Ye Jiaying's Seventeen Lectures on Poetry in Tang and Song Dynasties-1-Wang Guowei's Poetry on Earth should be concise and express what poetry can't;
Therefore, words have such a subtle effect. Therefore, Wang Guowei defined the nature of words in Ci Hua on Earth. He said: as a body, words should be refined, and they can say what poetry can't say and what poetry can say. Poetry has a wide territory, but the words are very long. The style of his words should be taught and changed. It is necessary to learn from "Nine Songs of Chu", which is about a water god in Hunan. There is a saying in it that beauty needs to be repaired. So it is a kind of beauty, saying that this beauty is a kind of beauty that needs to be repaired. Then what kind of beauty is this? When we generally talk about aesthetics, there are gorgeous, elegant and all kinds of beauty. Where is the beauty of trying to repair? "Songs of the South" has Wang Yi's annotation "Songs of the South". Wang Yi said that it is beautiful to be embarrassed. What's there to fix? Repair, decoration also. Show means that this kind of beauty is decorated, a very delicate beauty. Hong Xingzu's Addendum to Songs of the South says that you should fix it, and describes the beauty of tolerance and virtue of E Huang. There are different opinions about what kind of immortal Xiang Jun is. Today we are not talking about Chu Ci, so I can only say this simply. Hong Xingzu thinks this is about E Huang. As we all know, Harmony is Shun's two wives. Shun died, and he cried, and tears spilled on the bamboo, becoming a spotted bamboo; Later, he died and became a fairy who made a sound. Whether this is reliable or not, and whether Xiang Jun of Chu Ci is E Huang, we have no time to research it today. At least Hong Xingzu thinks that the beauty cultivated and written is the beauty of women, and it is the beauty from the inside out. Some personal beauty is only external beauty. I was a young woman in Lu Yu that day, wearing very beautiful and neat clothes and two earrings. She is very beautiful. But I don't know who touched her or offended her. She turned around and swore. Therefore, this beauty, he said, is the beauty of tolerance and morality, and it is a beauty of internal and external integration. In Chu Ci Tian Wen, the gods are lustful, and Hong Xingzu's annotation also says that it should be implicit. If we combine the notes of the two embarrassing words in Songs of the South, we will know that the so-called embarrassing beauty is to write a kind of female beauty, which is the most exquisite, delicate and subtle, and it is a very exquisite beauty with decoration. Wang Guowei said that it is such beauty that words should be refined for their body.
So, why are words so beautiful? There are two important reasons: one is the form reason and the other is the content reason. What is the formal reason? Of course, we all know that poetry, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, is generally a beautiful prose, so there must always be a sense of rhythm. China's poems, we say, are ancient modern poems. Of course, there is also a kind of leveling, and there are also various rhyming forms in the west. Although some people write prose poems, they don't need this rigid rhythm, but they also need a natural melody beauty. In a word, poetry is beautiful, and it should have a rhythmic beauty. China's poetry, of course, the Book of Songs is early. There was no fixed form at that time. No one said that if you want to write poetry, you have to be level. There is no limit. The book of songs came into being naturally, and most of them were four words and one sentence. The formation of this form is due to the characteristics of Chinese characters and a natural state of our human physiology. Because poetry should have rhythm, rhythm, one word and two words, yes, it has no rhythm. Therefore, there must be rhythm to be beautiful. The four words are the shortest and naturally contain rhythm. Guan Heming's osprey, accompanied by the small continent of the river. My fair lady, my gentleman is gentle and graceful, and naturally has rhythm, which is a natural physiological formation. The appearance of five-character poems was influenced by foreign music and Yuefu poems in Han Dynasty, so five-character poems were established. Seven-character poem is a combination of five-character poem style and Chu ci style. Of course, we have no time to talk about the development of poetic forms today. In my "Jialing Poetry Collection", there is an article about the evolution of China's poetic style. You can refer to it, so I won't talk about it any more. In a word, China's later poetic form is either five-character or seven-character, and in these five-character or seven-character, modern poetry has even and flat meter, which is generally used at intervals. Flat and light, flat and light. Flat and flat, flat and flat, rhythmic form. And its rhythm, generally speaking, five-character poetry, its rhythm is the rhythm of two or three, the guest road-under the green hills, sailing-in front of the green water. The tide is flat-the sides are wide and the wind is positive-and a sail is hung. (Wang Wan's "The Next Berth on Beibao Mountain") This is roughly the rhythm. Seven-character poems are mostly the rhythm of four or three, or two or two. Kuifu-Ancient City-Sunset, Brilliant-Beidou-Wang Jinghua. It's always this rhythm form. If it is a five-character poem, it is all five words and one sentence; If it's a seven-character poem, it's all seven words and one sentence. Word, it has another name, called long and short sentences. Li Houzhu's poem Hua Lin Xie Chunhong was written in a hurry. Helpless, cold rain comes early and wind comes late. When do you still have a heavy drink when you are in tears? Naturally, people hate water when they grow up. You see, his three-character, six-character and nine-character are uneven in level and length, so they are called long and short sentences. In other words, in form, words are more diverse, subtle, delicate and tortuous than poems. Someone asked a question and said that there were also sentences with uneven length in the poem. In Li Taibai, you can't see how the water of the Yellow River flows from heaven into the ocean, which is gone forever. ..... CenFuZi, Dan QiuSheng, must drink, don't stop drinking. Let me sing you a song! Please listen to me. Say Sauvignon Blanc, in Chang 'an. This is Li Bai's line, and there are more changes than this. We're not talking about poetry, and we don't recite it anymore. In short, there are also sentences with uneven length in the poem. So what's the difference between the length and nature of words? Words with different lengths are totally not free. Words are originally lyrics filled with music tunes, so we always say that lyrics are filled with music, and every word is not free. But the long and short sentences in the poem are relatively free. Poems with irregular long and short sentences in Han Yuefu are free. Evil! I want to know you and live a long life. I long to know you, long live, this heart will never fade. Thundering in winter and shaking rain and snow in summer, heaven and earth blend together, but dare to break with you! Its uneven changes are irregular and completely free. So this nature is different, so the long and short sentences of words and poems are not neat, but the nature is different. One is free, and the other is not free at all. But some people say that there are also neat sentences between the lines, like Ouyang Xiu's On the Jade Building:
Snow clouds suddenly turned into spring clouds, and gradually felt that the years were worth seeing. Plum blossoms in the north branch are cold, and ripples in Nanpu are like wine green. Wheatgrass continued for the second time, and there was nothing unhappy about it. Respect a hundred springs before, but don't hurt and frown.
What's the difference between seven-character poems and seven-character poems? If you look closely, you will find that some words are similar to poems, but their level is different from poems. Ouyang Xiu's first poem began with the removal of rhyme, which is different from the flat rhyme of modern poetry. Moreover, its levelness is strictly limited, which is different from the freedom of classical poetry and the neat format of regular poetry. So even if the words and sentences are neat, there is a sense of cadence in reading. In other words, words are easy to form a kind of beauty that needs to be repaired. Not only that, the five words in the whole poem are generally two or three pauses; Every sentence of the seven words is a pause of four, three or two. But between the lines, there is another meaning. In a sentence with five words, sometimes there are two or three pauses, sometimes there are not two or three pauses. We can now look at a word as an example:
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Zhou Bangyan's Jie Lianhuan
Resentment is faithless, lovers are cut off, and news is far away. Faithful and skillful, Jie Lianhuan is like wind and rain, and the fog is light and the clouds are light. ……
Lovers break up in five words, but its pause is not like a poem. You can't say love-people break up, you can't, you say-lovers break up, which is a pause of 14. Like the wind dispersed the rain, you can't say it is like the wind-dispersed the rain, but it is like-dispersed the rain. Therefore, in a five-word sentence, it can be a pause of 14 instead of all pauses of 23. In addition, we can also see that there are some seven-character sentences in the word, not four or three pauses, but three or four pauses. It's also the first word ... lovers break up, letters drift away. The following sentence was originally a seven-character quatrain, but it stopped at "Yuanyang Yuanyang Yuanyang Yuanyang Yuanyang"-Jie Lianhuan, but Yuanyang Yuanyang-Yuanyang Jie Lianhuan. Not only that, there is a so-called prefix in the word, which is a single word, and then a row of compound sentence is created. Like a sentence, lovers are cut off, letters are far away, and one sentence makes two four sentences. Like the wind scattered and the rain collected, the fog was light and the clouds were thin. A sentence like this has caused two four-character dialogues, so in form, of course, there are many uneven subtle twists and turns. This is the first formal reason why the words are so beautiful and need to be repaired.
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The second reason is simple, that is, content. Because the words are full of love and lovesickness between men and women, in order to cooperate with this kind of singing occasion and the singer of the singing characters, it is natural to write a gentle and delicate beauty of women, which needs to be repaired. Therefore, the style of words should be refined, and what poetry can say cannot be said. Many feelings that you can't express in poetry can be expressed in words, but you can't do everything. There are poems to write, but your handwriting can't be written. For example, Du Fu's "Going to Fengxian" and Du Fu's "Northern Expedition" are long and reflect the background of the whole social history. Such a long space, such a free level, is such a great thing. Words are lyrics sung with music. Its length is generally short, so it is doomed by nature. The length of the word can't write such a long article as the Northern Expedition and Going to Fengxian, so it is not suitable for writing a long epic, which it can't say in words. The territory of poetry is very wide, and the content of poetry is all-encompassing, which can be discussed, lyrical and chronicled. Ci is generally just a description of scenery and lyric. So the realm of poetry is broad.
But you should pay attention to the last sentence, which is a long word. The length of words is not the length of words, not the length of sentences, but the lasting appeal of words. This goes back to what we just said. Poetry is a conscious activity, and it can be very touching to say it, but we can't play association at will. Where are the words? Writing the fine print of love shows the essence of people's psychological feelings and can cause rich associations, so the word length can cause many associations. This is why Zhang Huiyan and Wang Guowei said that Ci has the meaning of a gentleman's seclusion, and there are three realms that Chengda asks. This is just a brief introduction to the essence of Ci. How come? There will be written proof later.