Madame Curie, whose original name was Marie Sklodowska,/kloc-0 was born in a teacher's family in Warsaw, Poland on October 7th.
As an outstanding scientist, Madame Curie has social influence that ordinary scientists do not have. Especially because she is a pioneer of successful women, her model has inspired many people. Many people heard her story when they were young, but they got a simplified and incomplete impression.
The world's understanding of Madame Curie. It was greatly influenced by the biography Madame Curie published by her second daughter 1937. This book beautifies Madame Curie's life and deals with all the twists and turns she encountered in her life.
American biographer susan quinn spent seven years collecting unpublished diaries and biographical materials, including Madame Curie's family members and friends. Last year, a new book, Maria Curie: A Life, was published, which described her hard, bitter and struggling life in more detail.
Marie Curie is an immortal name in the history of world science. This great female scientist, with her diligence and talent, has made outstanding contributions in the fields of physics and chemistry, so she became the only famous scientist who won the Nobel Prize twice in two different disciplines. Einstein said in evaluating Madame Curie's life:
"The greatest achievement in her life-the existence and separation of radioactive elements-is not only based on bold intuition, but also on the enthusiasm and tenacity of working under unimaginable and extremely difficult circumstances. Such difficulties are rare in the history of experimental science. Even if only a small part of Madame Curie's moral strength and enthusiasm exists among European intellectuals, Europe will face a brighter future. "
First, I entered the University of Paris through self-study.
Marie Curie was born in Warsaw, Poland. She is the youngest of five children. Her father is a middle school math and science teacher with limited income, and her mother is also a middle school teacher. Mary's childhood was unhappy. Her mother has a serious infectious disease and is taken care of by her sister. Later, my mother and elder sister died when she was less than 10 years old. Her life is full of difficulties. Such a living environment not only cultivated her ability to live independently, but also tempered her very strong character since she was a child.
Mary has been studying very hard since she was a child. She has a strong interest in learning and special hobbies. She never misses any learning opportunities easily, and shows tenacious enterprising spirit everywhere. Since primary school, she has been the first in every subject. 15 years old, graduated from high school with a gold medal. Her father studied physics at St. Petersburg University earlier, and his thirst for scientific knowledge and strong enterprising spirit also deeply nurtured little Mary. She likes all kinds of instruments in her father's laboratory since she was a child. When she grew up, she read many books on natural science, which filled her with fantasies. She is eager to explore the scientific world. But her family at that time did not allow her to go to college. /kloc-started to be a tutor for a long time at the age of 0/9, and at the same time taught himself various courses to prepare for future study. In this way, until the age of 24, she finally came to study at the Faculty of Science of Paris University. With a strong thirst for knowledge, she listened carefully to every class. Hard work has made her worse and worse, but her academic performance has always been among the best, which not only envied her classmates, but also surprised her professors. Two years after entering school, she confidently took the Bachelor of Physics exam, ranking first among 30 candidates. The next year, she won a bachelor's degree in mathematics with the second place.
At the beginning of 1894, Mary accepted the magnetic research project of various steels proposed by the French National Association for the Promotion of Industry. In the process of completing this scientific research project, she met pierre curie, a teacher of Physical Chemistry School, who is a very successful young scientist. The agreement to use science for the benefit of mankind is willing to combine them. After Mary got married, people addressed her as Madame Curie. 1896, Madame Curie finished the post examination for college graduates with the first place. In the second year, she completed the research on the magnetism of various steels. However, she is not satisfied with her achievements, and she is determined to take the PhD exam and determine her own research direction. Stand at a new starting line.
Second, the light of radium.
1896, French physicist becquerel published a work report, which introduced in detail the uranium element he discovered through many experiments. Uranium and its compounds have a special ability, which can automatically and continuously emit an invisible ray, which is different from ordinary light and can make photographic negatives sensitive through black paper. It is also different from Roentgen rays found by Roentgen. Uranium and its compounds constantly emit rays and radiate energy outward. This aroused the great interest of Madame Curie. Where does this energy come from? What is the nature of this unusual ray? Madame Curie was determined to uncover its secret. From 65438 to 0897, Madame Curie chose her own research topic-the study of radioactive substances. This research project has brought her into a new scientific world. She worked hard to open up a virgin land, and finally completed the discovery of radioactive element radium, one of the most important discoveries in the history of modern science, which laid the foundation of modern radiochemistry and made great contributions to mankind.
In the experimental research, Madame Curie designed a measuring instrument, which can not only measure whether a substance has radiation, but also measure the intensity of radiation. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium rays is directly proportional to the uranium content in the material, but has nothing to do with the existing state of uranium and external conditions.
Madame Curie made a comprehensive investigation of known chemical elements and all compounds, and made an important discovery: an element called thorium can automatically emit invisible rays, which shows that the phenomenon that an element can emit rays is not only the characteristics of uranium, but also the same characteristics of some elements. She called this phenomenon radioactivity, and called elements with this property radioactive elements. The radiation they emit is called "radiation". According to the experimental results, she also predicted that minerals containing uranium and thorium must be radioactive; Minerals that do not contain uranium and thorium must not be radioactive. The instrument inspection completely verified her prediction. She excluded those minerals that did not contain radioactive elements, concentrated on those that were radioactive, and accurately measured the radioactive intensity of elements. In the experiment, she found that the radioactive intensity of a pitchblende is much higher than expected, which shows that the mineral in the experiment contains a new unknown radioactive element, and the content of this element must be very small, because this mineral has already been accurately analyzed by many chemists. She resolutely published her findings in the experimental report and tried to prove it through experiments. At this critical moment, her husband, pierre curie, also realized the importance of his wife's discovery, and stopped studying crystals to study this new element with her. After several months' efforts, they separated a substance mixed with bismuth from the ore, which was far more radioactive than uranium, and was later listed as polonium No.84 in the periodic table of elements. A few months later, they discovered another new element and named it radium. However, the Curies did not immediately get the joy of success. When they got a little compound of new elements, they found that the initial estimate was too optimistic. In fact, the content of radium in ore is less than one millionth. Because this mixture is extremely radioactive, substances containing trace radium salts are hundreds of times more radioactive than uranium.
The road to science has never been smooth. For centuries, the discovery of polonium and radium and the characteristics of these new radioactive elements have shaken some basic theories and concepts. Scientists have always believed that atoms of various elements are the smallest unit of matter, and atoms are inseparable and unchangeable. According to the traditional view, the radiation emitted by radioactive elements such as polonium and radium cannot be explained. Therefore, both physicists and chemists are interested in Madame Curie's research work, but they all have doubts in their hearts. Chemists in particular are more rigorous. In order to finally confirm this scientific discovery and further study the properties of radium, the Curies must separate more and purer radium salts from asphalt ore.
All the unknown worlds are mysterious. At the beginning of the study of separating new elements, they didn't know any chemical properties of the new elements. The only clue to find a new element is that it is highly radioactive. Based on this, they created a new chemical analysis method. But they have no money, no real laboratory, only some simple instruments they bought or designed themselves. In order to work efficiently, they conducted research separately. The characteristics of radium are determined by Mr. Curie's experiments; Madame Curie continued to refine pure radium salt.
Where there is a will, there is a way! Any mystery of nature will be revealed by those who stubbornly solve it. At the end of 1902, Madame Curie extracted one tenth of extremely pure radium chloride and accurately determined its atomic weight. Since then, the existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a natural radioactive substance, which is extremely difficult to obtain. Its shape is white crystal shining like fine salt. In spectral analysis, it is different from the spectral line of any known element. Radium is not the first radioactive element discovered by human beings, but it is the most radioactive element. Using its powerful radioactivity, we can further discover many new properties of radiation. Therefore, many elements can be further applied to practice. Medical research has found that laser rays have different effects on different cells and tissues, and those rapidly multiplying cells will be destroyed quickly once they are irradiated by radium. This discovery makes radium a powerful means to treat cancer. Cancer is made up of cells that reproduce very quickly, and the damage caused by laser rays is far greater than that caused by surrounding healthy tissues. This new treatment method was quickly developed all over the world. In France and France, radium therapy is called Curie therapy. The discovery of radium has fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, which is of great significance for promoting the development of scientific theory and its application in practice.
Third, a heart of gold.
Due to their amazing discovery, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics in February 1903. Their scientific achievements are unparalleled, but they are extremely contemptuous of fame and fortune and most tired of those boring social parties. They devoted everything they had to the cause of science, without any selfish interests. After the successful extraction of radium, they were suggested to apply for a patent right from the government to monopolize the manufacture of radium in order to make a fortune. Madame Curie said, "That is against the scientific spirit. Scientists' research results should be published publicly, and others should develop them without any restrictions. "Besides, radium is good for patients, so we should not use it for profit. The Curies also donated their Nobel Prizes to others.
1906, Mr. Curie died in a car accident, and Madame Curie suffered great pain. She is determined to redouble her efforts to realize her scientific ambition. The University of Paris decided that Madame Curie would take over from Mr. Curie to teach physics. Madame Curie became the first female professor in the history of the famous Paris University. When the couple separated the first batch of radium salts, they began to study the various properties of radiation. From 1889 to 1904, they published 32 academic reports and recorded their exploration footprints in the field of radiation science. 19 10, Madame Curie finished the book Radioactivity Monograph. She also cooperated with others to successfully prepare metal radium. 19 1 1 Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. A female scientist, in less than 10 years, won the highest prize in world science twice in two different scientific fields, which is unique in the history of world science!
19 14, the institute of radium science was established in Paris, and Madame Curie served as the research director of the institute. After that, she continued to teach at the university and engaged in the research of radioactive elements. She spread scientific knowledge to all who want to learn without stint. She has been studying and working for 50 years since 16. But she still doesn't change that strict lifestyle. She has a high spirit of self-sacrifice since she was a child. In her early years, in order to provide for her sister's schooling, she was willing to work as a servant in someone else's house. During her study in Paris, she studied in the library every night in order to save fuel and heating costs, until the library closed. The pitchblende needed to extract pure radium was very valuable at that time. They saved money bit by bit from their living expenses and bought 8 or 9 tons successively. After Mr. Curie's death, Madame Curie donated radium, which was painstakingly extracted and valued at more than 654.38+100,000 gold francs, to the laboratory for cancer research and treatment.
1932, 65-year-old Madame Curie returned to China to attend the opening ceremony of Warsaw Radium Institute. Madame Curie has been away from the motherland since her youth and went to study in France. But she never forgot her motherland. When she was a child, her motherland Poland was occupied by Russia, and she hated the invaders. When the couple separated a new element from the mineral, she named it polonium. This is because the roots of polonium are the same as those of Poland. She expressed her deep nostalgia for the motherland enslaved by Russia.
On July 1937, Madame Curie died of illness. She eventually died of pernicious anemia. She created and developed radiation science all her life, studied strongly radioactive materials fearlessly for a long time, and finally contributed her life to this science. In her life, * * * won 10 famous awards including the Nobel Prize, and won 16 medals issued by international advanced academic institutions; Governments and scientific research institutions around the world have awarded more than 100 titles. But she is as modest and prudent as ever. Albert Einstein, a great scientist, commented: "Of all the celebrities I know, Madame Curie is the only one who has not been carried away by fame."
Lu You, a great poet in Southern Song Dynasty. The word Wu Guan, No.,was born in Yin Shan (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang). When the Northern Song Dynasty perished, he was deeply influenced by his patriotic thoughts at home when he was a teenager. Shaoxing Zhongying didn't try and was rejected by Qin Gui. Filial piety ascended the throne, giving birth to a scholar.
In the twenty-eighth year of Shaoxing (1 158), it entered Fujian as the master book of Ningde County. According to Volume III of the Official History of Ningde County, "Lu You, the concept of word service, that is, in the twenty-eight years of Shaoxing, became a city, good governance and popular support". There is a statue of Lu You on Nanguang Mountain in Ningde. He used to be a judge of Longxing in Zhenjiang. He entered Shu for six years (1 170) and served as the judge of Kuizhou. After eight years on the main road, he entered the shogunate of Fu Xuan Ambassador Wang Yan in Sichuan and devoted himself to military life. After officially arriving at Baozhang Pavilion, it was introduced. Politically, Lu You advocated resolute war of resistance, enriched armaments and demanded that "taxes should be paid first, and taxes should be handed over to business", which has always been suppressed by capitulationists. In his later years, he retired from his hometown, but his belief in recovering the Central Plains remained unchanged. He wrote many poems in his life, and now there are more than 9 thousand poems, which are extremely rich in content. Expressing political ambitions, reflecting people's sufferings, criticizing the humiliation and surrender of the ruling group at that time, and showing a strong patriotic enthusiasm for restoring national unity. Guan Shanyue, Book Wrath, Peasant Sigh, Xiuer, etc. It's all spoken by later generations. Describing daily life is also a new work. Also known as Gong Ci, Yang Shen called it as beautiful as Qin Guan and as beautiful as stone. But some poems reveal negative emotions. His first marriage, Tang's, Chai Feng and so on, was sincere and touching. There are Poems of Jiannan, Collected Works of Weinan, Book of Southern Tang Dynasty, Notes of Old Xue 'an, etc. Divorced under the oppression of my mother, my painful feelings are poured out in some poems, such as Shen Yuan.
Du Fu (7 12-770), with beautiful words, was a great poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and was known as the "poet saint". Originally from Xiangyang, Hubei Province, Gong County, Henan Province. Du Zhisun, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty. Tang Suzong, Official Left Addendum. After he entered Shu, he was recommended by his friends as a staff officer of Ren Jiannan Drug Rehabilitation Center, and Yuan Wailang was appointed as the school's engineering department. Therefore, later generations also called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu.
Du Fu is as famous as Li Bai and is known as "Du Li" in the world. The core of his thought is the Confucian thought of benevolent government. He has a great ambition of "making the monarch Yao and Shun superior first, and then making the customs pure". He loves life, people and the great rivers and mountains of the motherland. He hated evil, criticized and exposed the corruption of the imperial court and the dark phenomenon in social life. He sympathized with the people and even fantasized that he was willing to make self-sacrifice to save their suffering.
Du Fu is a great realistic poet, who wrote 1400 poems in his life. His experience and poetry creation can be divided into four periods.
First, the roaming period of reading (before the age of 35)
During this period, he traveled to Wu, Yue (now Jiangsu and Zhejiang), Qi and Zhao (now northern Shandong and southern Hebei) and worked in Luoyang. After meeting Li Bai in Luoyang, they formed a profound friendship, then met Gao Shi and traveled with Liang and Song (now Kaifeng and Shangqiu). Later, Du Li went to Jizhou again, met at the east foot after breaking up, and separated again, so there was no chance to meet again.
Second, trapped in Chang' an period (35 to 44 years old)
During this period, Du Fu took the exam in Chang 'an for the first time and came last. Later, he presented gifts to the emperor and presented them to the nobles. He lived a life of "detaining the rich in the morning, following the fat horse dust at night, throwing a cup and baking it cold, hiding his worries everywhere". Finally, he got a small official who led the government to join the army. During this period, he wrote poems such as "Car Shop" and "Two Ways", criticizing current politics and satirizing dignitaries. The book "Singing 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian" is particularly famous, which indicates that his understanding of the political and social reality of the imperial court has reached a new height after ten years of hard life in Chang 'an.
3. Being trapped as a thief and being an official (45 to 48 years old).
When the Anshi Rebellion broke out and Tongguan fell, Du Fu settled in Zhangzhou and went to Suzong alone. He was captured by the Anshi Rebellion and taken to Chang 'an. In the face of chaos in Chang 'an, he heard the news that the loyalist troops were repeatedly defeated, and wrote poems such as Moonlit Night, Spring Hope, Ai Jiangtou and Sad Chen Tao. Later, he fled to Fengxiang to cheat and made a collection. Because of the suggestion, Shangshu was demoted to be the prime minister of joining the army. Later, he recorded his experiences in the form of poems and became his immortal works, namely "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells".
Fourth, the wandering period in the southwest (48 to 58 years old).
With the collapse of Xiangzhou loyalist and the famine of Guanfu, Du Fu abandoned his official and fled with his family, passing through Qin Zhou and Tonggu, and lived a relatively stable life in Chengdu. When he entered the DPRK, the warlord in the middle of Shu rebelled and he went to Zizhou and Langzhou. Then go back to Chengdu. After Yanwu's death, he drifted again, lived in Kuizhou for two years, drifted to the same lake and died on the Xiangjiang River. The works of this period include Heart on the Water Threshold, Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage, Sick Orange, Climbing the Building, Book Reading, The Yellow River was recaptured by the imperial army, Showing Wu Lang again, Ascending the Mountain, Qiu Xing, Three Jueju and Sui Yanxing.
Throughout his life, Du Fu's thoughts were "worrying about Li Yuan in poor years" and "being the best monarch and being Yao Shun", so his poetry creation always runs through the main line of worrying about the country and the people, which shows Du Fu's greatness. His poems are rich in social content, rich in the color of the times and distinctive in political inclination, which truly and profoundly reflect the political current affairs and broad social life prospect of a historical era before and after the An Shi Rebellion, and are called the "history of poetry" of a generation. The style of Du Fu's poems is basically "gloomy and frustrated", and the language and text structure are full of changes, emphasizing the refinement of words and sentences. At the same time, his poems have many styles. Besides the five ancient poems, the seven ancient poems, the five laws and the seven laws, he also wrote many lines. There are also various artistic techniques, which are the epitome of the ideological art of Tang poetry. Du Fu also inherited the spirit of Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, got rid of the old themes of Yuefu and created many new themes of Yuefu, such as "three officials" and "three parting". After his death, he was highly praised by Huang Fan, Han Yu, Yuan Zhen and Bai Juyi. Du Fu's poems had a far-reaching influence on Bai Yuan's literary thought of "New Yuefu Movement" and Li Shangyin's near-body allegorical current affairs poems. However, Du Fu's poems were widely valued after the Song Dynasty. Yu Wang, Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Lu You and others highly praised Du Fu, while Wen Tianxiang regarded Du Fu's poems as a spiritual force to adhere to national integrity. The influence of Du Fu's poems, from ancient times to the present, has long gone beyond the scope of literature and art. For details of his life, see Old Tang Book 190. This is Du Gongbu.