Research on eternal style
Yongming style is a kind of poetic style that appeared in China during the period of Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasties. Also known as new poetry. Zhou Qing, a phonologist at that time, discovered and founded the theory of four tones, and used four tones and two tones to study the coordination of sound, rhyme and tone in poetry, and put forward the theory that eight diseases (flat head, tail, bee waist, crane knee, big rhyme, small rhyme, positive button and side button) must be avoided. Yongming style is characterized by paying attention to four tones, avoiding eight diseases and emphasizing rhyme and meter. Eight writers under Wang Xiao of Jingling in the Southern Dynasties: Xie Tiao, Li, Fan Li, Lu Shu (collectively called Eight Friends of Jingling) are all authors of Yongming style poems. Its representatives have always been Xie Tiao, Shen Yue and Wang Rong. During the period from Qi Yongming to Chen Liang 100, there were more than 90 people including Wu Jun, He Xun, Yin Keng, Xu Ling and Yu Xin. , a useful attempt was made to the new style poetry, which laid the foundation for the emergence and development of metrical poetry in the Tang Dynasty.
Create background
During the Yongming period of the Southern Qi Dynasty (483-493), the social politics was relatively stable and the economy was relatively prosperous, which provided good material conditions for writers to concentrate on their creation, study the law of temperament and create poems. From an early age, Xiao Ze followed his father Xiao Daocheng and Emperor Gaudi of Qi to explore the East and the West. He has served as a local county governor and has rich ruling experience. After he ascended the throne, he paid special attention to adjusting the contradictions between the ruling class and the ruled class, as well as with the Beiqi regime, and also paid special attention to reconciling the internal relations of the ruling class. Therefore, during his reign of 1 1, the society was relatively stable, the production developed well and the people were rich. The Preface to the Book of Southern Qi, Biography of Good Government, said: "In the life of Yongming, in the past ten years, there was no warning that chickens crowed and dogs barked, but the city was prosperous, famous ladies were rich, singing and dancing festivals were held, dressed in Hanfu, between peach blossoms and green waters, and under the spring breeze of autumn and moon, hundreds of miles were covered." Author Xiao Zixian, Nanqi imperial clan. Although he was full of praise, he reflected the reality at that time. Secondly, the ruling class's attention to literature and the activities of literary groups have greatly promoted the prosperity of poetry creation and the improvement of writing skills. Since the Southern Dynasties, the independence of literature has been greatly strengthened. In the 16th year of Yuanjia (440), Song Wendi set up a literature museum in addition to the three museums of Confucianism, metaphysics and history. Later, the Song and Ming Dynasties established a grand view of Ming Dynasty, which was divided into five parts: Confucianism, Taoism, literature, history and Yin and Yang. Since then, literature has been separated from classics and history as an independent discipline. For decades, through the continuous efforts of several generations, literature has finally been liberated from the vassal status of feudal rule and made great progress. During the Yongming period of the Southern Qi Dynasty, due to the attention of the ruling class, the scribes were often recruited by the senior figures of the ruling group and concentrated under their doors. In addition to certain work, they also collectively create literature, learn skills, and explore the inherent development law of literature, which provides favorable conditions for the development of literature. According to historical records, there will be at least four literary groups in the year after tomorrow, namely: Wang Jian, the general of the Guards, Wang Xiaoliang Zi of Jingling, Wang Xiaoyi and Xiao Zilong of Sui Dynasty. Among them, Xiao Group has the longest existence, the largest number, the largest scale and the greatest influence. The vast majority of "Yongming Style" poets come from this group.
major feature
First, the emphasis on melody and rhyme has been quite exquisite, mainly manifested in the fact that most people rhyme and rhyme is very strict. As for rhyme, many of them are close to the Tang Dynasty.
Second, the length of the poem has been greatly shortened, and the sentence patterns have gradually been finalized, mainly in five words and four sentences, five words and eight sentences, and some in five words and ten sentences.
Third, writing skills, pay attention to parallelism and antithesis, a large number of French sentences have appeared, and some allusions are naturally integrated into poetry.
Fourthly, get rid of the rigid atmosphere of Yuanjia style poetry in Liu and Song Dynasties, pursue the poetic style of circular beauty and easy to understand, and organically integrate scenery description with lyricism.
Fifth, emphasize the integrity of the beginning and end of the poem, emphasize the ingenious conception and pursue the artistic conception of the poem.
Color development method
Qi, Liang and Chen are the periods of the formation and development of new style poetry. The so-called new-style poetry, compared with the ancient-style poetry, is characterized by its emphasis on rhythm and duality. This new style poem was originally formed in the next year of Qi Yong in the Southern Dynasty (the year number of Qi Di Xiao Huang, 483 ~ 493), so it is also called "Yongming style". Antithetical poems have existed in the Book of Songs and have gradually increased since Wei and Jin Dynasties. During the Song and Qi Dynasties, poets paid more attention to the pursuit, and formed the atmosphere of "hundreds of words" (Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long Ming Shi"). The key to the emergence of new poetry is the proposition of temperament theory. The biography of South Shu Qi Lu Jue contains:
At the end of Yongming, it is an article. , Chen, adjust, Langya, push the hub gas; Runan Zhou Qing is good at understanding sound and rhyme. The Covenant and other articles are all written by palace merchants, and the four tones are flat, up and down to make rhyme, which cannot be increased or decreased. It is called "Yongming Style" in the world.
It can be seen that the discovery of the four tones and their application in poetry creation have become an artificial rhyme, which is the process of the emergence of the eternal swan song. Four tones are based on the sound level and length of Chinese characters. Musically, according to the combination change of Gong Shang angle, you can play all kinds of excellent and beautiful music; Poetry, on the other hand, can be arranged according to certain rules according to the combination changes of words and tones, so as to achieve sonorous, harmonious and pleasing effects. The so-called "within a simple sentence, the phonology is different, within two sentences, the weight is different" (Shen Yue's Song Xie Shu Lingyun), or "within five words, the phonology is different, and within two sentences, the horn symbols are different" (The Biography of Southern History and Lu Jue).
Shen Yue played an important role in the formation of immortal style. The Biography of Nan Shi Shen Yue contains the Four Tones Spectrum written by Shen Yue, which "I thought I didn't understand it until thousands of years ago". However, Lu Juehe had an argument about "this secret has not been seen", and later Rong did not agree. In fact, the key point is whether to consciously apply the knowledge of temperament to actual creation.
Before the Qi-Liang theory came into being, the creation of poetry and fu did not pay attention to rhyme, but paid attention to natural rhyme, which was mostly related to music. Judging from the development of poetry itself, with the continuous prosperity of literati's five-character poetry creation, five-character poetry gradually separated from Yuefu, and independently developed into an apprentice song that did not love music, that is, a five-character poem without orchestral preparation (Preface to Poetry). Therefore, it is an inevitable trend to get rid of the dependence on music rhythm and create poems that meet the requirements of music rhythm. At the same time, with the introduction of Buddhism and the gradual prosperity of Buddhist scripture translation, it further promoted the occurrence and development of phonology in China. The anti-tangent phonetic notation invented at the end of Han Dynasty is related to this. This is a key step in the later development of phonology. Besides, Erya Yi Yin in the Three Kingdoms Period, Sheng Lei in the Wei and Jin Dynasties and Ji Yun by Lu Jing all promoted people's understanding of phonology at that time.
Lu Ji of Jin Dynasty and Ye Fan of Song Dynasty (Southern Dynasties) have all put forward the requirement of harmony and sound change in literary language, but what they say still belongs to natural rhyme; It was not until Qi Liang's theory of temperament was put forward that a set of temperament for writing five-character poems was artificially summarized and stipulated. The theory of temperament is based on the discovery of four tones. For example, in "Southern History", "(Zhou Qing) begins with four tones" ("Zhou Qing Chuan"); "(Shen Yue) wrote" Four Tones Spectrum ",thinking that poets in the past, who had been ignorant for thousands of years, had a unique mind and wonderful purpose and claimed to be the work of man and god" (Biography of Shen Yue); "When there was Wang Bin, ... the theory of four tones was in existence" (biography of Lu Jue); "Qi Yongming, Wang Rong, Xie Tiao, Shen Yue, the article began with four tones, thinking that the new changes, and even turned to rhyme, became beautiful, and surpassed the former" (Biography of Yu Jianwu). There are many reasons why the four tones were discovered in this period. The natural development of traditional phonology and the accumulation of experience in using phonology in poetry and fu creation promoted the invention of the four tones. More importantly, this is directly related to the examination of words and sounds in the translation of Buddhist scriptures at that time. Shen Kuo once pointed out in Meng Qian's Bi Tan: "The study of phonology has been four tones since Shen Yue, and its skills have become more and more dense since Brahma Tianzhu entered China." At the same time, Shen Yue and others combined the distinction between the four tones with the traditional knowledge of poetry's phonology and intonation, studied the coordination of poetry's phonology, rhyme and intonation, and stipulated a set of prosodic defects that should be avoided in five-character poems, namely "sick offenders", that is, "eight diseases" recorded in later generations.
Representative poet
Jiangyan
, Chen, Tiao, Langya push each other, you are always good at rhyme, and all the works are written by the palace merchants, with the four tones of "Shang Jin", which cannot be increased or decreased, and the world is called "Yongming Style". "
In addition to the above three people, Fan Li and others have also written many good poems, and their poetic style is close to that of Xie and Shen. He Xun, Wu Jun, Liu Yun and Liu Xiaozhuo, who became famous in Liang Dynasty, also got married respectively. He Xun's poetic style is also close to that of Xie Tiao, and Wu Yun is more quaint and distinctive. Xiao Yan, one of the Eight Friends of Jingling and later the founding emperor of Liang Dynasty, also wrote some beautiful and readable poems, but he did not agree with the theory of "four tones and eight diseases".
Creative situation
The representative writers of "Yongming Style" have always been considered as Shen Yue, Xie Tiao and Wang Rong. Shen Yue has the largest number of poems, and his theoretical exposition represents the idea of "eternal poetic style", but his actual creative achievements are not as good as Xie Tiao's. Xie Tiao inherited Cao Zhi's poetic style and was good at opening with epigrams. In the description of scenery and lyricism, he integrated the advantages of Xie Lingyun and Bao Zhao, thus avoiding the important and neglecting the important. There are more than 130 five-character poems written by Xie Tiao, among which new-style poems account for about one third. These poems have the rudiment of five-character poems, but they rhyme. The rhythm of sentences and texts is still uncertain. Although there is still some confusion in the rhythm of his poems, we can also see that they have gradually made some achievements.
Shen Yue
Shen Yue
Among the poets in Yongming style, Shen Yue was very famous at that time, and his poetic achievements were also outstanding. Zhong Rong's Poems summarized Shen Yue's poetic style with "understanding". This feature is mainly manifested in his landscape poems and farewell poems. Yongming poets not only have theories, but also have a lot of poetry creation. "Biography of the Southern Qi Lu Jue" said: "At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Chen Diao and Lang Rong used Qi to push Yi, and you were brave and good at rhyme. All essays use Gong Shang and Si Phonetic Rhyme, which cannot be increased or decreased. The world calls it' Yongming style'. "
Compared with contemporary Schell and others, Shen Yue's landscape poems are not many, but they are also fresh, but they often reveal a sad and sentimental mood. Such as "Deng Xuanchang Building" poem:
The dangerous peak is in the north and the top is in the south. There are tombs and pavilions, looking back at Chuanyin. Every time the shore insurance increases and decreases, the rapids are flat and shallow. There are three schools of water. There is a stranger in the world, guest anxious to return. The falling light reflects the long pu, and the candle shines around the scene. Clouds are dark when they rise and half cloudy when the sun goes down. Believe that beauty is not my soil, why not smoke?
The description of the scenery is fresh and natural, especially the capture and description of the changes of the scenery, which makes the realm of poetry have a dynamic trend. The poet compares the lonely image of "a stranger" with the scene he saw when climbing the mountain, thus integrating the scene in front of him with "returning to the heart".
Shen Yue's farewell poems also have the characteristics of "clearing grievances", such as leaving Ancheng, which is praised by later generations:
Life is a teenager's day, and it's easy to break up. When you are with me, you will die, not when you are apart. Don't say a bottle of wine, it will be difficult to get it tomorrow. If you don't know the way in your dream, how can you comfort Acacia?
Comparing the differences between youth and old age now contains profound and rich sentimental feelings; The last two sentences use the allusions of Sharla Cheung and Gao Hui in the Warring States Period (see Selected Works and Han Feizi quoted by Shan Li), which adds a gloomy parting color. The language of the whole poem is simple and plain, but the emotional expression is sincere, deep and euphemistic, and it is unique in artistic skills. Shen Deqian commented on this poem: "A piece of true qi flows out, and every sentence turns, and every word is vigorous. It is not far from the' Nineteen Poems'. " (The Source of Ancient Poetry, Volume 12)
Xie Tiao
Xie Tiao
Xie Tiao is a representative poet of Yongming style, the most outstanding among the Eight Friends of Jingling and the most outstanding poet in Qi and Liang Dynasties. Although he was born in a famous family, he often expressed the worries of officials and the anguish of life in his poems because of his ups and downs in the political whirlpool and witnessed the sinister career and the darkness of reality. For example, "I temporarily sent a new forest to Beijing at night to give it to my colleagues in Xifu":
The river flows day and night, and the guest is sad. It's a long way to go, Xiu Yuan. The autumn river is gloomy, and the cold night is gloomy. The faucet looks at the Jing room, and the palace pheasant is opposite. Kimberly magpie, jade rope low chapter. Driving outside the gate, I thought of Zhao Qiuyang. Chi Hui can't connect, let alone be separated by two townships. There are birds in the wind and smoke, and Jianghan has no beams. I am often afraid of falcon attacks, and the chrysanthemum Committee is severely frosted. file