The Silk Road is a historically trans-Eurasian trade transportation line, which promoted friendly exchanges between Europe, Asia, Africa and China. China is the hometown of silk. In the trade through this route, silk is the most representative commodity exported by China. /kloc-In the second half of the 9th century, German geographer Richthofen called this land transportation route "Silk Road", which has been accepted by Chinese and foreign historians ever since.
After Zhang Qian passed through the western regions, it officially opened the land passage from China to Europe and Africa. This road starts from Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and passes through the Hexi Corridor. Then it is divided into two routes: one starts from Yangguan, passes through Shanshan, goes west along the northern foot of Kunlun Mountain, passes through shache, crosses the green ridge in the west, leaves Da Yue, rests in peace, and passes through the plow (jiān, now Alexandria, Egypt, which was annexed by the Roman Empire in 30 BC. The other one goes out of Yumenguan, passes through the former Cheshi country, goes west along the southern foot of Tianshan Mountain, goes out of Shule, crosses Qingji in the west, crosses Daguan Bay, and reaches Kangju and Chae Yeon (nomadic in the northwest of Kangju in the Western Han Dynasty, that is, the grassland in the North Caspian Sea, and belongs to Kangju in the Eastern Han Dynasty).
The Silk Road in a broad sense refers to the long-distance commercial, trade and cultural exchange routes that have been formed since ancient times and spread all over Eurasia, even including North Africa and East Africa. In addition to the above routes, it also includes the Maritime Silk Road, which was formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and played a great role in the late Ming Dynasty, and the Southern Silk Road, which appeared at the same time as the Northwest Silk Road and replaced the Northwest Silk Road as a communication channel on the road at the end of Yuan Dynasty.
The term "Silk Road" originated from China published by German geographer Ferdinand von richthofen in 1877, sometimes referred to as the Silk Road for short. Although the Silk Road is the product of the economic and trade development promoted by countries along the route, many people think that Zhang Qian in China has opened a new era of Sino-foreign exchanges twice. And successfully opened the last bead curtain between East and West. Since then, this route has been stepped out of the "national highway", and ambassadors and businessmen from all countries have poured in along the road opened by Zhang Qian. From princes and nobles to beggars and prisoners, they all left footprints on this road. This east-west passage closely links the Central Plains and the Western Regions with Arabia and the Persian Gulf. After centuries of continuous efforts, the Silk Road extended westward to the Mediterranean Sea. Broadly speaking, the eastern section of the Silk Road reached South Korea and Japan, and the western section reached France and the Netherlands. Italy and Egypt can also be reached by sea, becoming the road of friendship for economic and cultural exchanges between Asia, Europe and Africa.
Generally speaking, the Silk Road can be divided into three sections, and each section can be divided into three routes: North, South and China.
Eastern section: From Chang 'an or Luoyang to Yumenguan and Yangguan. (Opened in Han Dynasty)
Middle section: from Yumenguan, Yangguanxi to Congling. (Opened in Han Dynasty)
Western section: from the green ridge to the west, through Central Asia and West Asia, until Europe. (opened in Tang Dynasty)
The following are the names of important cities in various sections of the Silk Road (ancient place names in brackets).
Eastern section
In the route selection of the eastern section, we should consider the safety and convenience of crossing Liupan Mountain and the Yellow River. The third line starts from Chang 'an or Luoyang, joins Wuwei and Zhangye, and then goes along the Hexi Corridor to Dunhuang.
Northern Line: Jingchuan, Guyuan and Jingyuan have the shortest routes to Wuwei, but it is not easy to pass water along the way.
South Line: From Fengxiang, Tianshui, Longxi, Linxia, Ledu, Xining to Zhangye, but the road is long.
Midline: Jingchuan to Pingliang, Huining, Lanzhou to Wuwei, with moderate distance and supply. Xi 'an (Chang 'an): Xumishan Grottoes, Maijishan Grottoes, Bingling Temple Grottoes Wuwei (Liangzhou) Zhangye (Ganzhou) Jiuquan (Suzhou) Dunhuang (Shazhou): Mogao Grottoes and Yulin Grottoes.
During the period of 10, in order to bypass the territory of Xixia, the government of the Northern Song Dynasty opened up the "Qinghai Road" from Tianshui to the western regions. It became a new trade route after the Song Dynasty. Tianshui Xining Fucheng Suoerkuli Basin (Suoerkuli)
middle piece
Caravans on the Silk Road. The route of the central region is mainly the western region, which changes with the change of oasis and desert. There are many forks and branches in the middle of the third line, especially the fourth town Anxi (established in 640).
South Road (also called Yutian Road): It starts from Yangguan in the east, along the southern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and passes through Ruoqiang (Shanshan), Hotan (Yutian), shache and other places. Jing Congling. Yang Guan Ruoqiang (Shanshan) and Qi Munnia (Jingjue) are one of the 36 Western Regions in the Western Han Dynasty. Hotan (Khotan)
Zhongdao: It starts from Yumenguan, along the northern edge of Taklimakan Desert, and passes through Lop Nur (Loulan), Turpan (Auto Market, Gaochang), Yanqi (Yuli), Kuqa (Kucha), Aksu (Gu Mo) and Kashgar (Shule) to Fergana Valley (Dawan). Yumenguan Loulan (merged from Shanshan and now belongs to Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang) Turpan (Gaochang): Gaochang Old Town, Yarhar Ancient Town, Baizixi Thousand Buddha Cave Yanqi (Yuli) Kuqa (Qiuci): Qizil Thousand Buddha Cave, Kumutura Thousand Buddha Cave Aksu (Gu Mo) Kashi (Shule).
North Road: It starts from Anxi (Guazhou), passes through Hami (Yiwu), Jimsar (Tingzhou) and Yining (Yili), and ends in broken leaves. Hami, the waterway is rich in Hami melon Urumqi, which means the broken leaves of the beautiful grassland Yining (Yili)
Jessie Duan
From the jungle west to Europe, it is the western section of the Silk Road, and its north, south, middle and south lines correspond to the three lines in the middle section respectively. The route from Caspian Sea to Constantinople was opened in the middle of Tang Dynasty.
North line