1 Key points of narrative style knowledge
(1) An article with narrative as its main expression is called narrative. Its language features are vivid and vivid.
(2) The life reflected in the work and the author's view on life are the center of narrative, also called the central idea. The central idea is expressed through people, things, scenery, things and other materials. Therefore, the narrative materials must serve the central idea and be clear and concentrated.
(3) There are several narrative sequences: direct narrative, flashback and insertion.
Sequential narration: Narrating according to the occurrence and development of events.
Flashback: Write the end of the event or the most prominent fragment at the beginning of the article, and then write the events in chronological order.
Interpolation: In the narrative process, it is sometimes necessary to insert other related plots, and then describe the original events according to these plots.
(4) The detailed arrangement in the narrative should be that the materials that can highlight the center should be written in detail; Materials related to the center, but not very important, should be omitted; Materials unrelated to the center should be discarded. In this way, the center of narrative can be concentrated, distinct and prominent.
(5) Common narrative style: spreading specific reports on typical characters and deeds in real life; Describe the close-ups of real people and stories in written language and literature; Travel notes describing mountains and rivers mainly based on travel experiences; Memoirs, biographies, interviews, etc Recall yourself or your life experiences and social activities. Their characteristics are: what they write must be true, and they are not allowed to exaggerate or narrow the facts at will, let alone fabricate fiction. It also requires necessary processing of the written content, striving to highlight the center of the article, with clear image and ingenious conception.
(6) Close-up is a style of reportage, which intercepts a fragment of a person or event and describes it in detail.
(7) Biographies are generally divided into two categories: one is to describe one's own life; One is to tell other people's lives. The main feature of biography is factual record, which requires seeking truth from facts and does not allow fiction and exaggeration. Biography is mainly narrative in the form of expression, and it can also be appropriately inserted with discussion and description. The order of biographical narration is generally chronological. The difference between a character and a character story is that a character story only needs to specifically write an event or a few things about the character. Biography requires writing the place of birth, date of birth, main experience, etc. The difference between complexity and simplicity of autobiography is that autobiography can be written in different ways according to needs, and it can be written about all one's experiences or one's experiences in a certain period.
2 Explain the main points of stylistic knowledge
(1) An article that takes explanation as the main expression and explains things according to certain requirements is called an expository article. The language features of expository writing are accuracy, plainness and conciseness.
(2) The premise of explaining things is to grasp the characteristics of things. The so-called characteristics are the signs that distinguish things.
(3) The explanatory order of explanatory text is: spatial order, chronological order and logical order. (There are general statements followed by secondary statements, first major and then secondary, first cause and consequence, from phenomenon to essence, from performance to function, etc. ).
(4) Common interpretation methods include: classification, explanation, example, analogy, comparison, figures and charts.
(5) Explanatory texts can be divided into two categories according to objects and contents: explaining physical things and explaining abstract things. According to the writing methods and expressions, expository writing can be divided into plain expository writing and literary expository writing.
(6) The difference between plain discourse and literary discourse is that plain discourse is pure expression, with concise language and specific content, which makes people understand after reading it. For example, various natural science textbooks. Scientific and technological information, experimental reports, manuals, etc. Literary exposition focuses on explanation, supplemented by narrative, description, lyric and other forms of expression, and often uses some rhetorical methods to introduce or explain things vividly, so that readers can enjoy art while gaining knowledge. This kind of discussion is usually called a sketch of knowledge or a sketch of science.
(7) The difference between description and narrative in expository text: A has different purposes: the description in narrative text is to "make people feel something"; The description of explanatory text is to "make people know" that B narrative text can use various description methods to play a variety of roles according to the needs of the central idea. Descriptive writing can only describe the characteristics of things in the process of explaining things with the help of certain visual techniques, mainly to make the characteristics of the things explained more concrete and vivid. C. The description in narrative can give full play to the role of artistic imagination, exaggeration and rendering, while the description in expository can be dealt with on the premise of seeking truth from facts and be vivid and true.
Three knowledge points of argumentative writing style
(1) Argument is indispensable to life. Reasoning and expressing opinions are arguments. An article with argumentation as its main expression is an argumentative essay.
(2) Arguments always put forward opinions or propositions, which are arguments. The materials used to prove arguments are arguments, and the process of proving arguments with arguments is the process of argumentation.
(3) There are two kinds of materials used to prove arguments: factual materials (factual arguments) are conclusive examples; Historical facts; Statistics, etc. Theoretical materials (arguments) are famous sayings of celebrities; Epigram; Motto; Scientific principles; Natural laws; Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.
(4) The basic structure of argumentative writing: asking questions; Analyze the problem; Solve the problem. The basic argumentation method of argumentative writing: putting facts and reasoning. Argumentation: argumentation, refutation. The so-called argument is to state your views positively. Refutation is to refute the wrong point of view.
(5) The writing characteristics of argumentative essays on one topic and one discussion: take things as an example to comment and explain the truth on the matter. And from "things" to discussion. It is necessary to sort out and grasp the connection point between the two before we can have a logical discussion, which is the key to "one thing, one discussion"
(6) The common styles of argumentative writing are as follows: editorials, comments, academic papers, special discussions, miscellaneous feelings, essays, speeches and letters focusing on 1 Among the above styles, there are theories and literature.
Novel, prose, drama and poetry are four knowledge points.
(1) According to the style (genre) of the article, there are four styles: novel, prose, drama and poetry.
(2) The novel mainly focuses on characterization, and reflects social life through specific storylines and environmental descriptions. Character, plot and environment are called the three elements of a novel.
(3) There are various ways to describe the characters in the novel, mainly including appearance description, action description, language description and psychological description.
(4) The "I" in the novel is not the author himself, but is generally made up by the author. And after artistic processing. (5) The description of environment in the novel can be divided into natural environment and social environment. The role of environmental description is an indispensable part of the novel, which plays an important role in setting off the character, explaining the background of the work and promoting the plot development. 、
(6) The development process of life events caused by the relationship between characters constitutes the plot of the novel, and the coherent process is the clue of the novel.
(7) The plot clues in the novel reveal the contradictions in life and play a positive role in the formation of characters' personalities.
(8) Linguistic features of poetry: simplicity. The so-called conciseness means expressing as rich thoughts and feelings as possible in concise and beautiful language.
(9) The rhyme of a poem: the rhyme of the last word of a poem is the same or similar; Words that rhyme at the end of a sentence are called rhymes.
(10) Ci is a form of ancient verse, and each epigraph has a fixed format and tone, which can be sung. The sentence patterns of words are long and short, so they are also called long and short sentences. Text can be divided into upper and lower layers.
(1 1) the characteristics of prose; The shape is scattered but the spirit is not scattered. Prose is eclectic in form, which can remember people, narrate, write scenery and things. Prose, whether lyrical or argumentative, depends on the people, things, scenery and things described or described. Narration and description are the basis of lyric discussion, and the narration and description of lyric and discussion are deepened. In prose, narration, description, lyricism and discussion are often combined.
(12) Drama is a comprehensive art centered on the performing arts, with literature, music, dance and art as the means to shape characters, reveal social contradictions and reflect real life. Drama includes drama, opera and ballet.
(13) Performing for performance, that is, a dramatic work. Main features: there are sharp contradictions and conflicts, which promote the development of the plot and show the character; Characters, scenes and plots are highly concentrated, and contradictions and conflicts should be reflected in a short time and few times; Character language requires personalization, action and colloquialism.
(14) Script is the foundation and basis of stage performance, and it is an important part of drama, which directly determines the ideological and artistic quality of drama. Due to the needs of the performance, there are some explanatory words in the script, which are called "stage description" or "stage tips", including the list of characters, time, place, costumes, props, scenery, expressions, actions, performances and so on. Stage description is helpful to the characterization of characters and the unfolding of stories.
Fairy tales, fables, folk stories and mythological knowledge points
(1) Fairy tales and fables all create various symbolic images through rich imagination, exaggeration and personification, reflecting rich and colorful social life. The difference between the two is that fairy tales are more imaginative, most stories are magical and tortuous, and the language is vivid and simple, full of childlike interest. Fables pin profound truth on short stories, and the language is simple and bright, which means that one is different, and the other is big, which generally contains ironic or admonitory educational significance.
(2) Folk story is a kind of oral literature based on reality and full of fantasy. Because it reflects the demands and wishes of the working people, it is widely circulated among the people. Folk stories are generally complete in story, distinctive in characters, colloquial in language, full of life flavor and local color.
(3) Myth reflects the origin of ancient people to the world. A primitive understanding of natural phenomena and social life. Stories and legends are expressed in the form of supernatural images and fantasies, expressing the ideals and pursuits of ancient people to conquer natural forces with imagination.
6 knowledge points of news communication
(1) News and communication are both reports of fresh and important information that happened recently, requiring truthfulness and timeliness. Difference: the news is shorter and the communication is more detailed. News is mainly narrative, allowing facts to speak for themselves, and generally not describing, discussing or expressing feelings. Communication has a certain literariness, and often adopts narrative, descriptive discussion, lyric and other expressions; The language of news is concise and to the point, and the plot is generally not developed, while the communication requires concrete and vivid. It often reports people and things in many aspects or the whole process according to the needs of expression.
(2) The structure of news includes three parts: title, introduction and theme. Headlines are usually summaries of news content. A brief introduction is an overview of an event or event center. The main body is to introduce the relevant situation or further highlight the center.
(3) News should generally explain the cause and effect of time, place, people and events, (six elements of symbolic narrative)
(4) News sometimes has more than one title and a topic (indicating the main facts and central ideas); Introduce (explain the situation and set off the atmosphere); Subtitle (supplementary explanation to the theme)
Seven main knowledge points about letters
(1) Daily letters generally have six parts: title, greetings, body, congratulations, naming and date.
(2) the title should be capitalized, single line, followed by a colon. Greetings are polite expressions. You should leave two spaces in the next line of the title.
(3) The greeting is divided into two sections, the first section is connected with the text, or a new line is written in two spaces; The last section must start on a new line, with the top line as a sign of respect.
(4) The naming position should be near the end of the next line after the eulogy. The date is a little to the right of the next named line. It is best to write the date completely, that is, year, month and day.
(5) Special letters refer to all kinds of social letters except life letters. Except for a few letters with specific formats, these letters are all similar to life letters, but they are all different special letters with different idioms. The language style of special letters is generally solemn.
(6) A business letter consists of five parts: reason, signal, addressee, text and signature.
(7) The application shall consist of several parts: title, title, text, congratulatory message, signature and date.
Eight knowledge points of advertising
Advertising is a way to introduce goods, report service contents or cultural and sports programs to the public. Advertising always publicizes the advantages and advantages of goods, but pays attention to seeking truth from facts.
The structure of advertising writing includes three parts: title, text and ending.
Headlines are the eyes of advertisements and must be carefully refined. Text is the part that provides the details of commodity information. At present, the common advertising copy with good publicity effect includes formal style, statement style, question and answer style, proof style and humor style. At the end of the advertisement, it is also called signature, which mainly explains the name, address, telephone number and telegram registration of the manufacturer, so as to facilitate customers to buy or contact.
9 planning and summarizing knowledge points
Planning is a practical style. There are many kinds of plans, including production plan, work plan, scientific research plan, study plan, etc. According to the scope, there are national plans, departmental plans, unit plans and individual plans. According to the nature, there are comprehensive plans and special plans; According to the time limit, there are annual plans, quarterly plans and monthly plans. In addition, there are "short-term plans" and "long-term plans": generally speaking, those with short application time and detailed contents are called "plans"; Those with long application time, wider scope and more general contents are called "planning", such as three-year planning, five-year planning and ten-year planning. But any plan or scheme must have the following three elements: objectives, measures and steps. The plan has no fixed format. Detailed plans are mostly in the form of articles, while brief plans are mostly in the form of tables, that is, they can be filled in one by one according to printed forms, or both, with both articles and tables.
A plan written in the form of an article generally consists of three parts: title, text and ending. The title is the name of the plan and should be written in the middle of the first line. The contents include plan type name, plan duration, etc. Some also indicate the name of the unit that made the plan. The text is the specific content of the plan, including the overall goal, specific projects and indicators, implementation steps and measures. The end includes the name of the planning unit (or individual name) and the date of formulation, which is written in the lower right of the text.
There are many kinds of summaries. According to the content, there are production summary, work summary, study summary and thought summary; According to time, there are annual summary, quarterly summary, monthly summary, semester summary and stage summary. According to the scope, there are regional summary, department summary, unit summary and individual summary. ; According to the nature, there are comprehensive summaries and special summaries. Summary is also a kind of summary, but it is different from summary in scope, time and content.
Summary has no fixed format, and generally consists of three parts: title, text, signature and date.