The following is the copied content:
The ancients wrote without punctuation marks. Punctuation didn't appear until after the May 4th Movement.
The ancients wrote classical Chinese without punctuation, and the original text of Tao Te Ching naturally had no punctuation. Now, in order to understand it better, people deliberately add punctuation marks.
Before 1842, missionaries published Chinese newspapers and periodicals in Nanyang, among which "View the Secular Monthly" was the first publication aimed at Chinese. Its content is mainly Christian doctrine, but also about world history, folk customs, astronomy and other aspects of knowledge.
In addition, Observing the Worldliness also introduces the western punctuation system into Chinese, including not only broken sentences, but also ","and. "And used the special number" Qiu Qiu "of place names and names.
Although there are no punctuation marks in ancient books and articles, there are "jv fights". Teachers in private schools will use red pen to break sentences when teaching students. After the students' level is improved, they can read through the article without reading sentence by sentence. Generally, people with a little culture have gradually adapted to this kind of reading. Even so, it did not affect the development of ancient culture, but was not conducive to popularization.
Punctuation marks in ancient books should follow three principles:
It must conform to the original text, the language reality at that time and the social life reality at that time (including laws and regulations).
It can be divided into three steps: the first step is to read the full text, find out the general idea of the article, and know who wrote it, what happened and what it showed; If you don't understand it the first time, read it the second time and the third time. Don't make a mistake in haste. The second step, from coarse to fine, according to the meaning of the text, combined with the sentence structure, mood and the nature and function of words, add appropriate punctuation marks on the basis of sentence breaking. The third step is to recite it repeatedly, carefully scrutinize it, and check and correct it during recitation.
When breaking sentences, we can grasp the following breakthrough points: grasping the signs of words such as "yue", "rhyme" and "speech"; Grasp the first and last auxiliary words, such as zhe, ye, yi, fu and qi; Finding even sentences, parallelism, duality and symmetry are common rhetorical devices in classical Chinese. The upper and lower sentences often use the same number of words and structure in writing, which we can learn from when breaking sentences. According to the special sentence patterns of ancient Chinese, such as judgment sentence, inversion sentence, passive sentence, ellipsis sentence, etc. According to the fixed formats of ancient Chinese, such as "if … what", "why … what", "only ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Modern poetry has fixed requirements for rhyme, flatness and number of words.
2. The punctuation marks in ancient Chinese generally didn't have any punctuation marks and spaces, but when reading new books, the ancients used to put a symbol similar to today's pause, which the ancients called "note".
In order to facilitate people's reading, scholars add a big circle when annotating books, which actually plays the role of sentence breaking. The word "."appeared around the Song Dynasty.
","means reading sentences. Names and place names only appeared in the Ming Dynasty.
19 19 On the basis of the original punctuation marks in China and referring to the punctuation marks commonly used in other countries, the Preparatory Committee for the Unified Planning of Putonghua stipulated the symbol 12, which was promulgated by the then Ministry of Education. After the founding of New China, the General Administration of Publishing further summarized the rules for the use of punctuation marks and published the usage of punctuation marks in 195 1. In the same year, the State Council issued the Guiding Opinions on Learning the Usage of Punctuation in 1.
From then on, punctuation tends to be perfect and has a unified usage. 1990 In April, the State Language Committee and the Press and Publication Administration revised and promulgated the Usage of Punctuation Symbols, which made new provisions and explanations on punctuation marks and their usage.
3. The punctuation marks in ancient Chinese generally didn't have any punctuation marks and spaces, but when reading new books, the ancients used to put a symbol similar to today's pause, which the ancients called "note". In order to facilitate people's reading, scholars add a big circle when annotating books, which actually plays the role of sentence breaking.
The word "."appeared around the Song Dynasty. , ","means sentence reading. Names and place names only appeared in the Ming Dynasty. 19 19 On the basis of the original punctuation marks in China and referring to the punctuation marks commonly used in other countries, the Preparatory Committee for the Unified Planning of Putonghua stipulated the symbol 12, which was promulgated by the then Ministry of Education. After the founding of New China, the General Administration of Publishing further summarized the rules for the use of punctuation marks and published the usage of punctuation marks in 195 1. In the same year, the State Council issued the Guiding Opinions on Learning the Usage of Punctuation in 1. From then on, punctuation tends to be perfect and has a unified usage. 1990 In April, the State Language Committee and the Press and Publication Administration revised and promulgated the Usage of Punctuation Symbols, which made new provisions and explanations on punctuation marks and their usage.
4. Why is there no punctuation in China's classical Chinese? Now let's complain: Who asked such a painful and exhausting question? It is easy to ask, but it is fatal to prove.
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
The following is the official answer:
First of all, there are punctuation marks in ancient Chinese, such as:
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Book of Houmameng used one or two short lines to indicate punctuation.
The short horizontal line circled by the red circle above is punctuation.
Lao Zi, a silk book written by Han Ma Wang Dun;
Punctuations are marked with blue circles. At this time, the punctuation system becomes more complicated. In addition to the single and double short horizontal lines in front, there are corner symbols, triangle symbols, point symbols, box symbols and so on. They are also used differently.
Lu Deming's classic interpretation of the Tang Dynasty (the picture shows the Song Dynasty engraving);
The pause and period here basically took the present form.
Notes on Shang Shu Biao in Song Dynasty
In the book, figures such as circle, square, black triangle, flat bar and semicircle are used as punctuation marks.
Criminal record of Ming dynasty
Punctuation is similar to classical interpretation, which is basically a pause and a period. In addition, circles are also used as bullets.
Yongle ceremony in Ming dynasty;
Only one period (circle) is used as punctuation, and the little red circle in the picture is it.
In addition, there are punctuation methods without symbols in classical Chinese, such as:
Punctuation with spaces: Punctuate with spaces, such as Huayang Record in Song Dynasty;
Punctuation: Punctuation is used as punctuation, that is, punctuation is made at the place of the whole sentence, such as Selected Works of Notes by Liu Chen of Song Dynasty.
Punctuation of Chinese characters: punctuation is based on Chinese characters such as "sentence" and "reading", that is, the word "sentence" or "reading" is added after each sentence, such as the interpretation of "Reading Four Books and Sentences" in Qing Dynasty.
Of course, there were a lot of books without punctuation in ancient times. For these books, punctuation is usually expressed in a specific way. For example, in poetry, repetitive forms and neat sentences are used, and in Sao, "Xi" is used to indicate the end of a sentence. In addition, Teacher Fan Yanting has given a detailed explanation, so I won't go into details here. Note that these are not only the methods of clause, but also the problems that must be paid attention to when writing articles. "Wen Xin Diao Zhang Long Sentence" talks about the problem of using function words to help readers break sentences when writing articles: "The poet used the word" Xi "in the sentence limit, and the word" Chu Ci "to make a sentence. Looking for the word Xi is a sentence, but language helps the rest of the sound. Shun Yong's "South Wind" has been used for a long time, but Wu Weihao is useless, isn't it? As for "My husband only covers the old", it is the first song of the originator; It is the old tune of Zagreb's sentence "well-founded"; Those who are "excellent" also have to attend the last regular class. According to things like leisure, I am really cutting. Lucky, sewing style, can make a few sentences, a life-saving word. Foreign words are difficult to understand and the situation is embarrassing. "
Of course, these methods still can't solve all the problems, so there are many unsolved cases in ancient China, such as the first sentence of Zi Han in The Analects of Confucius:
Should "Zi Han talks about benefiting life and benevolence" do: "Zi Han talks about benefiting life and benevolence." Or "the son is poor in words." With life and love. "People always put forward different explanations. When encountering these problems, we need to refer to some notes, cooperate with the basic skills of primary schools, and carefully identify them in order to understand their original intention.
In fact, you should be able to see that there were many books with punctuation marks in ancient China, not just those without punctuation marks. The problem is that the punctuation system is not uniform. Almost every family uses a system. You use a circle, I use a circle. You use solid, I use hollow. You mark it on the left side of the text, and I mark it under the text ... Like other kinds of knowledge, the problem is that there is no system. There is no system, so it can't circulate, and then it's gone.