During the Xin Xin Dynasty, the officials of Shang Dynasty were those of China and Korea.
A foreign affairs officer who was shut out of Ji Wang. Among the internal officials, there are external court administrators and internal court administrators. The highest administrative officer is the "phase" to assist the Shang king in making decisions, also known as "A, Bao and Yin". The senior officials of the dynasty were collectively called Qing people. The "three publics" are honorifics set by people, and they are not permanent. In addition, there are: divination, sacrifice, recorded "history", divination, divination, divination, prayers of ghosts and gods, books for keeping ancient books (also known as keeping Tibetan history and internal history), the commander-in-chief of military attache, the master of musicians, and Shao Shi.
The court official is an official who serves the royal family, mainly the general manager and the trusted minister. I manage all the specific affairs of the royal family, including the director in charge of all kinds of work, the clothes in charge of grain collection, animal husbandry, hunting, wine, king cars and king cars (also known as servants and kings), the military attache Ya, the guard Ya Brigade, the old man in charge of the education of aristocratic children, and the "sound" born in other places. Officials abroad mainly include the leaders of Fang, Hou Bo, people who serve the imperial court and people who guard the border.
The basic feature of Shang Dynasty's political system is internal and external division of labor. Duke Zhou, who lived in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, once summed up his situation in Wine and Wine: "The more you serve outside, the more you wait, the more educated you are. The more you take orally, the more, the more, the more, the more, the more, the more. "
foreign affairs
Oral administration is directly ruled by Wang Shangxin Mang in Wang Ji; wife
It is the area under the jurisdiction of Bangbo, which is divided into Hou, Dian, Men and Wei. Many of them may be tribal leaders of Fang, and ministers belong to businessmen. There are nearly 50 Hou in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the most famous of which are Cang Hou, Wu Hou, Gou Hou, Gao Hou, Zhuan Xu Hou and Qi Hou. Canon, Oracle Bone Inscriptions called "Tian", "Tada (Canon)" refers to the official of Duodian. Male, known as "Ren" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, famous figures are Ren, Ge Ren,, and so on. Wei, as a kind of martial arts, is often called "multi-shot Wei", "multi-horse Wei" and "multi-dog Wei" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and some people simply call it "Wei".
There were fifty or sixty kinds of oral officials in Shang Dynasty, which can be roughly divided into four categories. The first one is "Liao Bai Yin Shu". Including senior senior ministers, senior ministers and ministers closely related to the king. Among them is the historian in charge of the life of cashier Wang. The second is "only Asia and only service". Mainly military officials who are closely related to the king. The third is "Zonggong". Refers to officials responsible for royal sacrifices and some specific affairs. The fourth is "the people are king." Refers to officials and ordinary people who manage local nationalities.
Military rule
At the beginning of the king's accession to the throne, the Qiang Party rose again in Shaanxi and Gansu, and repeatedly invaded the Shang Dynasty, which often caused heavy losses to the Shang garrison, prompting Yan Xin to send troops to pacify Xirong. In view of the strong armed forces of the Qiang people, King Yan Xin made a comprehensive plan and arrangement before the war, ordered the garrison troops to stay away from the enemy front temporarily, and at the same time organized elite troops to reinforce in time to fight against the invasion of the Qiang people, scattered the Can Cong tribe, and the leader of Can Cong was shot. And sent five families closely related to the royal family to defend them.
During the ruling period, some tribes of the western countries constantly attacked the Shang Dynasty, sent troops for expeditions many times, and recruited several tribes such as Wei, Hu and Shou to send troops to attack. However, the tribes of China have never been conquered.
However, Qiang was not destroyed. When Wuyi and its subsequent kings were in power, they often had small-scale conflicts with Qiang. When attacking Zhou, Qiang joined the allied forces to destroy the merchants.
economic development
agricultural development
Tian Zi's Oracle Bone Inscriptions shows that there is a large connected square ripe field on Guangping Yuan Ye, and these ripe fields are cleaned regularly. The word "Xinjiang" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions's On Xinjiang symbolizes the field that has been measured and demarcated. The word "Tian Chou" is like a turning point in the field, but it is certainly not widely cultivated. These square fields, which were well cultivated according to the rules of Xinjiang Regulations and equipped with irrigation ditches, became the later mineral fields.
Archaeologists generally believed that the agricultural tools used in Shang Dynasty were shovels, axes, sickles and knives made of stones, bones and mussels. Occasionally, some bronze tools such as brass cymbals and shovels are found, but they are not necessarily used in agricultural production.
These fields are mainly distributed in Du Yi area, directly occupied by Shang princes, and also distributed to close relatives and nobles. Other nobles also managed such fields in fiefs, but on a smaller scale. Outside the capital, Shang Wang often sent his subjects to more remote places to reclaim land.
Handicraft industry development
On the basis of the development of agriculture and handicraft production, under the condition that the division of labor within each production department is increasingly consolidated and complicated, the commerce of Shang Dynasty has also developed to a certain extent. After the Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Shang Dynasty, according to the Duke of Zhou, some of the Yin people were "taking care of Jia and filial piety to their adoptive parents". These people are businessmen engaged in long-distance selling and trading activities.
When Wang Shangxin Qiji was in the Shang Dynasty, the economy of the Shang Dynasty was more developed than that of the Xia Dynasty: the scale of agricultural production was quite large, and the crops planted were millet, millet, rice and wheat. Animal husbandry is developed, raising six livestock and sacrificing hundreds or even thousands of livestock. Handicrafts such as bronze smelting and casting, jade making and wine making are very developed. When commerce develops to a certain extent, seashells, bone shells, jade shells and copper shells are used as money.
The development of handicraft production in foundry workshops in Shang Dynasty was more prominent than that in agriculture. Among them, the high development of bronze smelting technology and bronze manufacturing technology more intensively reflected the technical level and characteristics of the times of handicraft industry at that time. In the ruins of Yin Ruins and Zhengzhou Mall, bronze casting workshops dedicated to the royal family were found. At that time, these workshops had a detailed division of labor, and there were craftsmen who were engaged in production for generations and were good at specialization. The scale of production and high skill were also rare in the world at that time.
Chao Ge, the capital
Chao Ge, the commercial capital, started first. Huangfu Mi's "Imperial Century" said:
"Dee ... moved to the Korean Song Dynasty, but his sons are still missing." . Huangfu Mi's words were verified by Luo Zhenyu on Yin Ruins. Roche said: "It is wrong to say that Zhushu will not move the capital." And affirmed that "moving foam must be in the world of B" (Textual Research on Book Deeds in Yin Ruins). Huangfu Mi's words were also confirmed by Guo Moruo's Textual Research on Chen Wuyi's Inscription. Guo Moruo said that "it was twenty years later to move to Korea and Song Dynasty" (see A Study of Jin Wen in Yin, Zhou and Jin Dynasties). In addition to historical records, Chao Ge's songs can also prove the ancient city wall of Qixian County. 1984, the national business history seminar was held in Anyang, Henan. When the delegates visited Qixian, Ding Xia, former president of China Academy of Social Sciences, once said, "The ancient city wall of Qixian is a typical shopping mall". In addition, it can also prove Zhou Wang's legend and living relics in Qixian. Chao Ge is the capital city of Zhou Dynasty, which can also be proved by 1977' s Temple Fair Sacrifice to Oracle Bone Inscriptions, a merchant unearthed in Joo Won?, Shaanxi Province.
Shangdu Chao Ge (now Qixian County, Henan Province) was originally a fact recorded in historical books and local chronicles. However, in recent decades, Wang Guowei's "Yin Shuo" came out after the Oracle bones were unearthed in Anyang Ba market, and the theory of "not moving the capital" in bamboo calligraphy was regarded as the standard. In China, from Pan Geng to Di Xin in 273, the literary and art circles described the Yin ruins south of Huanshui as the imperial city, thus abandoning the history of singing hymns to the capital.
However, historical reality is not the case. It is absurd to say that the Yin Ruins in Anyang are the capital of Yin, but it was the imperial capital visited by Pan Geng in 273. Because the facts contained in history books and underground excavations deny this statement. First of all, let's talk about Pan Geng's move to move Yin. Pan Geng moved to Anyang Yin Ruins, but moved to Xibe, and Pan Geng moved to Xibe. Look at Records of the Historian: "When Pan Geng was in Hebei, Pan Geng crossed Henan and became his former residence" (Yin Benji). Where is Tang Cheng's former residence? In recent years, due to the excavation of Yanshi Mall, most scholars now affirm that Yanshi Mall is Tang Dou. The excavation of Yanshi Mall not only proves that Yanshi is indeed Tang Dou, but also proves that Yanshi Mall is the capital of Pan Geng.
Because in the excavation of Yanshi Mall, archaeologists found that this ancient city was abandoned after being used for a period of time, and it was reused after being repaired, and the Yin king who made its capital here again was Pan Geng (see Proceedings of the National Business History Seminar, P4 14-4 15), which is also the first proof. Pan Geng is the capital of Xibe nationality, which passes through Xiao Xin and Xiao Ye until Wuding. Why is this? You can visit Xi 'an in Wuding, and then you can get Fu Shuo's certificate from Xi 'an. Fuxian County is located in North Qili, Hebei County, Shaanxi Province ("Geographical Expansion"), that is, Pinglu County, Shanxi Province, and the west is a wild land. This card is also two. Pan Geng's move to Yin is not the Yin Ruins in Anyang now, and archaeological evidence of Yin Ruins in Anyang can also prove this point. According to the excavation of Yin Ruins in Anyang, among the150,000 pieces of Oracle bones unearthed, Pan Geng, Xiao Xin and Xiaoyi have not been found; In the excavation of Yin Gang's tomb in the northwest of Anyang, it was not found to be the tomb of Pan Geng or Xiao Xin or Xiaoyi (see Archaeology 1983 and 10 for the tombstone system in Shang Dynasty), which is the third proof.
history
His real name is Feng Xin, also known as Zuo Bingxin, the word Xian, the son of Zujia. Historical Records Yin Benji: "Emperor Jia Beng, son Di Xin Xin Li."
The Chronicle of Ancient Bamboo Books records that "Feng Xin first lived in Yin", and Han Shugu Ren Jin Table also contains "Feng Xin".
According to the research of Historical Records, "Feng Xin" means "Xin Xin". In Di Yihe's Oracle Bone Inscriptions (Zhou Wang), Zhou Sacrifice is called "Zuxin". Yan Xin reigned for six years and passed it on to Geng Ding after his death.