A group of 20 poems "Drinking", written at the beginning of his retirement, generally expressed the pleasure of drunkenness and his perception of life. This poem was written with a more secular attitude and appreciation of nature's interest and understanding.
Artistic features:
Plain and mellow.
Integration of situation theory.
Translation:
Living on the earth, there is no noise of horses and chariots. You ask me how this happened. My heart is pure and my land is still. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely, the distant Nanshan reflects people's eyes. The mountains are dense, the sun is setting, the scenery in the evening is really good, and there are birds, which come together. How many tastes to express, to explain, but forget the language.
Appreciate:
Tao Yuanming is a descendant of Tao Kan, the founding father of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. It was only in his generation that the family declined. He also worked as an official intermittently for a period of time. His backer was not hard, but his temper was particularly arrogant. Can't play tricks in officialdom, and finally went home to be a hermit. A group of 20 poems "Drinking", written at the beginning of his retirement, generally expressed the pleasure of drunkenness and his perception of life. This is one of the most famous songs.
People living in the world must always find the value of life, otherwise they will be in anxiety and anxiety. And society always has a set of accepted values, which most people take as the basis of their lives. In the era of Tao Yuanming, power, status and reputation were the main values. However, through his own experience, Tao Yuanming has deeply understood that in order to get all this, he must try his best to gain a foothold, strive for it, put on airs, brag and flatter, and be sexual and indispensable. There is no dignity here. Since he is willing to retire from the officialdom, he must deny the socially recognized value scale and find a new explanation for his life.
The first four sentences of this poem are an attitude of avoiding the world, that is, a denial of power and fame. At the beginning, I said that although my residence was built in an environment where people came and went, I couldn't hear the noise of cars and horses. The so-called "noisy chariots and horses" refers to the crowded scene of people with status. Tao Yuanming is also a descendant of the nobility, but he has nothing to do with those who rise and fall in the secular world, and he is left out in the cold. It's a little strange, so ask yourself: how can you do this? Then it comes down to the core of these four sentences-"The heart is far from being biased." Mentally, I have adopted a distant, detached and indifferent attitude towards this world of fame and fortune, and the place where I live will naturally become secluded. Telecentrism is a deviation from the track of social life, which will inevitably lead to the deviation of people running around on this track.
Then, excluding the social value scale, where can people establish the basic point of survival? This involves Tao Yuanming's philosophical thought. This philosophy can be called "natural philosophy". On the one hand, it emphasizes self-cultivation and self-sufficiency, on the other hand, it attaches importance to the unity and harmony between man and nature. In Tao Yuanming's view, people not only exist in society and the relationship between people, but more importantly, every individual life, as an independent spiritual subject, exists in the face of the whole nature and universe. From the origin, human life is a part of nature. It is only because people separate themselves from nature and compete and pursue in illusory power and fame and fortune that life is full of anxiety and contradictions. Therefore, a perfect life can only be achieved by returning to nature.
These truths, if written directly in poetry, become papers; Real poetry is expressed through images. So in the next four sentences, the author still writes about human activities and natural landscapes, and puts philosophy in images. The poem says that I picked chrysanthemums at random in the garden, looked up inadvertently, and my eyes happened to meet Nanshan (Lushan). "Seeing Nanshan leisurely" is not only a light and leisurely state of people, but also a quiet and comfortable feeling of mountains. It seems that at that moment, a melody with the same meaning emanates from people's hearts at the same time, reaching its peak and merging into a light music. The Nanshan Mountain that we can see is surrounded by a mist. Under the setting sun, it is indescribable beauty, and flocks of birds are flying back to the mountains together. This is the peace and perfection of nature, and it will not be as anxious as people in the secular world, so desperately pursuing things other than life. The poet seems to have completely melted into nature, and life reached a perfect state at that moment.
The last two sentences are the summary of the whole poem: here you can feel the true meaning of life, but you can't find the right language to express it. Practical meaning refers to the harmony between man and nature, which is basically a feeling of life, and logical language is not enough to express its exquisiteness and completeness.
Most of Tao Yuanming's poems are literal and easy to understand. But the connotation is deep and needs to be experienced repeatedly. For young people, there are many things that I am afraid need rich life experience to really understand.
The first four sentences, in the form of questions and answers, reveal a common and interesting life phenomenon-"the heart is far away from itself." The phrase "picking chrysanthemums under the east fence" comes from "keeping your heart away from yourself". It is said that when picking chrysanthemums in Dongli, I accidentally saw Nanshan, so my eyes shook and I was attracted by the beautiful scenery of Nanshan in the evening. While creating the humanistic environment of the house, picking chrysanthemums; Being in Dongli, but fascinated by Nanshan, the whole theme is always expressing the word "far". The "true meaning" of the last two sentences is here, and so is "forgetting words". The so-called "true meaning" is actually the self-satisfied life interest brought by Ren Zhen's "heartbeat"; The so-called "forgetting words" means that in Tao Yuanming's view, there are always some people who are in favor of the situation, and people who are in cahoots can't appreciate this kind of life interest!
Ji hai's miscellaneous poems
Brief introduction of the author and works
Gong Zizhen (1792- 184 1), also known as Gong Zuo, was born in Se, whose name is Ding 'an, and he was born in Renhe, Zhejiang (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang). He was an outstanding enlightenment thinker, scholar, writer and patriot in modern China.
Central idea and writing characteristics
The whole poem expresses his complex feelings when he resigned from his post and left Beijing for a lawsuit, and shows the poet's strong character and dedication to serve the country at all times, not afraid of setbacks and unwilling to sink. The whole poem empathizes with things, with appropriate image, ingenious conception and profound meaning.
Contrastive translation and annotation
The sun sets (xiá), and the whip points to the horizon.
Full of sadness, facing the sky, I whipped the whip west and east, and then resigned and went to the end of the world. [Vast: boundless, here is endless sadness. Sorrow: the sadness of parting. Day: the sun. Whip: The poet's whip. ]
[Comment] The sadness is set off by "the sky is crooked" and "the end of the world", which shows the pain of the poet's resignation.
I quit my job and go home, just like a flower falling from a branch, but this is not a heartless thing. It can be turned into the soil of spring and can also play a role in nurturing the next generation.
Falling flowers are by no means heartless, but turning into spring mud is willing to cultivate more new flowers. [falling red: falling flowers. Most of these flowers are red. So falling flowers are also called falling red. These two sentences are used to describe that although he resigned, he still cares about the fate of the country. ]
[opinion] vividly and aptly shows the author's heart of serving the country.
Nan Tang Li Yu
Go to the west wing without saying a word,
The moon is like a hook,
Lonely phoenix tree deep courtyard locks clear autumn. ②
Keep cutting,
The reason is still confusing,
This is sadness (3)
It's not just the general taste. ④
To annotate ...
This piece of music was originally from the Tang Dynasty, also known as Diao, Moon on Autumn Night, and Shang Opera House. The word Li Yu
Even someone labeled this piece "Crying at Night". Thirty-six characters, Kamikatahira rhyme, the next two rhymes and Ping two rhymes.
② Locking clear autumn: deeply covered by autumn colors. 3 parting: refers to the sadness of national subjugation. 4 unusual: otherwise.
One kind.
The first sentence "Go to the West Wing without saying a word" introduces the characters into the picture. The word "silence" vividly depicts the poet's sad expression, and the word "independence" outlines the figure of the author climbing the building alone. The lonely poet climbed up the west wing alone in silence. The description of expressions and movements reveals how much unspeakable loneliness and sadness the poet has in his heart!
"The moon is like a hook, and the solitary phoenix tree is locked in the courtyard in autumn", with only the word 12, vividly depicts the poet's scene when he climbed the building. Looking up at the sky, the moon is like a hook. Such as Hook not only describes the shape of the moon and indicates the season, but also has a profound meaning: The broken moon like Hook has experienced numerous ups and downs and witnessed many joys and sorrows of the world. How can we not arouse people's sadness and hatred tonight? Overlooking the courtyard, the dense buttonwood leaves have been swept away by the ruthless autumn wind, leaving only the bare trunk and a few residual leaves shrugging in the autumn wind. How can we not be lonely? However, is it the phoenix tree that is "lonely"? Even if it is sad for autumn, it will be "locked" in this high wall and deep courtyard. However, what is locked in this yard more than autumn? Desperate people, lonely hearts, homesickness and hatred of national subjugation are all imprisoned by this high wall and deep courtyard. How can this situation be a sad word?
In poetry, the phoenix tree is often used to express inner sadness. Wen said, "The phoenix tree rains in the middle of the night, and it is bitter to leave love. A leaf, a sound, empty order dropped to Ming "("more leakage "); Li Qingzhao's Wutong is drizzling and dripping at dusk. This time, what a sad sentence "("slow voice "). The above is the masterpiece of landscape writing. Writing Chinese parasol trees in the rain can express the poet's inner sadness. Writing about the lack of phoenix tree is another realm. In Su Shi's language, "Hanging a phoenix tree in the absence of the moon is a mistake" ("Operator"). The lack of the moon, the phoenix tree, the deep courtyard and the clear autumn all render a bleak realm, reflecting the poet's inner loneliness and paving the way for the next lyric.
So in this case, what kind of mentality will a dead monarch and a living prisoner have? In the following film, the poet expressed his inner complex and unspeakable sadness in an extremely euphemistic and helpless style.
"To keep cutting is to leave my sorrow for parting, and the reason is still chaotic." It is novel and unique to express sadness with silk. Previous people used the word "silk" as the homonym of "thinking", which was a metaphor for missing. For example, Li Shangyin's "Spring silkworms will weave until they die, and tears will be exhausted every night" ("Untitled") is a famous sentence. Li Yu uses "silk" as a metaphor for "leaving sorrow", which is unique. However, the length of silk can be cut and the chaos of silk can be managed, but the inextricably linked "don't leave sorrow" is "cutting constantly, managing is still chaotic." So, what kind of separation was surging in the hearts of the former Southern Tang Empress? Is it to recall the magnificence of "golden beasts add gold stoves every time after the red sun is three feet" (Huanxisha), to miss the hometown of "the wind pavilion is Long Ta, and the Yushu Qiongzhi is a smoke rose" (broken array), or to regret the loss of "forty years of homeland, three thousand miles of rivers and mountains" (broken array)? However, times have changed. Today, Li Yu is a prisoner in conquered people. Prosperity and wealth have become a thing of the past, and the motherland is also unbearable, and the emperor has perished. After experiencing the painful torture of cold and warm world, indifference to the world and the destruction of the country, many joys and sorrows choked in the poet's heart. Now it smells of sadness, which is not a word of sadness.
The last sentence "especially the taste is in my heart" follows the previous sentence and writes Li Yu's experience and feelings about sadness. Taste is a metaphor of sadness, and taste is beyond sweet and sour. It is rooted in people's hearts and is a unique and true feeling. The word "especially" is great. The son of heaven, who used to be self-centered, is now a prisoner, humiliated and suffering, and his heart is full of thoughts, sufferings, regrets or hatred ... I am afraid the poet himself can't explain it clearly. Is it understandable by ordinary people? If he is an ordinary person, Tao can wail, but Li can't. He is the king of national subjugation. Even if you are full of sorrow, you can only "go to the west wing alone without words", looking at the waning moon like a hook, and the phoenix tree is clear in autumn, keeping your sadness, sadness, pain and regret in your heart. This wordless sadness is better than crying.
Li Yu's first poem is full of scenes and feelings. In the first movie, typical scenery is chosen to pave the way for the expression and rendering of feelings, and in the next movie, sincere feelings are expressed euphemistically and implicitly by using image metaphors. In addition, sound change is used to realize the unity of sound and emotion. In the next film, two rhymes (broken and chaotic) are placed in the middle of the rhyme, which strengthens the tone of frustration and seems to be broken and continuous; At the same time, three short sentences are followed by nine long sentences, which are powerful and rhythmic, and also appropriately express the poet's sad and depressed feelings.
It was a long time ago that I met her, but since we separated, the time has become longer, and the east wind has started and a hundred flowers have blossomed.
Silkworms in spring will weave until they die, and candles will drain the wick every night.
In the morning, she saw her hair cloud changing in the mirror, but she bravely faced the cold of the moonlight with her evening song.
There are not many roads to Pengshan. Oh, Bluebird, listen! -Give me what she said! .
This poem expresses the love psychology in a feminine style. It contains burning desire and persistence in sorrow, and its emotional realm is profound and rich.
The first two sentences are about the unfortunate experience of love and the mood of the lyric hero: because of some power, it is difficult for a pair of lovers to meet each other, and the pain of separation is unbearable for her. The "don't" in the first sentence does not mean that we say goodbye now, but refers to the established forced separation. The word "difficult", the first refers to the difficulty of meeting, and the second is pain and embarrassment. In previous poems, some sentences such as "It's a piece of cake to meet difficulties" (Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi) and "It's a piece of cake to meet difficulties" (Hugh by Ding Du by Song Wudi) all emphasize the difficulty of reunion and lament the pain of parting. Li Shangyin went further from here, saying that "seeing each other late" means "parting is also difficult"-it is difficult to give up and the pain is unbearable. The poet used the word "difficult" twice in one sentence, and the appearance of the second word "difficult" gave people a slight sense of suddenness because of repetition, which made the whole poem interlocking and made the parting pain of reunion after a long separation particularly profound and lingering because of the low expression; This sentimental modality is not easy to understand in such a straightforward narrative as "Don't be easy to get". This lyric hero is already so sad, but facing the scenery in late spring, of course, it makes her sad. In late spring, the east wind is weak, flowers bloom and fall, and the beautiful spring is about to pass away. There is nothing that human beings can do about it. Their own misfortunes and mental pains are like flowers that wither with the passage of spring, because beautiful things are destroyed, which makes people feel endless disappointment and regret! The phrase "the east wind rises and a hundred flowers blossom" not only describes the natural environment, but also reflects the poet's state of mind. Things blend with me, and the mind and nature reach a subtle fit. This kind of description that reflects people's situation and feelings with scenery is common in Li Shangyin's works. For example, the first two sentences of "A note to friends in the north on a rainy night" say: "Jun asked that the return date is undecided, and the rain rose in the autumn pool in the evening." The second sentence not only symbolizes that the poet stays in Bashu, but also reflects the boredom of leaving. Like "And the East Wind Has Arised, Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom", realism and symbolism are integrated, giving feelings a tangible external form, that is, the usual lyric way to express feelings in the scenery.
In a few words, it is more tortuous to write the feelings of "seeing each other late" and "inseparable". The word "silk" in "Spring silkworms must weave until they die" is homophonic with "thinking". You miss each other like silkworms until you die. "And the candle will cry the wick every night" is a metaphor for the endless pain of not being together, as if the candle burned to ashes and the wax tears ran out. Miss more than, showing deep attachment, but will spend a lifetime in miss, but it also shows that meeting is indefinite and the future is hopeless. Therefore, his own pain will accompany him all his life. However, although the future is hopeless, she loves it to death and will be attached to it all her life; Despite the pain, there is only patience. Therefore, in these two sentences, there are both disappointed sadness and pain, as well as lingering and burning persistence and pursuit. Pursuit is hopeless, and we still have to pursue it in hopelessness, so this pursuit is also pessimistic. These feelings seem to circulate endlessly, and it is difficult to find the end; It seems to have formed a multi-faceted solid, and light can't see the whole picture from one angle. The poet successfully expressed such a complicated psychological state with only two metaphors, which shows that his association is very rich. The phrase "Spring Silkworm" is first of all the association between the lingering attachment of human beings and the endless spinning of spring silkworms, and then from the spinning of silkworms to the ending of "death" and then to the unswerving love of human beings. So writing "silk to death" gives this image various metaphorical meanings. "Silkworm should not be old (no, it means' ignoring' here), and it often wears silk day and night. What a pity! When you are exhausted, it is time to be lingering. " The intention is similar to the sentence of "Spring Silkworm" in Untitled. The idea of "how to be tired" of spring silkworms here is a kind of idea of "lingering has its own time", and its future is quite promising. The phrase "spring silkworm" in Untitled is not like this. As far as its pursuit spirit is concerned, its pursuit is hopeless, but it doesn't care if there is hope. Different emotional realms make associations more tortuous. In the Yuefu before Li Shangyin, it was not uncommon to compare burning candles with suffering. For example, "Thinking of you is like a candle, frying in the middle of the night" (Wang Rong's "Gentleman Coming Out"), "Thinking of you is like a candle, frying in tears for a thousand lines" (Chen, same topic) and so on. "Every night the candle will cry the wick away" is also a metaphor of the candle, but it does not simply compare the pain with wax tears. But through "starting from the ashes", it further embodies the painful feeling of life. Lenovo is much more profound and complicated than previous people, and its image is much richer.
The above four sentences focus on revealing inner emotional activities and concretizing unspeakable complex feelings, which are beautifully written. Five or six sentences are translated into extroverted ideas. The first sentence is about yourself, and the second sentence is about imagining each other. "Changing temples" refers to being unable to sleep at night because of painful torture, resulting in the loss of temples and gaunt face, which is what Wu Yun, a poet of the Six Dynasties, said: "Worrying changes temples, crying makes beauty disappear" (Six Poems with Ma Xiaoxi). However, the sentence "Xiao Jing" in Untitled said that when I looked in the mirror in the morning, I was worried about "cloud change" and it was "but worried"-just worried. This vividly describes the spiritual activities of graceful songs, rather than simply describing the fact that youth is consumed by pain. The night is haggard because of pain, and the morning is haggard and painful. The pain at night is because the pursuit of love cannot be realized; The next day I was worried about haggard, hoping to stay young for love. In short, I am haggard with love, but I am depressed with pain. This lingering feeling day and night still shows a painful and persistent heart. The phrase "nocturne" is to put yourself in the other person's shoes and imagine that the other person is as painful as himself. He guessed that the other party would probably suffer from insomnia at night and often sang poems to mourn, but he was so worried that he couldn't get rid of it, so he felt that the environment was getting more and more desolate, the moonlight was cold, and his mood was even more bleak. The hue under the moon is cold, and "feeling cold in the moonlight" reflects psychological desolation through physical coldness. The word "should" is a tone of conjecture and expectation, indicating that all this is my imagination of the other party. The imagination is so vivid that it reflects her eagerness and deep understanding of her lover.
The more concrete you imagine, the deeper you miss, and the more you will ignite the desire to meet. Since there is no hope of meeting, I have to ask the messenger to pay tribute to myself and visit him in person. This is the last two sentences. Poems often compare immortal couples. Jade bird is the messenger of a goddess, the Queen Mother of the West. Pengshan is a fairy mountain in myths and legends, so here Pengshan is regarded as the symbol of the other party's residence, and Jade Bird appears as the messenger of the lyric hero. This hope at the end of the messenger has not changed the painful situation of "meeting each other late", but it is a hopeless hope and the future is still slim. When the poem is over, the pain and pursuit of the lyric hero will continue.
This poem is full of pain, disappointment, lingering and persistent feelings from beginning to end. Every couplet in the poem is a reflection of this emotional state, but the specific artistic conception of each couplet is different. They repeatedly show the complex emotions throughout the poem from different sides, and at the same time reflect the psychological process with this complex emotion as its content vertically with their close connection. This continuous, implicit and profound lyricism successfully reproduces the deep affection in my heart.
Li Shangyin had similar descriptions in the first, third, fourth and fifth sentences of his previous poetry creation. The poet was inspired, inherited and used for reference by his predecessors. However, he did not simply imitate his predecessors, but took a big step forward with high creativity, transforming the original simple means of expression into more tortuous and vivid, so as to reflect richer and deeper thoughts and feelings. In fact, he has removed the old traces and become a new creation. It can be seen that the poet's rich literary accomplishment and exploration of artistic conception and means of expression are important conditions for the success of this poem.