First, the definition of drama:
There are two flowers, one for each table. We divide China's plays into "modern and contemporary plays" and "classical plays".
Drama is a literary genre juxtaposed with poetry, prose and novels, and it is a comprehensive stage art. With the help of literature, music, dance and art, it shapes the image of stage art, reveals social contradictions and reflects real life.
Key points of definition:
1, when we say "drama", we actually mean scripts (drama literature)
In the west, drama means drama. In China, drama is the general name of traditional operas, dramas and operas in China, and it also often refers to drama.
Second, the classification of drama:
(1), with different forms of expression: drama, opera (white-haired girl and Madame Butterfly), ballet (red female soldier, Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty), poetic drama and musical.
(2) The complexity and structure of the plot are different: full-length drama and one-act drama.
"Act" and "field" are often used in scripts to represent paragraphs and plots. "Act" refers to a large section of plot development. "A scene" can be divided into several scenes, and "a scene" refers to a plot that changes in space or separates in time. Scripts generally require that the length should not be too long, the characters should not be too many, and the scenes should not be changed too much. Novices adapt short plays from textbooks, and it is best to write short one-act plays.
(3) Themes reflect different times: historical dramas and modern dramas.
(4) From the difference of plot theme; Tragedy, comedy, drama (tragicomedy).
(5) Different regional colors: Beijing Opera (Beijing), Shanghai Opera (Shanghai), Henan Opera (Henan), Shandong Opera (Shandong and Jiangsu), Sichuan Opera, Han Opera (Hubei), Chu Opera (Hubei and Jiangxi), Shanxi Opera (Shanxi) and Huangmei Opera (Zhejiang).
(6) Different performance occasions: stage play, radio play, TV play, etc.
Third, the characteristics of drama:
(1), the script must be suitable for stage performance. Drama itself is not limited by time and space (from one scene to another, from one scene to another, it may be ten or twenty years in a flash). When an actor turns around on the stage, it can be said that he came to Beijing from Fuzhou. When he wields a sword on the stage, it can also mean that he is in command of thousands of troops, even though there is nothing when we watch it. ) So the performance will be limited by time and space. Concentrate the long-term events in different places on a limited stage and show them in two or three hours.
(2) There must be concentrated and sharp conflicts (dramatic conflicts).
Drama reflects the contradictions and conflicts in real life. Without contradictions and conflicts, there would be no drama. Contradictions and conflicts have a certain development process and constitute the plot structure of the script. Therefore, the plot structure of the script can be divided into: (prologue) beginning-development-climax-ending (epilogue).
First, what is drama conflict?
The conflicts between the characters, the characters themselves and the environment shown in the script are mainly reflected in the ideological conflicts and personality conflicts of the characters in the play. Ask the students to give various examples from the scripts they have learned.
Personality conflict is caused by different characters' personalities, identities, status and cultural attainments, and different understandings and attitudes towards society, which leads to various contradictions and conflicts.
B, the relationship and difference between drama conflict and social contradiction
Drama conflicts reflect social contradictions, which are more concentrated, sharper and more intense than social contradictions. There is a process of occurrence, development, intensification and solution.
To appreciate a script, we must first understand the contradictions and conflicts in the script, see how the conflicts arise and what the nature of the conflicts is, and then understand the development process of the conflicts, so as to fully grasp the plot of the script.
(3) Drama language includes character language (vivid dialogue between characters. The language and actions of the characters must conform to their respective identities and characteristics) and stage descriptions.
"Without sound, even the best play can't come out."
(1), stage description: including character list, stage art, environment, sound, character up and down, gestures, movements, expressions, etc. These explanations have played a certain role in portraying characters' personalities and promoting and developing drama plots. This part of the language requires concise, concise and clear words. This part of the content generally appears at the beginning of each scene (field). The end and middle of a conversation are usually enclosed in brackets (square brackets or parentheses).
(2) Character language: including monologue, narration and dialogue (monologue is what characters say when they express their personal feelings and wishes alone; Narrator is what a character says to the audience from the side behind other actors on the stage. The script is the main part of the script, which mainly promotes the development of the plot and expresses the character through lines. Its task is to unfold the plot, prompt the characters and express the theme.
Traditional Chinese opera is a traditional art of the Chinese nation. It consists of literature, music, dance, fine arts, martial arts, acrobatics and performing arts. Its origin has a long history. In the long development process, after more than 800 years of enrichment, innovation and development. It pays attention to singing, doing, reading and playing, and is full of dance and high technology. Its composition is different from other operas, and it has become a complete system of traditional Chinese opera art.
According to incomplete statistics, there are about 360 kinds of traditional operas and tens of thousands of traditional plays in ethnic minority areas in China. After the founding of New China, many traditional plays have been adapted, and new historical plays and modern plays that express the theme of modern life have been warmly welcomed by the audience. The more popular and famous operas are Beijing Opera, Kunqu Opera, Yue Opera, Henan Opera, xiang opera Opera, Guangdong Opera, Qin Opera, Sichuan Opera, Pingju Opera, Shanxi Opera, Han Opera, Chaozhou Opera, Fujian Opera, Hebei Bangzi Opera, Huangmei Opera and Hunan Opera. There are more than 50 kinds of operas, especially Peking Opera, which is the most popular, covering the whole country, regardless of geographical restrictions. However, in recent years, the development of China's drama art has been weakening day by day, and it has been impacted by the new art, especially the songs from Hong Kong and Taiwan have flooded into the mainland, and they are idolized. As a student, they are eager for stars, but they know little about the artistic treasures of our Chinese nation.
China's ancient drama is called "drama" because it is mainly composed of "drama" and "qu". China's operas mainly include Southern Opera in Song and Yuan Dynasties, Zaju in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, legends and legends in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and traditional repertoires of modern Peking Opera and other local operas. Is the floorboard of China national drama culture.
Modern drama mainly refers to drama, opera, ballet, etc. Since the 20th century, drama has been introduced from the west, while foreign drama generally refers to drama.
China opera has a long history, which originated from songs and dances imitating labor.
(A) Pre-Qin-the embryonic stage of China traditional opera. The "Ode" in The Book of Songs and the "Nine Songs" in The Songs of Chu are the lyrics of singing and dancing when offering sacrifices to the gods. From the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Han Dynasty, recreational songs and dances gradually evolved. From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the mid-Tang Dynasty, there appeared "Jiao Di" (that is, a hundred plays), in which "joining the army" performed in a question-and-answer way and "dancers" performing short stories of life were all budding plays.
(2) The Tang Dynasty (middle and late period)-the formation period of traditional Chinese opera. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, China's drama advanced by leaps and bounds, and the art of drama gradually took shape.
(3) Song and Jin Dynasties-the development period of China traditional opera. "Zaju" in Song Dynasty, "Courtyard Style" in Jin Dynasty and "Zhu Gong Tune" in rap form all laid the foundation of Zaju in Yuan Dynasty in music, structure and content.
(D) Yuan Dynasty-the mature period of China traditional opera. In the Yuan Dynasty, "Zaju" developed greatly on the original basis and became a new kind of drama. It has the basic characteristics of drama, which indicates that China's drama has entered a mature stage.
Yuan Zaju is a comprehensive stage art that inherits and develops the literary achievements of the previous generation on the fertile soil of folk operas, and is improved and created through the joint efforts of teaching workshops, theaters, actors, musicians and "book clubs". Metaphysically, Yuan Zaju uses four sets of northern songs to arrange stories, and the disjointed parts are combined with wedges to form the usual format of four folds and one wedge (Wang Shifu's The West Chamber is a unique novel in Yuan Zaju, * * * wrote five 2/kloc-0 folds), and each fold is composed of several tunes of the same palace tune, and a "wedge" is added when necessary. At the end, two, four and eight lines are used to summarize the content of the whole play, which is called "getting to the point". Each fold includes three parts: Qu Ci, Bai Hua () and (). The lyrics are written according to the music cards that the tutor needs, also called Wen Qu, lyrics or lyric poems. Its function is to tell stories and portray characters. All the lyrics rhyme. Vernacular writing is an artistic means to express the plot or explain the relationship between characters in the form of words, which can be divided into dialogue (dialogue between characters), monologue (words that characters express their personal feelings and wishes alone), narration (words that characters recite to the audience from other players on the stage) and vernacular writing (words inserted in lyrics). The subject is action, expression, etc. A play is usually sung by one person to the end or the end, and the other feet are all white. The lead singer at the end of the program is called "Final Book", and the lead singer at the end of the program is called "Final Book".
Foot color:
Ending: male role. The hero is the hero in Yuan Zaju.
Dan: Play a female role. Zheng Dan (the heroine in the play), Xiao Dan and Cha Dan.
Jing: Commonly known as "painted face" and "painted face", most of them play male roles with special characters or appearances. For example, Yuan, a civil servant (government official), falls into this category.
Ugliness: Also known as "Three Faces" or "Small Faces", it plays humorous roles, including Wen Chou and Wu Ugly.
Foreigner: There are foreignness, foreignness and foreignness in Yuan Zaju. , which are the secondary roles at the end, Dan and Jing. Inside job-the end of the outside.
Miscellaneous: Also known as "miscellaneous". Play the role name of the old woman. Such as: Cai.