At the beginning of the article, it is emphasized that the beginning is exquisite, which is often called "phoenix head" Therefore, it is the highlight of modern text reading to examine the function of the opening paragraph.
(1) Doubt method (suspense method)
Benefits (thinking direction): ① Arouse readers' thinking and attract readers. (2) leads to the following plot. (3) prominent figures. ④ Reveal the theme of the novel.
⑵ Landscape writing method
Benefits (thinking direction): ① Explain the time and place where the story happened. ② Suggest the social environment and reveal the essential characteristics of society. (3) Reveal the characters' emotions and show their personalities. ④ Render the atmosphere. ⑤ Promote the development of the plot, pave the way for portraying characters and lay the foundation.
(3) Others include: opening the topic and quoting the full text; Lead out the following, or pave the way for the following; Render the atmosphere and set the tone. These are just terms. You should answer them according to the content, structure and effect of the article.
Second, the ending effect.
The function of the ending paragraph is usually: to summarize the full text and summarize the main idea; Echoing the beginning, the beginning and the end are round, making the article seamless; Zhang Xianzhi pointed out the theme; Strengthen the author's emotion, deepen or sublimate the theme; Endless words make readers think; Wait a minute.
1. Unexpected ending
(1) From the structural arrangement, the plain story suddenly produces waves, such as breaking through the ground and violently hitting the reader's mind, which has a shocking force.
(2) From the perspective of expression, it is reasonable to look at the foreshadowing of the latter article.
2. Sad tragic ending
(1) From the perspective of theme, we can deepen the theme better.
(2) From the perspective of expressing the character, it can better shape the character.
(3) This ending is touching, unforgettable and thought-provoking.
3. Happy ending
(1) Judging from the expressive effect, the comic ending of the novel leaves readers with a broad imagination and is intriguing.
(2) From the reader's emotional experience, the comic ending is in line with the wishes of the protagonist and the author, giving people a sense of relief and pleasure.
(3) Thematically, the beautiful humanity highlighted in this ending transcends the war and reflects the human desire for a peaceful and beautiful life.
4. Come to an abrupt end, leaving a blank ending, leaving a "blank" for readers to imagine, allowing readers to re-create art and deepen the theme better.
Third, the role of environmental description
Environmental description can be divided into natural environment description and social environment description.
1. Description of natural environment (scenery description)
(1) Render the atmosphere.
(1) separator character.
(3) Promote the plot development.
(4) Suggest the social environment.
(5) Reveal or deepen the theme of the work.
2. Social environment
(1) Explain the background of the story.
(2) Render the environmental atmosphere of the story and enhance the authenticity of the story.
(3) The description of the social environment sets off the outstanding characteristics of the characters and can show their identity, status and personality.
(4) Suggest the contrast and contrast of the characters' future and destiny.
(5) Promote the development and change of the plot.
(6) Deepen the theme of the novel.
Fourthly, the function of the novel title.
1, indicating the main characters. Serve for shaping and highlighting characters.
2. Summarize the main events of the novel.
3. It runs through the whole text and plays a clue role.
4. It is symbolic, punning, revealing the theme of the novel and making the finishing point.
5. Explain the time, place and environment of the story.
6. Set suspense to attract readers' interest and trigger reading impulse.
7, promote the development of the plot or promote the story turning point.
Fifth, the role of expression techniques.
1, the role of various description techniques
(1) Portrait, expression and action description: better show the inner world and personality characteristics of the characters.
(2) Language description: ① Depicting the characters' personalities, reflecting their psychological activities and promoting the story development; (2) Describe the characters' voices to make the images vivid.
(3) Psychological description: directly express the characters' thoughts and inner feelings, express the characters' ideological quality, portray the characters' personality and promote the plot development.
2. The role of novel detail description.
(1) Describe the characters' personalities and show their inner world.
(2) Deepen the theme.
(3) promote the development of the plot.
(4) Rendering the flavor of the times and local characteristics.
(5) Play the role of suggestion and innuendo.
Transitive role of intransitive verbs
The role of the transition section is mainly to connect the preceding with the following. When you do the problem, you should specifically answer how to connect and how to connect.
Seven, clue function
The writing clues of college entrance examination mainly include object line, emotion line and sentence line.
To answer such questions, we must understand the basic function of writing clues, that is, organizing materials and running through the whole text to make the article rigorous and seamless. It should be noted that some writing clues directly or indirectly express the main idea of the article and should be considered when answering questions.
Eight, the role of people
Use the first person: the narrative is more intimate and natural, which is convenient for expressing thoughts and feelings directly and freely, giving readers a sense of reality;
Using the second person address: it is a kind of address rhetoric, which is convenient for direct dialogue, is conducive to the exchange of thoughts and feelings, enhances intimacy, and makes lyric more intense and touching;
Using the third person: it can directly and objectively show colorful life, is not limited by time and space, has the characteristics of omniscience and omnipotence, and reflects reality more flexibly and freely.
Nine, manipulation effect
Expressive techniques mainly refer to rhetorical techniques and expressive techniques such as contrast, contrast, line drawing and symbol. Refer to Expression Skills of Poetry Appreciation. Pay attention to answer from the identification and function of expression.
It should be pointed out that this kind of question does not necessarily appear in the form of "function", sometimes it is set to express the effect or benefit, and sometimes it is necessary to appreciate the sentence, but the function of expression must be considered when answering the question.
X. character analysis
1, character image analysis (starting point)
Feature+identity
(1) Develop with the help of the plot (according to the situation)
(2) With the help of argumentative statements (comments of the author or others on the characters)
(3) with the help of character description (appearance, language, action, psychology)
2. Personas.
(1) The role of the main characters (mainly analyzing the social significance of the characters)
Firstly, the typicality of the character image (the characteristics of a certain kind of people) is analyzed in combination with the plot, and then the social phenomenon reflected by this image and some enlightenment it brings to people are analyzed in combination with the social reality.
(2) the role of secondary characters
A, serve the protagonist and set off the protagonist.
B, reveal or highlight the theme
C, if it is a clue, it is naturally a clue that runs through the whole text.
(3) the role of images
If a novel introduces a particularly important image, its basic function is nothing more than highlighting the character's character and revealing the deepening theme. Sometimes it appears repeatedly, stringing together related plots, thus becoming the clue of the article and making the structure more rigorous.
④ Analyze the character of "I" in the novel.
A, the witness of the story, telling the story from the first-person perspective, enhancing the authenticity of the story.
B, a clue that runs through the whole article, promotes the development of the story through what I have seen.
C. reveal the theme of the novel through the feeling of "I".
D, highlight the characters through the emotion of "I".
Practical text reading
1, principle of solving problems:
General principle: opinions are the author's (except questions), and the answers are in the original text.
Basic principles:
(1) The principle of "reduction": it is required to restore the information in the text and the original author's ideas, and express them in the original words as much as possible; The general answer can be found in the article.
(2) The principle of seeking the unknown from the known: there are two kinds of known, one is the literal meaning of the stem, and the other is the context of the paragraph where the stem is located.
If the literal meaning of stem words is taken as the abscissa and the contextual possible meaning of stem words in the text is taken as the ordinate, a coordinate can be established. Only by locking from the context and literal meaning can the correct solution be guaranteed.
(3) The principle of "context": Context is the thinking background for answering questions. Remember that "words cannot be separated from sentences, sentences cannot be separated from paragraphs, and paragraphs cannot be separated from articles".
(4) The principle of "point-to-face combination": In modern text reading comprehension, you can still get the required score by starting from the point, grasping the face, combining the point with the face, understanding the article, reviewing the questions and mastering the answering skills.
2, problem-solving skills:
(1) Understand the meaning of important sentences in the text.
Important sentences refer to key sentences that play an important role in the text, usually referring to:
① Long sentences with complicated structures;
(2) Being in charge of the central sentence of the whole article, namely Wen Yan;
(3) The general sentence at the beginning of the paragraph, the summary sentence and the transition sentence at the end of the paragraph;
④ Use special figures of speech and rich key sentences.
The meaning of important sentences refers to the deep connotation expressed through the literal meaning of sentences.
Method:
① Segmentation mining method: segment the sentence level, grasp the key words in the sentence, and start with a correct understanding of the literal meaning of the key words in the sentence.
(2) Restore method: restore the sentence to the original text to see its position in the selected text.
(3) Looking forward and looking back: find out the position of relevant sentences in the selected text, search the context, and pay attention to the hints of turning sentences, related words and pronouns in the text, so that you can "pick out" the answers from the original text.
(2) clarify the basic facts of biographical statements:
Biographies are generally written in chronological order. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight those times that show the important life events, the turning point of fate and the vital ideological and spiritual activities of the master, so as to quickly sort out the context of the article and grasp the main life course of the master.
When sorting out major events, we should pay attention to time words, places and corresponding events, and summarize major events by merging similar items.
(3) Grasp the image of the preacher:
First of all, grasp the image (especially the detailed description) from the performance of the characters in the event.
For example, what does this detail explain, what is its relationship with the whole event, what role it plays in the event or the owner's life, and what kind of spiritual characteristics it shows.
Secondly, grasp the image of the master from the relationship between the master and the times and between the master and others. "Passing on the master and the times" and "Passing on the master and others" are the latitude and longitude of understanding biography.
In short, it is necessary to contact the background and social environment of the preacher's life, understand the typical events and details according to the important facts related to the social process and the preacher's personal growth, and show them to the preacher to make him understand.
(4) Analysis of expression techniques:
A. Material selection:-Appropriate details.
The choice of biographies is closely related to the theme. With the materials that are useful to the center and particularly close to the theme as the main content, it needs to be colored and written in detail; Materials that are not closely related to the theme are secondary, so they are downplayed or even shelved.
Detailed description: the reader is unfamiliar, conforms to the theme, and highlights the character.
Essay: familiar to readers, not in line with the theme.
B. Character description method:
Portrait description, psychological description, action description, language description, detail description and profile description (indirect description) are often used to highlight the hero's character image and spiritual world, so that the character image is full of flesh and blood and lifelike, and the appeal of the article is enhanced.
In addition, we should pay special attention to some profiles that seem to have nothing to do with biographies, but play an important role in portraying biographies. For example, use the relevant information of people who are closely related to the communicator to highlight the image of the communicator.
C. quote:
In biography, the direct use of a large number of original materials-quotations can better highlight the characteristics of the characters, reveal their mental outlook and make an objective and fair evaluation of the characters.
Quoting poems can contrast and enrich the ideological spirit of writing from the side, and make biographies present an ancient and elegant style. Quoting stories can enhance the vividness and readability of articles.
Quoting the master's confession in letters and diaries can confirm the author's point of view and make the biography more real and touching.
(5) Language features:
Autobiography adopts the first person, and the language is humorous or teasing or natural and cordial. Usually narrative and lyrical. He uses the third person, and his language is simple and natural or brilliant.
(6) Ask questions:
This proposition mainly involves three aspects:
(1) Ask questions about the doubts and difficulties in the text you read and ask for in-depth discussion;
(2) Ask questions according to the content of the text and put forward two or more answers, so that candidates can judge right or wrong;
(3) Explore the author's creative background and intention.
The thinking of answering questions can be summarized as: viewpoint-quotation-discussion-summary. Point of view: Make your point clear. This is the first scoring point.
Citation: properly cite arguments and follow the principle of "introduction from the inside out", which not only makes full use of original materials, but also connects with reality reasonably.
Discussion:
That is to say, it comes down to the angle of kickback, so let's briefly summarize it. Finally, the information is integrated and stated according to the article:
(1) The main points must be comprehensive;
(2) the statement is organized.
As a comprehensive discussion topic, clear viewpoints, well-founded words and reasonable words are the key points of grading.