What color is Duan Inkstone?
1. Look at the color:
Among Duan Inkstones, the stone color is purple with blue, which is best when placed in the sun or placed The stone color is the most obvious in the water, followed by purple with green and purple with red. In addition to purple, there are also white, cyan, green and other colors.
2. Observe the quality of the stone:
Generally, the quality of the Duan Inkstone should be considered first. The quality of the good Duan Inkstone can maintain its value forever. The fine, smooth and solid stone is better.
3. Feel the weight:
Duan Stone is a sedimentary rock with moderate weight and a moist feeling when you use it. If it feels too light or too heavy, it will feel boring and it is a fake. Suspicion.
4. Listen to the sound:
The sound of the Duan inkstone is small and dull, unlike the crisp and loud sound of other stone inkstones.
5. Press with your fingers:
Press your fingers on the inkstone for 1 second, and there will be finger marks formed by "water vapor" on the end inkstone.
6. Take a breath:
Take a breath close to the Duan Inkstone, and a thin layer of water will condense on the inkstone. You can see how much condensed water is there by touching it with your finger. What color is the Duan Inkstone?
Different varieties have different colors. Search online or find professional books. Of course, this still requires time and experience accumulation. It depends on your purpose---What color is the inkstone?
The color of the inkstone depends on the color of the stone. What color is stone inkstone?
Stone inkstone has different colors according to the stone material.
1. Duan inkstones are mostly dark purple and pig liver color, and some have green ends.
2. She Yan (Dragon Tail Inkstone) is mostly black with eyebrow lines, ribs, gold halos, and gold stars. There are also eel roe stones with spots like eels, which are dark yellow.
3. Tao inkstones are mostly green, with good varieties such as duck head green and ocher-red partridge blood stone.
4. Most of the Songhua inkstones are dark green, ginger and vermilion red, and there are also jade white ones. What is used to make the black color of Duan Inkstone?
Strictly speaking, Duan Inkstone is not black, but blue, purple, gray purple, red purple, pig liver red, gold stone skin, emerald green, carmine red, marble white, Wait
When you say Duan Inkstone is black, I guess it is the color after Duan Inkstone is painted with ink.
What are Fang Duan Inkstone and She Inkstone?
Duan Inkstone is the best among the "Four Treasures of the Study" in China. It has a long history, excellent stone quality and exquisite carvings.
One of the four famous inkstones in ancient China.
In the early Tang Dynasty, in the Duanxi area of ??Lanke Mountain in Lingyang Gorge, the eastern suburbs of Zhaoqing, Guangdong (known as Duanzhou in ancient times), workers appeared who made a living by mining inkstones and producing Duan inkstones. Here, the water of the Xijiang River flowing eastward passes through the gorge and goes straight to the South China Sea. The two banks are surrounded by majestic mountains and emerald green rocks. The Shuiyan (Laokeng), Kengziyan, Mazikeng, Chaotianyan, Gutayan, Xuandeyan... in Duanyan's famous pit are scattered in this picturesque environment. The Duan inkstones produced gradually became Zhaoqing's unique arts and crafts; they were deeply loved by literati and appreciated by dignitaries, emperors and generals. In the Song Dynasty, Duan Inkstone began to be listed as a "tribute" and became famous at home and abroad.
The reason why Duan Inkstone is so valuable is that the stone is particularly young, pure, delicate, moist, solid, and tight. The Duan Inkstone made of it has the characteristics of being able to grind ink by breathing in, making ink without damaging any hair, and not freezing in winter. features. It is also related to the hardships of its mining and production. The creation of a Duan Inkstone requires more than ten arduous and delicate processes, including detection, excavation, transportation, material selection, finishing, design, carving, polishing, washing, and assembly. Mining inkstones cannot be mechanized and can only be done manually. The quarry workers of all ages followed the direction of the stone veins and followed the natural flow to excavate into the deep layers, cutting through the joints. It is rare to find 30% to 40% of the quarried inkstones usable. The tunnel slopes downward and twists and turns. Workers have to squat and bend when entering and exiting. In some areas, only one person can crawl naked. The ancients said: "The old pit is crawling and the pit is slanted, and the quarrymen used credit from the same generation. To cut the purple clouds and carve them, it is not a luxury to cut them off for a thousand gold."
In addition, the exquisite carvings of inkstone craftsmen of the past dynasties , making its styles colorful, gradually improving from the practical type in the early Tang Dynasty to the height of combining practicality and appreciation in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and entering the ranks of national arts and crafts. Now it has become a wonderful flower in the garden of Chinese arts and crafts and is famous far and wide. Chinese and foreign tourists who come to Zhaoqing are all proud to own the exquisite and colorful Duan Inkstone.
She Inkstone is one of the four famous inkstones in China and is as famous as Duan Inkstone in the history of inkstones. It is named after the processing and distribution of inkstones in ancient Shezhou Prefecture. She inkstone began in the Tang Dynasty. The book "Shezhou Inkstone Book" of the Northern Tang Dynasty records: Wuyuan inkstone was published in "In the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, the hunter Ye drove animals to the Great Wall. He saw stacked stones like ramparts, which were bright and clean. Because he brought them back, he published them as inkstones, which were warm and moist. "Greater than Duanxi." From then on, She Inkstone became famous all over the world. According to historical records, She inkstone was very popular during the prosperous Tang Dynasty. The skip-shaped She inkstone made in the fifth year of Tang Kaicheng's reign was unearthed in Hefei in 1976. The stone is fine and smooth, and the color is pure. It is a precious relic of the early She inkstone.
During the Southern Tang Dynasty, She inkstones were greatly favored. The owner, Li Jing, was exquisite in calligraphy and inkstones and treasured She inkstones. He specially set up an inkstone service in Shezhou and selected Li Shaowei, a master of inkstone craftsmanship, as the inkstone service officer. The later owner, Li Yu, was very fond of She inkstones. He praised She inkstone, Chengxintang paper and Li Ting silicon ink as the best in the world. In the Song Dynasty, She inkstones achieved great development. The scale of She stone mining expanded, and fine She inkstones continued to emerge. The variety of names and colors, the fine texture, and the carving work were the best among all inkstones. In 1953, 17 She inkstones were unearthed from the Song Dynasty kiln in She County. The stones were of different textures and shapes and were skillfully made, showing the exquisite appearance of the She stones. According to the records of inkstone records, there are 7 kinds of eyebrow patterns, 13 kinds of outer mountain rib patterns, and 10 kinds of Shuixuan gold inscriptions in the Song Dynasty. The various patterns and colors are brilliant and brilliant. Just as the calligrapher Cai Junmo of the Song Dynasty praised: "The quality of jade is pure and green." The reason is exquisite, and the sharp edges are all silent. Xiangru still persists in hearing the truth, and is willing to ask for the fifteen cities of Qin people. "In the poem, She inkstone is compared with Bian He's jade, and She stone is considered to be extremely valuable. After the Yuan Dynasty, the mining of inkstones continued intermittently, but inkstones still appeared in large numbers and became treasures that were admired by the courts and gentry families of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Sheshi stone is of excellent quality, shiny and dense, and has the eight virtues of "hard, moist, soft, healthy, fine, greasy, clean and beautiful". Tender and firm, moist but not slippery, it has a sound when buckled, caressed like skin, and sharpened like a sharp edge. It is suitable for producing ink. It also has a brilliant texture and a color that resembles the sky. After long-term use, residual ink on the inkstone will become dirty when it is put into water. After washing, it will be bright and clean and look like new. Sheshi pattern colors include ribs, eyebrows, gold stars and silver stars. Especially those with unique rib patterns and eyebrows are considered top quality. The rhinoceros horn pattern, loach back pattern, fine rib pattern, and dark rib pattern among the rib patterns are all exquisite products made of moist ink and water, and have always been treasured by connoisseurs. In addition, She inkstones have their own characteristics in terms of carving, maintenance, and recording of inkstone history. Modern She inkstone production has undergone great recovery and development, regardless of mining pits, inkstone making processes, and carving techniques. Some patterns and varieties that disappeared in history have been rediscovered, and several new varieties have been added, making them famous. The production of She inkstones has added a new style. What color is iron, what color is copper, what color is green
Iron powder is black, pure iron is white or silvery white
Metal elements are generally silvery white , of course this is when its crystal has a certain geometric shape. When a metal is exposed to certain conditions, its crystal geometry is destroyed and the metal becomes a black powder. The colors of iron nuggets and iron powder are different because of the different geometric shapes of their crystals. Iron powder does not have the geometric shape of a single crystal. Non-metallic elements are generally colored.
In the final analysis, it is still a problem of optics:
It is the reason of optics! Because the geometric shapes of their crystals are different, iron powder does not have the geometric shape of a single crystal. In this way, the iron block absorbs part of the visible light and specularly reflects the other part of the visible light; the light that the iron powder has not absorbed is diffusely reflected, and less visible light can enter the human eye, so it is black.
Metallic copper is purple-red, so metallic copper is called red copper, red copper and red copper. Chemistry manuals and textbooks describe the colors of metallic copper as follows: red, purple-red, rose-red and brown-red. These accounts are similar in that they all describe the most basic hue of metallic copper - red. But there are also books that believe copper can also be yellow. Recently, A. H. Galero and others wrote an article in the American Journal of Chemical Education (hereinafter referred to as Gavin) and believed that Cu is yellow and the light red color of Cu is caused by Cu2O that is easily generated in the air. There are three reasons for this: ① Phosphor bronze is yellow; ② The yellow needle-like crystals of Cu can be seen from the special micrograph of Cu2O matrix; ③ The copper strip preheated to red heat can show bright color in methanol or acetone vapor. of yellow. From this point of view, the color of metallic copper is still a controversial issue, and it is necessary to clarify it. The author intends to talk about his own views on this issue through the analysis of Gavin. The author of Gavin regards the yellow color of phosphor bronze as the intermediate color produced by mixing the original color of metallic copper with the white color of metallic tin and aluminum. Apparently, he regards the formation of this alloy simply as the mixing of yellow pigment and white pigment. This is inappropriate. In fact, even if two metals have the same structure and are soluble in each other in various proportions, there are not many cases where their alloys can show intermediate colors. In most alloy systems, the color of the alloy often changes unexpectedly due to the possible emergence of new crystal structures. For example, if certain white metals are added to Au, the color of the alloy formed will vary depending on the metal: adding Fe will result in blue; adding Al will result in purple. In some cases, even the amount of white metal added will cause the alloy to show a completely different color: adding a small amount of Ag to Au, the alloy remains yellow; adding 25% Ag, the alloy turns green
< p> Aluminum is silvery white. What is Duan Inkstone?Among the four famous inkstones produced in China, Duan Inkstone is the most famous. Zhang Jiucheng, a famous poet of the Song Dynasty, wrote a poem praising: "The ancient Duanxi inkstone is a wonder in the world, with its purple flowers spitting out rainbow colors at midnight." Duanxi inkstone has a long history, with excellent stone quality and exquisite carvings. There is She Inkstone which is as famous as Duan Inkstone. Duan inkstones are produced in Lanke Mountain in the east of Zhaoqing City and Beiling Mountain in the north of Qixingyan in Zhaoqing City (from Xiaoxiang Gorge in the west to Dinghu Mountain in the east), especially inkstones from Laokeng, Mazikeng and Kengzaiyan. for the best. What do Duan inkstone, She inkstone, Cheng inkstone and Tao inkstone mean?
Duan Inkstone, She Inkstone, Cheng Inkstone, and Tao Inkstone are the four most famous inkstones in China.
It is the inkstone used by ancient people for writing.
Duan Inkstone, which ranks among the top famous inkstones, is produced in Zhaoqing, Guangdong. Its inkstone stone belongs to the Devonian argillaceous siliceous mica slate. The mineral components are mud, sericite, quartz and particulate magnetite. The mineral particle size is less than 0.01 mm. The composition is uniform, the texture is fine and easy to ink. The sericite in the rock makes the inkstone fine, soft and slippery without damaging it. The coexistence of clay and silicon makes the inkstone soft yet strong. The denseness of slate also enables the inkstone to store ink without drying up. Duan inkstone production has a history of more than 1,000 years and has a good reputation overseas. Duanyan inkstones, especially Laokeng stone, are the most valuable. It is said that one pound of Duanyan stone is worth thousands of gold. She Inkstone is named after being produced in She County, Anhui Province. Its current stone material belongs to the gray-black quartz-containing silt dry slate of the Banxi Group in the Sinian System of the Proterozoic. The mineral components are sericite, quartz, microcrystalline pyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, limonite and mud, etc. The mineral particles are small, generally between 0.005-0.01 mm. The stone is dense and fine, so it will not be damaged when used. Inkstone generally contains sericite, which makes the ink durable; and the quartz particles are evenly distributed. This makes She inkstone have the characteristics of "fine yet sharp, soft yet strong". The pyrite and marcasite microcrystals in the inkstone show dots of Venus and silver stars, which is called "Venus Inkstone" or "Silver Star Inkstone". Su Dongpo, a famous writer in the Song Dynasty, spoke highly of the She inkstone: "The beauty of the inkstone is that it moistens and produces ink, and everything else is irrelevant. However, the two harm each other. The one who produces the ink must waste the pen, and the writer who does not waste the ink must not remove the ink. The two virtues are difficult. Both. Only the inkstone does not retain the pen, and the ink is not slippery. The two virtues are complementary. "In Su Dongpo's eyes, the inkstone is the most precious thing in the world and the crown of the inkstone garden.
Tao inkstones are produced in the Tao River in Gansu Province. They were discovered by Wang Zhao on the banks of the Tao River during the battle in the fourth year of Xining, the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Song Dynasty (1071 AD). The inkstone stone is Lower Carboniferous hydromica argillaceous slate, which is a rock formed by metamorphism of argillaceous rock. Its mineral components are mud, hydromica, quartz, chlorite, etc. The mineral particle size is less than 0.01 mm, and the texture is dense, delicate and moist. The ink is stored in it and will not bleed or dry out over night. The ink will be as smooth as oil, slippery but will not repel ink, astringent but will not stagnate the pen, and will not damage the pen. As soon as Tao inkstone came out, literati and poets rushed to buy it, and it became famous for a while. Huang Tingjian said: "Taozhou green does not contain wind ripples, and can be sharpened as sharp as a cone." Su Dongpo chanted, "The misty gods live in the immortals, imagining a cloud of smoke." Mitty described, "The green is like court clothes, deep and deep. The one is more lovely," Zhang Wenqian praised, "When the ink is tested in the open window, the ink is beautiful and moist, and the color of Duanzhou Shezhou is incomparable." The masters profoundly described the physical properties and calligraphy functions of Tao inkstone from different aspects.
Where is Cheng Inkstone, one of the four famous inkstones, produced? There are different opinions: some say it is produced in Jiangzhou, Shanxi, some say it is produced in Henan Lingbao, and some say it is produced in Suzhou, Jiangsu. Suzhou Chengyan Stone is made of dark gray to blackish green muddy slate and silt-containing muddy slate. The formation age of the rock formation is the Upper Paleozoic Permian, formed by the metamorphism of muddy rock. The main mineral is sericite, followed by mud, iron and a small amount of quartz silt. Nodules and brachiopod fossils can be seen. The rock has medium hardness and is not easily broken. Large pieces of slate can reach more than 100cm x 100cm, and a single layer of inkstone can be tens of centimeters thick. Suzhou inkstone is famous for its fine texture and easy carving. The stone inkstones produced can store ink without drying out and emit ink without damaging the fine edges. They are favored by users at home and abroad.
Stone inkstones have a long history in my country, dating back thousands of years from the Tang Dynasty to the present. Among the famous inkstones of the past dynasties, the lithology of most stone inkstones is slate, argillaceous slate and silt-containing muddy slate. In addition to the four famous inkstones, there are Ningxia Yinchuan Helan inkstone which is made of silty muddy slate, Jiangxi Yushan ribbed inkstone which is made of quartz-containing silt clay slate, Henan Jiyuan Pangu inkstone which is made of purple-gray calcareous mudstone, and Zhejiang Shaoxing inkstone which is made of tuffaceous inkstone. Mud slate etc. Those using marl and limestone as raw materials, such as Jilin Tonghua Songhua Inkstone and Shandong Yidu Red Silk Inkstone, are microcrystalline limestone. Some limestones also contain animal fossils, which is the icing on the cake. They are top-grade stone inkstones, such as Hunan chrysanthemum stone inkstone and trilobite inkstone. It can be seen that the quality of stone inkstones depends on the texture of the rock. The outstanding calligraphy functions of the four famous inkstones benefit from the excellent quality of the inkstones.
(Author: Yao Jianping)