First, evaluate the history and discuss the present with reference to the past.
1. In some poems with the theme of lamenting history, ancient poets often express their unique views by quoting allusions from historical figures or stories.
Red Wall
Du Mu
If I don't sell it, I'll wash it and recognize the former dynasty.
If the east wind is not convenient for Zhou Yu, I'm afraid the outcome will be Cao Cao's victory and Er Qiao's detention in Tongquetai.
The poet accidentally found a broken halberd buried in the bottom sand in Chibi, recalled the famous battle of Battle of Red Cliffs in the Three Kingdoms period, and put forward the political opinion that "there are some opportunities for heroes' achievements" from the analysis of the reasons for the victory or defeat of the war, which was profound and incisive.
2. In view of some disadvantages in society, when the ancient poets were unable to speak freely due to the restrictions of the surrounding environment, they often quoted allusions to allude to current events, so as to achieve the expression effect of satirizing the present by borrowing the past.
Bochin Zhun
Du Mu
The smoke cage is stuffed with water and sand, and the night is near Qinhuai restaurant.
Businessmen don't know how to hate their country, but they still sing "backyard flowers" across the river.
The poem "backyard flowers" is an allusion, and this song is the voice of national subjugation. Our analysis can be related to the social background. In the late Tang Dynasty, when the national fortune declined, these rulers did not pay attention to state affairs, but gathered in restaurants to enjoy decadent music. How can they not let the poet worry that history will repeat itself? So ... here, the poet is using the topic, seemingly satirizing the singer, but actually pointing the finger at the top.
Second, lyrical expression, showing the heart.
The essential feature of poetry is lyricism, but sometimes the poet's feelings are not expressed directly, but expressed tactfully with the help of allusions. Judging from the types of expressing emotions, we can usually be divided into the following situations:
1. Express praise and praise for beautiful things.
Batavia on Yanmenguan Line
Li he
Enemy soldiers rolled in like dark clouds in an attempt to tear down the city wall; Our army was ready, and the sun shone on the armor, glittering with gold.
In autumn, the loud bugle sounded; The soldier's blood became dark in the night.
The red flag rolled half, and the reinforcements rushed to Xiao; The night frost is heavy and the drums are gloomy.
I want to report to you on the golden platform, and I want to take Yulong to your death.
The word "Yishui" in the poem is reminiscent of Song of Yishui written by Jing Ke, an assassin in the Warring States Period. According to legend, Huang Jintai was built by Yan Zhaowang during the Warring States Period, and his daughter was put on the stage to entertain wizards all over the world. Quoting these two allusions is a tribute to the emperor's trust in reusing soldiers and his spirit of fighting bloody battles.
2. Express positive and optimistic attitude towards life.
Hard road
li po
A gold gambler fights 1000 glasses of wine, and a jade plate is worth 10 thousand yuan.
I threw the food bar and cup aside. I couldn't eat or drink. I pulled out my dagger. I peeped in four directions in vain.
If you want to cross the Yellow River and block the Sichuan River, you must climb the snow-capped mountains.
I haven't been fishing in Bixi for a long time, and suddenly I returned to the boat and dreamed of the sun.
Travel is hard. Travel is hard. Don't go astray! Where to go today.
One day, I will ride the wind and waves, raise the Yun Fan and cross the sea.
"I will sit on the fishing rod and lie lazily by the stream, but I suddenly dream of sailing a boat to the sun", which is related to two allusions: Jiang Taigong once fished in a stream near Weihe River and met Zhou Wenwang. Help Zhou destroy the business; Yi Yin once dreamed that he passed by the sun and the moon by boat, and was later hired by Shang Tang to help businessmen out in the summer. The two ancients began to lose their political ambitions. But in the end he became a famous figure in history. The poet quoted this allusion, implying that he would also have the opportunity to display his ambition and show his beautiful vision for the future.
3. Express grief and lament for the hard-won ambition.
Book anger
Lu you
Stuck on the Great Wall, I am vain, and the temple in the mirror has been ordered first.
When you start a business, you can say your real name, one thousand or who is equal.
Here, two historical stories, Tan Daoji's self-comparison with the Great Wall and Zhuge Liang's dedication, are used to express the feeling that time has passed and ambition is hard to pay, and at the same time express the ideal of doing great things.
Another example is Su Shi's "Hunting in Jiangchengzi Mizhou", "When will Feng Tang be issued?" There is an allusion in the book. According to the biography of Han Fengtang, during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty,
Shang Wei used to be a satrap in Yunzhong, who made meritorious service to Xiongnu, but was convicted and dismissed for reporting six more heads when he reported meritorious service. Later, Wendi adopted Feng Tang's suggestion and sent Feng Tang and Jeff to the cloud to pardon Shang Wei. Here, the poet uses Shang Wei to describe the situation that his talents are not satisfied and his ambitions are difficult to realize, and expresses his lofty aspirations and lofty sentiments of serving the imperial court.
Third, trigger association. Innovative artistic conception
In poetry, allusions are quoted when describing realistic scenery. We can connect this scene with that scene at that time, so that we can create a new picture, deepen the artistic conception of the poem, promote people's association, and thus enhance the expressive force and appeal of the work. For example:
A partridge
Zheng Gu
Those partridges frolic on the warm smoky wasteland to see how neat their colorful feathers are; Look at their behavior, the category is similar to that of lively pheasants during the day.
When it rains, the grass on the southeast lake of Dongting Lake passes through from Anil Kumar Bachu Lake; The petals of Huangling Temple fall and partridges sound.
A wanderer smells wet sleeves, and a good man sings low eyebrows.
Zheng Xiang corresponds to the width of Xiangjiang River, and Puzhucong goes further to the west.
Facing the scene of "the rain is faint" and "the flowers are falling", the wanderer has felt sad and sad; However, the poet also used two allusions, "Caoqinghu" and "Huangling Temple", which can not help but remind people of historical legends such as Qu Zihuai Sha and ChristianRandPhillips Zhu Qi. This way. In the shuttle between time and space, I am even more sad to hear the cries of partridges. Another example is:
Get out of the queue and send it to Chen Tongfu.
Xin Qiji
Drunk, looking at the sword, dreaming of playing Nanshe. Eight hundred miles to divide the main fire, fifty strings to turn over the Great Wall, and the enemy is on the battlefield in autumn.
Horses run like Ma Delu, bows and arrows fly like thunder. It is a good idea for the emperor to complete the great cause of recovering the lost land of the country and gain a good reputation from generation to generation. It's in vain.
There are two allusions in the poems "Eight Hundred Li" and "Delu": First, according to Shi Shuo Xin Yu, Kai and Wang Ji made a bet on the "eight hundred Li refutation" of cattle. After Ji Wang won, he killed the cow and roasted it. Later generations referred to it as 800 Li. Second, it is said that the deer and horse that Liu Bei once rode jumped off the Tanxi River in the west of Xiangyang City and was out of danger. Using these two allusions, readers can't help but see the spectacular scene of rewarding soldiers before the war broke out and the fierce scene of fighter planes flying over enemy lines on the battlefield, which is very penetrating.
Fourth, be concise. Rich connotation
As we know, ancient poetry is often limited by the number of words and sentences. How to express rich connotations in a limited space is a good means. Because allusions are highly generalizations of historical stories, they can not only increase the capacity of poetry, but also receive artistic effects with simple words and rich meanings.