The Book of Songs
The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems, which contains 305 poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period.
The Songs of Chu
During the Warring States Period, the first great patriotic poet Qu Yuan appeared in China.
Han Chinese clothing, Hanfu
Hanwu, Xuanyuan and Chengdi era, Hanfu reached its peak.
Sima Xiangru was the most accomplished and famous in this period, and was called "sanctification" in the history of Han Fu. The story of him and Zhuo Wenjun. Widely circulated among the people. A "Phoenix Seeking Phoenix" is a legendary story through the ages.
"Phoenix Begging Phoenix" Sima Xiangru
Phoenix phoenix phoenix phoenix phoenix phoenix phoenix phoenix phoenix phoenix phoenix phoenix. I didn't know what to do when I didn't meet Xi. Why don't I go to Sishang today?
There are beautiful women in the boudoir, and the people in the room are poisoning my intestines. Why do you want to be a mandarin duck? You are flying!
Burning, burning, burning, burning, burning, burning, burning, burning, burning, burning, burning. Who knows in the middle of the night?
My wings fly high and my thoughts make me sad.
Tang poetry
The Tang Dynasty was the heyday of the development of China's classical poetry. Wang Anshi once said: "The good language in the world has been exhausted by Lao Du. The universal language has been exhausted by Lotte. " There are many authors of Tang poetry: Li Bai, Du Fu, "Little Du Li" (Du Mu, Li Shangyin) and so on.
The basic forms of Tang poetry are quatrains and metrical poems, including four quatrains and eight metrical poems, which are divided into five words and seven words (that is, five or seven words per sentence).
Song ci
Ci, a kind of ancient poetry in China, began in Liang, became in Tang and flourished in Song, hence the name "Song Ci". Song ci is a brilliant giant diamond in the crown of ancient Chinese literature, which has always been called "double unique" with Tang poetry. The most famous poets in Song Dynasty are Su Dongpo, Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao and others.
A word, some with only one paragraph, is called monotony; Some are divided into two sections, called double tones; Some are divided into three or four sections, which are called three or four sections. The sentence patterns of Song Ci are not as uniform as those of Tang Poetry, but they are staggered in length.
Name of lyrics and songs
For example, Dianjiang Lip, Qujiang Moon, Nian Nujiao and so on. Some follow ancient Yuefu poems, some take words from poems, some are based on a historical allusion, and some are written by famous artists.
Yuan zaju
Yuanqu is another literary form formed after Tang poetry and Song poetry. Yuan Qu can be roughly divided into two kinds, one is Yuan Zaju and the other is Yuan Sanqu. Zaju is a form that combines songs, spoken language and dance. Sanqu is poetry. Guan Hanqing's Dou 'e Yuan represents the peak of the artistic development of Yuan Zaju, and Ma Zhiyuan's Sanqu Tian Jing Sha and Qiu Si are well-known.
Tianjin Sand "Qiu Si"
Old vines are faint crows, small bridges are flowing, and old roads are thin horses.
When the sun sets, heartbroken people are at the end of the world.
Ming and Qing novels
Ming and Qing Dynasties are the prosperous periods in the history of China's novels.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms Luo Guanzhong
This book vividly describes the complicated history of the separation of the three kingdoms and the final unification of Sima in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. It is China's first Zhang Hui novel, the first historical romance novel, and the most successful novel about war (the battle of Guandu, the battle of Battle of Red Cliffs and the battle of Yiling) among China's classical novels.
Main characters: Cao Cao, Zhuge Liang, Zhou Yu, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, etc.
Shi Naian (Luo Guanzhong), author of Water Margin.
This book describes the magnificent story that Song Jiang led 108 people and forced Liangshan to "do justice for heaven" during the Xuanhe period of the Northern Song Dynasty. It is China's most famous heroic legendary novel.
Liangshan heroes: Lin Chong, Lu Da, Li Kui, Song Wu, Yang Zhi, etc.
Wu Cheng'en, Journey to the West.
Based on the story of Xuanzang, a monk in the Tang Dynasty, who went to Tianzhu (India) to learn Buddhist scriptures. It is a well-known romantic ghost novel.
Two popular literary images are depicted in the book, one is the Monkey King, who is well-connected and the other is Pig, who is timid and selfish.
"Three words and two beats"
Feng Menglong: Yu Shiming, Yan, Yan and Yan are collectively called "Sanyan".
Ling Mengchu: "Surprise at the first moment" and "Surprise at the second moment" are collectively called "Erpai".
Pu Songling, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio
It represents the highest achievement of China's classical novels. The author expresses his loneliness and anger through the story of the ghost fox.
Cao Xueqin's Dream of Red Mansions
It is the best of China's classical novels.
The Cao family once lived in Jiangning weaving for three generations, but their wealth declined after being copied. Based on the life of Cao family, this book describes the history of Jia family from prosperity to decline.
Artistic images: Jia Baoyu, Lin Daiyu, Xue Baochai, Wang Xifeng, Qingwen, etc.
Denunciation novels in late Qing Dynasty
Li's "Officialdom Appears: The First of Four Denunciation Novels in the Late Qing Dynasty" constitutes a "hundred ugly pictures" of officialdom, which is thought-provoking. In addition, there are Wu Woyao's Twenty Years of Wonderland, Liu E's Travel Notes of Lao Can, and Ceng Pu's Evil Flowers. These four books, together with Wu's The Scholars (Fan Jinzhong Residence), are called the five marvelous books of Ming and Qing Dynasties, which vividly depict all the beings in the society.
In addition, the famous novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties include the Romance of the Gods by Xu (or Geng), the Biography of Waking Marriage by Zhou, the Biography of Waking Marriage, the Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Legend of Leifeng Pagoda, Li Yu's Silent Drama and The Twelfth Floor.
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0 1, the history of ancient literature in China and the main literary styles in ancient times (1); Myths and Legends (2) Pre-Qin Period: Prose (Historical Prose, hundred schools of thought's Essays) (3) Han Dynasty: Historical Prose of Yuefu Folk Songs (4) Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: Poetry, etc. (5) Tang Dynasty: Poetry (6) Song Dynasty: Ci (7) Yuan Dynasty: Qu (8) Ming and Qing Dynasties: Qu.
02. Ancient myths and legends
(1) The so-called myth is a collective oral creation of ancient people to explain and describe the artistic significance of the natural and social phenomena they came into contact with. (2) the main contents of ancient myths are:
A, self-evident phenomenon: Goddess fills the sky, Nu Wa creates man, and Pangu opens the sky.
B, reflecting the struggle between man and nature: Yu manages water, Hou Yi shoots the sun, and Jing Wei fills the sea.
C, reflecting the social struggle: Huangdi vs Chiyou; (3) Main works recording ancient myths: Huai Nan Zi, Shan Hai Jing, Zhuangzi, etc.
03. China's first collection of poems, The Book of Songs.
(1) The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems, including 305 poems from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period. (2) In the pre-Qin period, The Book of Songs was collectively referred to as The Book of Songs or The Three Hundred Poems. It was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that Confucianism regarded it as a classic and named it The Book of Songs. (3) The Book of Songs is divided into three parts: wind, elegance and ode. The form is mainly four words, and the current methods are "Fu", "Bi" and "Xing". (4) The Book of Songs includes: Shuoshu, Getan, Guanju and so on. (5) The Book of Songs laid a realistic foundation for China's classical poetry. (6) The famous sentence in The Book of Songs: Stones from other mountains can attack jade | The speaker is not guilty, and the speaker is forbidden. If you don't see Sanqiu Xi | for a day, there is no beginning for decadence, and there is a beginning for fresh grams.
Qu Yuan, the first great patriotic poet in China.
(1) Qu Yuan, whose real name is Ping, was born in Chu State during the Warring States Period. He is "well-read, memorized, good at dealing with chaos and good at rhetoric". Politically, he advocated cultivating Ming statutes and uniting against Qin, which was opposed by conservatives and exiled twice (former-Hanbei; After-Jiangnan Dongting). In 278 BC, he died in the Miluo River on May 5th in the summer calendar. (2) Qu Yuan was the first great patriotic poet in China, and his poems expressed his feelings of worrying about the country and the people and his resentment of expanding his ambition. Famous articles include: Li Sao, Tian Wen and Nine Chapters and Nine Songs. (3) Li Sao is Qu Yuan's masterpiece, an immortal romantic masterpiece, and the first lyric poem in ancient China (the first narrative poem is Peacock Flying Southeast in Han Dynasty). The famous sentence in the poem is: It's a long way, but this is Xiu Yuan, so I will do it from top to bottom. It laid the romantic foundation of China's classical poetry. (4) China is called coquettish in the history of poetry. "Feng" refers to the national style of The Book of Songs, and "Sao" refers to Li Sao, both of which represent literature.
05. China's second collection of poems-Songs of the South.
(1) The Songs of Chu is a new poetic style created by Chu people headed by Qu Yuan on the basis of their own folk songs during the Warring States Period. (2) The Songs of Chu is a collection of poems by Liu Xiang, a Han Chinese, which includes the poems of Qu Yuan, Song Yu, Dong Fangshuo of Han Dynasty, Huainan Mountain and himself. It is another collection of poems after The Book of Songs, with a total of 17 poems, of which Qu Yuan's works account for the vast majority.
06, pre-Qin historical prose
(1) Shangshu: A book of ancient times, recording ancient history, from Tang Yu to Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The author is unknown. Today (2) The Spring and Autumn Annals: the first chronological history book in China, covering more than 240 years from Lu Yingong to Lu Aigong. Editor of Confucius. Simple and easy to remember, similar to the current news headlines. (3) Zuo Zhuan: China's first chronological history book for the Spring and Autumn Annals recorded 13 years more than Spring and Autumn Annals, which was written by Lu historian Zuo Qiuming. (4) Mandarin: The earliest national history book in China, which was spread from Zuo Qiuming to Zhou Zhending from Zhou Muwang, has been more than 500 years. (5) National Policy: Also known as Warring States Policy, it is a compilation of historical materials during the Warring States Period and a history book of national sports, with 33 policies of *** 12. Editor Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. (6) Famous sentence: At the end of one's rope | Loss-ridden, benefit with humility | Car dependence, cold lips and teeth, will make mistakes | Remember the past, learn from the future | Better late than never.
07. Prose of Pre-Qin philosophers
(1) Analects of Confucius: Confucian classics. Compiled by Confucius disciples. Reflecting Confucius Thought (Rule of Rites), 20 articles. Confucius, a native of Shandong, was the founder of Confucianism. (2) Mencius: a Confucian classic. Mencius, reflecting Mencius' thoughts (benevolent governance), 7 articles. Mencius, Minke, Zi Yuzi and Lu Guoren are important figures in Confucianism. (3) Xunzi: Confucian works. The book Xunzi reflects Xunzi's thought (materialism). There are 32 articles on Xunzi's name and status, and later generations are respectfully called "Zhe", Zhao, the last representative of Confucianism. (4) Mozi: an important work of Mohism. Mozi and his disciples wrote, reflecting Mozi's thought (universal love), 53 articles of Mozi, Ming Zhai, Lu Ren, founder of Mohism. (5) Laozi: the Taoist classic Tao Te Ching. Laozi, reflecting the old ideas (inaction) Chapter 8 1 Laozi, whose real name is Bai Yang, is the founder of Taoism. (6) Zhuangzi: The South China Classic, a Taoist classic, reflects Zhuangzi Thought (pure and inaction), and 33 articles "Zhuangzi", a famous Zhou, a Song national and an important figure of the Taoist school. (7) The Book of the Later Han Dynasty is an important work of Legalists. Han Fei, reflecting Han Fei's thought (rule of law), 55 articles. Han Fei is a master of pre-Qin legalists. (8) The Art of War, written by Sun Tzu. China's first book on military theory, 13. Sun Tzu, a famous martial artist, was named Changqing, a native of Qi, and an ancient strategist in China. (9) Lu Lan: namely "Lu Chunqiu", a masterpiece of saints. Written by Master Ji, 160 articles. Korean businessmen used to be the prime minister of Qin. (10) famous sentence: If you want to achieve it, you must sharpen your tools first | The three armed forces can win the position of commander in chief, but ordinary people can't win their ambition | Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous | An upright person has the responsibility | Don't do to others what you don't want him to do | If you have it, you will change it, if you don't, you will be encouraged | Be quick and eager to learn, shameless | Stick to it. Fall into the nest | Know yourself and know yourself, fight a hundred battles | Running water does not rot, people do not have long worries | Never tire of learning, never tire of teaching | Born in sorrow, die in happiness | Get more help from the Tao, get less help from the Tao | Be tolerable, do not do it | Wealth cannot be immoral, poverty cannot be moved, and power cannot be bent | and
08. Jia Yi, a famous writer in Han Dynasty.
(1) Jia Yi was an outstanding politician and writer in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. Jia Sheng and Jia Changsha died at the age of 33. (2) Jia Yi's famous essays are: On Qin, On Accumulation and Storage, and Chen Zheng's Poems. Jia Yi's famous Ci and Fu are Qu Yuan Fu and Bird Fu. (3) Jia Yi * * * has 58 articles, which is a new book edited by Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty.
09. Three stages of the development of Han Fu and its main writers.
(1) "Fu" is a style between poetry and prose. It belongs to verse. (2) In its formative period (early Han Dynasty-Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty), most of them wrote "Sao Style Fu" of grief and indignation, including Qu Yuan Fu by Jia Yi, Seven Hair by Mei Cheng, etc. Other Haitian (Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty-Shun Di) mostly wrote "Da Fu" praising virtue, including Zi Xu Shang and Ban, etc. During the transitional period (Shun Di, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty-the end of the Han Dynasty), most of them were lyrical "small fu" with little space, including Zhang Heng's "Erjing Fu" and Cai Yong's "Shuxing Fu". (3) The "Four Masters of Han Fu" are: Yang Xiong, Sima Xiangru, Ban Gu and Zhang Heng.
10, Sima Qian and Historical Records
(1) Sima Qian was a famous historian and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. At the age of twenty, he began to wander. At the age of 32, his stepfather was appointed Taishiling, and he began to write history books at the age of 42. Later, Li Ling (Li Guang's grandson) offended Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and was imprisoned. After he was released from prison, he wrote a book angrily, and completed Historical Records more than ten years later. (2) Historical Records, also known as Taishi Gongshu, is the first biographical general history in China. The book * * * contains 130 articles with more than 520,000 words. It is divided into five parts: Chronology (12), Family (30), Biography (70), Book (8) and Table (10), which records the history of 3,000 years from Huangdi to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. (3) Historical Records is not only a masterpiece of history, but also a masterpiece of literature. Lu Xun praised it as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme" (4) Sima Qian also has eight ci poems and famous prose "Bao Ren An Shu". (5) famous sentence: a little thought, a thousand miles away | peaches and plums don't say anything, and the next step will lead to a new path | No matter how smart people are, there are times when they are hard.
1 1, Ban Gu and Hanshu
(1) Ban Gu, also known as Meng Jian, was a historian and writer in the Eastern Han Dynasty. His father Ban Biao once wrote Biography of Historical Records. Ban Gu was once imprisoned, and his younger brother Ban Chao defended him. After he was released from prison, he was appointed as a historian of Lantai, writing history by imperial edict. More than 20 years later, he finished Hanshu. (2) Hanshu is a biographical dynastic history (Western Han Dynasty). The book *** 100 is divided into Historical Records (12), Biography (70), Table (8) and Record (10), which records the 229-year history from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to Wang Mang. (3) Ban Gu was also a famous poet in the Eastern Han Dynasty () (4) Famous sentence: It's better to retreat and form a net when the rope saws the wood and the water drops the stone.
12, Han Yuefu folk songs
(1) Yuefu was a musical institution in the Han Dynasty. Its task is twofold: first, to create and play poems praising literati; Second, collect folk songs. Later, Yuefu became synonymous with folk songs. (2) The greatest feature of Yuefu folk songs is that they write about real life and are narrative. (3) Representative works of Yuefu folk songs: On Mulberry, Peacock Flying Southeast, Long Songs, etc. (4) Peacock Flying Southeast is the first narrative poem in China (the first lyric poem is Lisao), and it is called "a double gem of Yuefu" together with Mulan Poetry in the Northern Dynasty.
13, Prose of Pre-Qin philosophers
(1) Analects of Confucius: Confucian classics. Reflect Confucius thought (Confucius, Qiu Ming, founder of Confucianism. (2) Mencius: a Confucian classic. Reflect Mencius thought (Mencius, a famous guest, an important figure in Confucianism. (3) Xunzi: Confucian works. Reflect Xunzi's thought (Xunzi, famous situation, the last representative of Confucianism. (4) Mozi: an important work of Mohism. Reflect Mozi's thought (Mozi, Mingzhai, founder of Mohism. (5) Laozi: a Taoist classic. Reflect Laozi's thought (Laozi, tomorrow, founder of Taoism. (6) Zhuangzi: a Taoist classic. Reflect Zhuangzi Thought (Zhuangzi, famous Zhou, an important Taoist figure. Everything is done wrong is an important work of legalists. Reflect Han Fei's thoughts (Han Fei, a master of pre-Qin legalists. (8) The Art of War: China's first military theory work (Sun Tzu, a famous martial artist, an ancient military strategist in China. (9) "Lu Lan": a masterpiece of sage. Lv Buwei set up a door to welcome guests. (Lv Buwei, once the prime minister of Qin. )