Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty was called the Saint of Poetry by later generations
Du Fu had a profound influence on Chinese classical poetry. He was called the "Sage of Poetry" by later generations, and his poems were called For "history of poetry".
Later generations called him Du Shiyi and Du Gongbu, and also called him Du Shaoling and Du Caotang. The core of Du Fu's thoughts is the Confucian benevolent government. He has the grand ambition of bringing the kings, Yao and Shun to the throne, and then making the customs pure. Although Du Fu was not well-known during his lifetime, he later became famous and had a profound impact on both Chinese and Japanese literature. About 1,500 poems by Du Fu have been preserved, most of which are collected in "Du Gongbu Collection". Du Fu's life experience in the Tang Dynasty
Du Fu's family background
Du Fu was born in Nanyaowan Village, Gong County, Henan (now Gongyi City, Zhengzhou, Henan) in 712 AD (the year of Renzi). Du Fu was born in the Du family in Jingzhao, a noble family in the north. His distant ancestor was Du Zhou, a famous cruel official of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and his grandfather Du Shenyan. Du Fu and Du Mu, another great poet of the Tang Dynasty, namely "Xiao Li Du", were both descendants of the great scholar and famous general Du Yu of the Jin Dynasty. However, the two factions were far apart. Du Fu was descended from Du Dan, the second son of Du Yu, while Du Mu was descended from Du Yin, the youngest son of Du Yu. When Du Fu was a teenager, he lived a relatively stable and prosperous life due to his superior family environment. He was eager to learn since childhood and could compose poems at the age of seven. At the age of seven, he became strong when he thought about it, and chanted the phoenix at his mouth. He was determined to bring the kings, Yao and Shun to the top and make customs pure. He was also very naughty when he was young. When he was fifteen years old, he still felt like a child and was as strong as a yellow calf walking back. In August, pears and jujubes ripen in front of the court, and the tree can rise a thousand times in one day.
Du Fu traveled a lot when he was young
When he was 19 years old in the 19th year of Kaiyuan, Du Fu traveled to Xunxia (now Linyi, Shandong). When he was twenty years old, he traveled to Wuyue for several years. In the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan (735), he returned to his hometown to participate in the "township tribute". In the 24th year, he took the Jinshi examination in Luoyang and failed. Du Fu's father was the Sima of Yanzhou at that time, so Du Fu went to Yanzhou to visit relatives and began his tour of Qi and Zhao.
In April of the third year of Tianbao (744), Du Fu met Li Bai in Luoyang, who had been given gold and released by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. The two made an appointment to travel to the Liang and Song Dynasties (today's Kaifeng and Shangqiu areas in Henan). After that, Du Fu went to Qizhou (today's Jinan, Shandong). Four years later, he went to Yanzhou to meet Li Bai in the autumn. The two of them searched for immortals and Taoism together, talked about poetry and essays, and formed a friendship called "Drunken in Autumn, Undercover, Walking Hand in Hand with Japan". At the end of autumn, the two shook hands and said goodbye. Du Fu ended his wandering life of debauchery between Qi and Zhao, and returned to Chang'an.
Du Fu’s official career was not going well.
In the sixth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong ordered the people from all over the world to take the exam in Chang’an. Du Fu also took the exam. Because Li Linfu, the powerful prime minister, directed a farce of "No Wild One", all the scholars who took the exam failed. Since the road to the imperial examination was not feasible, in order to realize his political ideals, Du Fu had to switch to the door of the powerful, and gave gifts to officials, etc., but to no avail. He lived in Chang'an for ten years, traveling around to give gifts, but he was depressed and frustrated in his official career. He lived a life of poverty. He failed to win the imperial examination and was trapped in Chang'an.
In the first month of the tenth year of Tianbao, Xuanzong will hold three grand ceremonies to worship Taiqing Palace, Taimiao Temple and Heaven and Earth. Du Fu then pre-dedicated three "Da Li Fu" in the winter of Tianbao's ninth year, which was appreciated by Xuanzong and was ordered to be made. In Jixian Yuan, however, he was only qualified to participate in the selection process and was waiting for assignment. Because the examiner was still Li Linfu, he did not get an official position.
In the fourteenth year of Tianbao, Du Fu was awarded a minor official like Hexi Lieutenant. However, Du Fu was unwilling to accept this official position. If he did not become Hexi Lieutenant, he would be desolate and miserable, so the court changed him to the right guard. Fubing Cao can join the army (low-level official position, responsible for guarding the armor, weapons, staff, and managing door locks and keys). Du Fu was already forty-four years old and had been in Chang'an for more than ten years. To make a living, he accepted this useless position. In November, Du Fu went to Fengxian to visit his family. As soon as Du Fu entered the house, he heard crying. It turned out that his youngest son had died of hunger. Based on his ten years' experience in Chang'an and what he saw along the way, he wrote the famous "Five Hundred Words of Ode to My Heart from Beijing to Fengxian County".
Du Fu was displaced during the war
In November of the 14th year of Tianbao, the Anshi Rebellion broke out. In June of the following year, Tongguan fell and Xuanzong fled westward in panic. In July, Prince Li Heng was located in Lingwu and became Suzong. At this time, Du Fu had moved his family to Qiang Village in Yanzhou (today's Fuxian County, Shaanxi Province) for refuge. When he heard that Suzong had ascended the throne, he went north alone in August and defected to Lingwu. Unfortunately, he was captured by the rebels on the way and was taken to Chang'an. . Wang Wei, who was also captured, was under strict guard, but Du Fu was not imprisoned because he was a junior official. Despite his personal misfortunes, Du Fu was always concerned about the country and the people. At the time of the Anshi Rebellion, he was always paying attention to the development of the current situation. During this period, he wrote two articles: "A Picture of the Situation for Huazhou Guo Shijun to Advance and Destroy Canguan" and "Five Poems on the Policy Questions of Huazhou Examination Jinshi in the First Year of Qianyuan" ", to provide suggestions for annihilating the Anshi rebels and consider how to reduce the burden on the people. When Li Siye, the powerful force in the crusade against the rebels, was passing through Huazhou with his troops, he expressed his patriotic enthusiasm by writing two poems: "Guan'an Xibing Passes to Guanzhong and Stands for Order".
Du Fu’s time as an official
In April of the second year of Zhide (757), Guo Ziyi’s army came to the north of Chang’an. Du Fu took the risk to escape from Chang’an through Jinguang Gate in Chengxi and crossed the two opposing sides. The army went to Fengxiang (today's Baoji, Shaanxi Province) and defected to Suzong. On May 16, he was awarded the title of Zuo Shiyi by Suzong, and his old name was "Du Shiyi". Unexpectedly, Du Fu soon angered Suzong by rescuing Fang Guan, and was demoted to Huazhou (today's Hua County), where he was responsible for sacrifices, rituals and music, schools, elections, medical treatment, examinations and other matters. After arriving in Huazhou, Du Fu felt very depressed and troubled. He often visited the pavilion of Zheng County on the bank of the Xixi River (near Laoguan Terrace in today's Xinglin Town) to relieve his worries and boredom. In his poems such as "Inscription on the Pavilion of Zheng County", "Standing with Cases in the Bitter Heat of Early Autumn", "Independence" and "Skinny Horse Walking", he expressed his lament and resentment about the frustrated official career, the bleak world, and the treacherous and slanderous people. In the matter of rescuing Fang Guan, Du Fu was rescued by Prime Minister Zhang Hao and was released. However, the emperor was not very careful about recording. From then on, Suzong no longer used Du Fu in any important way. In September of this year, Chang'an was recovered. In November, Du Fu returned to Chang'an and still served as Zuo Shiyi. Although he was loyal to his duties, he was eventually implicated in the Fangguan case and was demoted to Huazhou Si Gong to join the army in June of the first year of Qianyuan (758).
At the end of the first year of Qianyuan (758), Du Fu temporarily left Huazhou and visited relatives in Luoyang and Yanshi (both in today's Henan Province). In March of the following year, the battle broke out between the Tang army and the Anshi rebels in Yecheng (now Anyang, Henan), and the Tang army was defeated. On his way back to Huazhou from Luoyang, Du Fu saw the endless disasters brought by the war to the people and the patriotic behavior of the people who endured humiliation and joined the army. He was deeply moved and wrote the immortal epic Sanli? ("Xin'an Li", "Xin'an Li", "Shihao Officials", "Tongguan Officials") and "Three Farewells" ("Newlywed Farewell", "Elderly Farewell", "Homeless Farewell"), and after returning to Huazhou, they were revised and finalized. ?The eyes are full of sorrow and trouble, because people travel far away. ?
Du Fu wandered in the southwest
In the summer of the second year of Qianyuan (759), there was a severe drought in Huazhou and Guanzhong. Du Fu wrote "Summer Sigh" and "Summer Night Sigh", feeling worried. When times are hurtful and chaotic, we lament the suffering of refugees in our country. After the Beginning of Autumn that year, Du Fu was distraught about the dirty current affairs, so he gave up his post as Sigong in Huazhou and joined the army, and went west to Qinzhou (today's Tianshui area of ??Gansu Province). During his tenure as Sigong in Huazhou, Du Fu composed more than 30 poems. After several twists and turns, Du Fu finally arrived in Chengdu. With the help of Yan Wu and others, he built a thatched cottage on the bank of Huanhua River in the west of the city, known as "Du Fu Thatched Cottage" or "Huanhua Thatched Cottage" in the world. Later, it was recommended as the festival capital by Yan Wu, and his family lived in Fengjie County, Sichuan.
In the spring of the second year of Guangde (760), Yan Wu once again suppressed Shu, and Du Fu returned to the thatched cottage after wandering away for nearly two years. Yan Wu recommended Du Fu to be a member of the school's inspection and work department, and he served as Yan Wu's staff. Later generations also called Du Fu the Du Work Department. Soon Du Fu resigned again. During the past five or six years, Du Fu lived under the fence of others, but his life was still very difficult. He said: "The rich fortune and old friends are cut off, and the childish look is desolate when he is always hungry" ("The Mad Man")? The idiot does not know the etiquette of father and son, and is angry and asks for food and cries at the east gate. . ?He used some details of life to express the hardship of his life. He said that his child, who is not yet sensible, does not know how to respect his father and does not know the etiquette of a master. When he is hungry, he should follow the rules of father and son, regardless of whether he is the father or not. When he was hungry, he would clamor for food and cry outside the east gate. In the autumn storm, Du Fu's thatched hut was in ruins, and his hungry son and wife could not sleep all night. He wrote "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by the Autumn Wind".
In April of the Guangde year, Yan Wu died and Du Fu left Chengdu. Passing through Jiazhou, Rongzhou (Yibin), Yuzhou (Chongqing), Zhongzhou (Zhongxian), Yun'an (Yunyang), it arrived at Kuizhou (Fengjie) in the first year of the Dali calendar. Thanks to the care of Bai Maolin, the governor of Kuizhou, Du Fu was able to stay here temporarily and manage one hundred hectares of public land in Dongtun for the government. He also rented some public land, bought forty acres of orchards, hired several hired hands, and The family also participated in some labor. During this period, the poet's creation reached a climax. In less than two years, he composed more than 430 poems, accounting for 30% of the existing works. During this period, his works included a large number of masterpieces such as "Spring Night Joyful Rain", "Song of Thatched Cottage Broken by Autumn Wind", "The Prime Minister of Shu", "Hearing the Official Army Takes Henan and Hebei", "Climbing High", "Climbing the Yueyang Tower" and so on. One of the most famous poems is: "With tens of millions of mansions, it can shelter all the poor people in the world with joy." ? And the line in "Climbing High": "The endless falling trees are rustling down, and the endless Yangtze River is rolling in" is an eternal masterpiece.
Du Fu's long death in Jiangzhou
In the third year of Dali, Du Fu was homesick and took a boat out of the gorge. He first went to Jiangling, then to the police, and at the end of the year he drifted to Yueyang, Hunan. During this period Du Fu has been living on the boat. Due to the difficult life, not only could he not return north, he was forced to go further south. In the first month of the fourth year of the Dali calendar, we went from Yueyang to Tanzhou (Changsha), then from Tanzhou to Hengzhou (Hengyang), and then back to Tanzhou. In the fifth year of Emperor Dali of the Tang Dynasty (770), Zang Jie caused trouble in Tanzhou, and Du Fu fled to Hengzhou. He originally planned to go to Chenzhou to seek refuge with his uncle Cui Mao, but when he arrived in Leiyang, the river surged, so he had to stop at Fangtian Station. He was gone for five days. He ate something, but fortunately the county magistrate Nie sent someone to deliver wine and meat and was saved. Later, Du Fu had to go upstream for more than 200 miles from Leiyang to Chenzhou. At this time, the flood had not receded. Du Fu originally wanted to return north, but then he changed his plan and went down the river and turned back to Tanzhou. In the winter of the fifth year of the Dali calendar, Du Fu died on a small boat from Tanzhou to Yueyang. He was fifty-nine years old.
Du Fu's anecdotes and allusions
Angrily denounced the imperial relatives
The Tang Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was a big country in the world at that time. But in this big country that still seems to be powerful on the surface, there are already signs of collapse due to various reasons such as the hands of others. Finally, the Anshi Rebellion occurred, a turning point when the Tang Dynasty quickly moved toward overthrow. After Du Fu learned of this situation, he felt that those in power who ignored the people's livelihood and only cared about their own enjoyment would definitely lead to the country's defeat; so he wrote angrily and wrote a poem that was later selected into the famous anthology "Three Hundred Tang Poems" Poetry, that is, a seven-character long ancient poem titled "Beauty's Journey". The poem has become a veritable "epic" due to its bold satire and profound exposure of the Yang family's hot and luxurious life; and people have also summarized an idiom "hot" from it, which is used to express great arrogance and power. That's a big one.
The mystery of the cause of death
For many years, the biggest mystery Du Fu left for future generations is the cause of his death. The literary and historical circles have proposed five causes of death for Du Fu:
1. The theory of death from illness
Read "The Biography of Du Fu" by Mo Lifeng and Tong Qiang. Regarding Du Fu's death, The book writes: "Winter has arrived, and the poet fell ill." He fell ill in the boat heading to Hengyang. ?A superstar fell in this infinite loneliness and loneliness. ?
2. Granting death
This theory first came from the "Addition to Du Shiyi" written in the name of Li Guan of the Tang Dynasty. Since this statement was put forward, scholars from successive dynasties have refuted it and clearly pointed out the biggest problem in this passage, that is, it is mentioned that Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty ordered Du Fu to die in 770, while Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty died in the first year of Baoying. (762).
3. Death by drowning in water
This theory originated from the "Inscription on Du Zimei's Tomb" written in the name of Han Yu of the Tang Dynasty. The three sages (referring to Qu Yuan, Li Bai, and Du Fu) were the same Return to water? The three of them drowned themselves in the sand, which is obviously an imagination without any basis.
4. Death from food poisoning
The famous modern scholar Guo Moruo proposed this statement. Guo Moruo’s statement is also speculative. There is almost no literature as a basis. It is purely personal literature. creation.
5. Death from indigestion
Du Fu’s death was closely related to hunger. After leaving Sichuan, Du Fu lived in Hunan. He was besieged by sudden floods and starved continuously. 9 days (some say I was hungry for 5 days in a row). The local magistrate rescued Du Fu in a boat and entertained him with Niuzhi (roasted meat) white wine. Du Fu, who was rarely gluttonous for a long time, couldn't bear it because he hadn't eaten for a long time, and he eventually died of indigestion.
>>>More exciting things on the next page? Du Fu’s personal achievements?