "Yuan Qu" alone, which is the essence of meta-literature.
Yuan Zaju is a comprehensive art integrating singing, dancing, oral English, acrobatics and other artistic forms, and it is the first mature form of drama, a unique drama form in China.
(2) Yuan Zaju reflects the broad social life and is extremely rich in content. The main themes are love drama, case-solving drama, water margin drama, world love drama and historical drama. Yuan Zaju has made brilliant achievements in art, and created a stage image with distinct images and different faces. It is good at organizing conflicts. Its language is mostly simple and natural, full of life breath.
③ Yuan Zaju is of epoch-making significance in the history of China literature.
④ Yuan Zaju has profound cultural significance.
First of all, Yuan Zaju promoted the rebellious spirit, criticized the dark forces, backward thoughts and ugly habits, and praised the rebellious image of not fearing violence, resisting oppression and striving for freedom. As in Yuan.
Secondly, there is a clear distinction between praise and criticism in Yuan Zaju, and the loyalty, treachery, beauty and evil of the characters are completely different. This kind of value judgment embodies the will of most people and has democratic tendency and progressive significance.
Thirdly, Yuan Zaju embodies a feature of China's drama literature: dealing with realistic themes in a romantic and idealized way often leads to a "happy ending", which embodies the belief of the people of China that "one good deserves another, and evil deserves another", and embodies the good wish that justice triumphs over evil and happiness shines on the world.
2. Ming and Qing novels
China's novels have experienced three stages of development, namely, pre-Tang note novels, Tang legendary novels and Song and Yuan story novels. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, six novels appeared, including Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, The Journey to the West, Jin Ping Mei, The Scholars and A Dream of Red Mansions. The first four books are called the "Four Wonder Books" of the Ming Dynasty, and the last two are the best novels of the Qing Dynasty.
Knowledge points that must be tested in the history final exam of senior two 3.
First, the integration of the three religions
1, the new development of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties;
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhism and Taoism were also widely spread among the people. Confucianism has absorbed the spirit of Buddhism and Taoism and made new progress.
2. Sui Dynasty:
Confucian scholars put forward the idea of "three religions combined with Confucianism", also known as "three religions in one", and advocated taking Confucianism as the main body and absorbing Buddhism and Taoism.
3. Tang Dynasty:
The ruler pursues the policy of three religions in parallel, that is, respecting Taoism, Buddhism and Confucianism. Buddhism and Taoism began to challenge the orthodox position of Confucianism, and Han Yu, a master of Confucianism, took the lead in proposing the revival of Confucianism.
Second, Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism:
1, the background of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism:
(1) Support of the rulers: Long-term chaos is not conducive to the stability and consolidation of the great unity. The rulers of the Song Dynasty advocated respecting Confucianism and reading classics.
(2) Confucian scholars' efforts: the activities of reviving Confucianism and attacking Buddhism and Taoism were launched; The integration of Buddhism and Taoism explains Confucian righteousness, forming a new Confucian system with reason as the core-"new Confucianism".
(3) Representative figures: Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi brothers in the Northern Song Dynasty and Zhu in the Southern Song Dynasty have the most outstanding achievements, so "Neo-Confucianism" is also called "Neo-Confucianism".
2. The connotation of Zhu Cheng's Neo-Confucianism:
(1) Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi's ideas:
Heaven is the origin of all things in the universe. There is only one justice in everything, and it is argued that there is reason first, and then there is something. This is the core idea of Neo-Confucianism.
(2) Zhu's thoughts:
Zhu is a master of science. The source of emphasizing rationality lies in Tian Li, while Tian Li takes the Three Cardinal Principles and the Five Permanent Principles as his moral norms. Emphasis on "preserving righteousness and destroying human desires."
3. The influence of Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Cheng: Neo-Confucianism in Zhu Cheng adapted to the political needs of the ruling class and effectively safeguarded the feudal autocratic rule. Zhu's Notes on Four Books and Sentences became the textbook on which later imperial examinations were based. Zhu's academic thoughts also spread to Japan, Korea and even Europe. In Japan and Korea, even the "Zhuzi School" was formed.
Third, Lu Wang's theory of mind and nature.
1, Lu Jiuyuan's thinking:
Taking "heart" as the origin of all things in the universe, it is put forward that "heart" is "reason"; Emphasize that "the universe is my heart, and my heart is truth" and think that everything in the world is in my heart.
2. The background of Wang Yangming's mind:
(1) After the mid-Ming Dynasty, class contradictions became increasingly acute, social unrest, and feudal autocratic rule was in crisis.
(2) Wang Yangming inherited and developed Lu Jiuyuan's theory and became a master of psychology.
3. Wang Yangming's thought is:
(1) more absorbed the Buddhist thought that "there is no Buddha outside the heart, that is, the heart is Buddha" and advocated the propositions of "nothing outside the heart" and "unreasonable outside the heart".
(2) In epistemology, he put forward the theories of "to conscience" and "the unity of knowing and doing".
4. Assessment:
After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Lu Wang's theory of mind was widely spread. After hundreds of years' development, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties had a far-reaching influence on China's social politics, cultural education and ethics. However, Wang Yangming's "unity of knowledge and practice" cannot scientifically explain the relationship between human cognition and practice.
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