(1) Cover (also known as cover, front cover, cover, writing) The cover is printed with the title of the book, the name of the author, the translator and the name of the publisher. The cover plays the role of beautifying the book and protecting the book core.
(2) The inside cover (also known as the inside cover) refers to the back page of the cover. The inside cover is usually blank, but it is often used in journals to print table of contents or related pictures.
(3) The inner back cover (also called the third cover) refers to the inner page of the back cover. The back cover is usually a blank page, but it is often used in journals to print the main text or other text and pictures other than the main text.
(4) The back cover (also known as the fourth cover and the bottom cover) of books has a unified ISBN and pricing printed on the lower right corner of the back cover. Periodicals print a copyright page on the back cover, or use it to print catalogs and other non-text parts. Text, pictures.
(5) Spine (also called back cover) The spine refers to the spine part of the book that connects the front cover and the back cover. The title of the book, volume number (volume, collection, volume), author, translator's name and publisher's name are usually printed on the spine for easy search.
(6) Book crown The book crown refers to the part where the book title is printed on the top of the cover.
(7) Footer The footer refers to the part under the cover where the name of the publishing unit is printed.
(8) Title page (also called inside cover or sub-cover) The title page refers to the page after the cover or lining page of the book and before the main text. The title page usually contains the title of the book, the name of the author or translator, the publisher, and the year and month of publication. The title page also plays a decorative role, adding to the beauty of the book.
(9) Inserts Inserts refer to single pages whose layout exceeds the scope of the format, are separately printed and inserted into books and periodicals, and have pictures or tables printed on them. Sometimes it also refers to book pages whose layout does not exceed the format, and the paper is the same size as the format, but is printed on a different paper or color than the main text.
(10) Chapter page (also called title page or spacer page) Chapter page refers to a single page in front of the beginning of each chapter or chapter in the text, with the name of the chapter, section or chapter printed on it. Chapter pages can only use single code or double code to leave blank spaces. The chapter page is inserted after the double code, and is usually counted as a code or not as a page number. Chapter pages are sometimes printed on colored paper to show distinctions.
(11) Table of contents The table of contents is a record of chapter and section titles in books and periodicals. It serves as a subject index and is convenient for readers to search. The table of contents is generally placed before the main text of the book or periodical (due to limited printing space in periodicals, the table of contents is often placed on the second, third or fourth cover).
(12) Copyright page The copyright page refers to the version record page.
Some basic knowledge about printing layout Layout is the basic form of information expression in news publishing, the image and thought of news publishing, and the language of news publications.
The use of advanced typesetting tools for the components of the application layout, and artistic and creative layout layout are the fundamentals for news publications to condense culture, penetrate art, and conform to the times. Therefore, based on a full understanding of layout design and composition, the correct application of typesetting software and tools is the key to the efficient, artistic, and standardized production of various news publications.
Therefore, only by correctly understanding and mastering the composition of the layout and the rules of typesetting can we effectively use the various tools of typesetting software and produce a layout that meets standards and specifications. The composition of layout 1. Basic knowledge of layout and typesetting Basic knowledge of layout and typesetting mainly includes layout components, typesetting technical terms, the role of proofreading symbols and various layout processing. This knowledge is an indispensable and important part of the laser phototypesetting process. A qualified process designer and operator can achieve high efficiency and high quality only by mastering the "typesetting language" and some knowledge of typesetting processes. Some basic knowledge about printing layout
Layout is the basic form of information expression in news publishing, the image and thought of news publishing, and the language of news publications. The application of advanced layout tools and artistic and creative layout layout elements is the basis for news publications to condense culture, penetrate art, and conform to the times. Therefore, based on a full understanding of layout design and composition, the correct application of typesetting software and tools is the key to the efficient, artistic, and standardized production of various news publications. Therefore, only by correctly understanding and mastering the composition of the layout and the rules of typesetting can we effectively use the various tools of typesetting software to produce a layout that meets standards and specifications. The composition of layout
1. Basic knowledge of layout and typesetting
Basic knowledge of layout and typesetting mainly includes layout components, typesetting technical terms, the role of proofreading symbols and various layout processing. This knowledge is an indispensable and important part of the laser phototypesetting process. A qualified process designer and operator can achieve high efficiency and high quality only by mastering the "typesetting language" and some knowledge of typesetting processes.
1. The composition of a book
As we all know, a book usually consists of a cover, title page, copyright page (including abstract and copyright), preface, table of contents, main text, postscript, and references. , appendices and other parts.
The title page is also called the inner cover or the inner cover. The content is basically the same as the cover. The title of the series, the subtitle, the name of all translators, the year and place of publication, etc. are often added. The title page generally has no pattern and is usually typed together with the main text.
The copyright page is also called the edition record page and the edition page. It is an introduction to the history of a book and periodical since its birth, allowing readers to understand the publishing situation of the book. It is attached to the lower part of the back of the title page and at the end of the book. The lower part of the page or the lower right part of the front cover (referring to the horizontal format version), and the upper part is mostly printed with a summary of the content.
The copyright page is printed with the book title, author, publisher, printing house, distributor, as well as the format, edition, printing number, printing sheets, number of prints, number of words, date, period, book number, etc. The printed sheet is the basic unit used by the printing factory to calculate the typesetting, printing and paper of a book. Generally, a full sheet of paper is called a printed sheet on one side, and a double-sided sheet is also called a printed sheet. The number of words is calculated based on each layout. The number of words in each layout is equal to the number of words in each line of each layout multiplied by the number of lines. The number of words in the whole book is equal to the number of words in each layout multiplied by the number of pages. Figures, tables, formulas, and blanks on the layout Lines are calculated based on the full page, so the "word count" does not refer to the actual number of lines in the book.
2. Layout elements
Layout refers to the sum of the picture and text parts and the blank part on one side of a book or newspaper, that is, including the center of the page and the blank part around the center. Page format. Through the layout, you can see the entire design of the layout. The layout elements are shown in Figure 2.1.
The center of the page is located in the center of the page and contains the main text.
Book header The words and symbols arranged in the upper part of the center of the page are collectively called the header. It includes page numbers, text, and header lines. Generally used to search for articles.
Page numbers are arranged on each side of the main text of books and periodicals. Generally, the page numbers are arranged on the side of the book cutout. In the printing industry, one page number is called one side, and two page numbers on the front and back are called one page.
Annotation, also known as annotation and annotation, is an explanation and supplementary explanation of the content of the text or a certain word. Those arranged in the line of words are called folder notes, those arranged at the bottom of each page are called footnotes or end-of-face notes, and end-of-page notes. The number that identifies the note in the text is called the note code.
3. Format
The size of the layout is called the format. The format is calculated based on the whole sheet of paper. The number of small sheets cut and folded per full sheet of paper is called the format. It is customary in our country to name folios after geometric series, as shown in the figure below.
The common sizes of domestically produced paper mainly include the following:
The size of 787×1092 mm flat base paper is the main size of cultural paper in my country. The existing domestic papermaking and printing Most of the machinery is used to produce and apply paper of this size. Currently, countries in Southeast Asia still use paper of this size, and it is rarely used in other regions.
The size of 850×1168 mm is produced on the basis of 787×1092 mm 25K to meet the needs of larger formats. Paper of this size is mainly used for larger formats. The so-called large 32 Open books are made of this kind of paper.
The 880×1230 mm paper is larger than other sizes of the same format, so the paper utilization rate is higher during printing, and the style is more beautiful and elegant. It is an internationally accepted specification.
The size of the page center of books and periodicals is determined by the format of the book. If the page center is too small, the amount of words will be reduced, and if the page center is too large, it will damage the beauty of the layout. Generally, the space between words should be smaller than the space between lines; the space between lines should be smaller than the space between paragraphs; the space between paragraphs should be smaller than the surrounding white space.
The specific dimensions of the width and height of the center of the page should be determined based on the size of the text, the number of lines on each side, and the number of words per line. The number of lines per side is affected by the line spacing. In printing standard terminology, the space between lines of words is called interline, and the distance between line center lines is called line spacing. However, in Founder and Huaguang typesetting systems, the space between lines in standard terminology is called line spacing. The lines of books and periodicals are generally spaced (1/2), but there are also several spaces such as 5/8 and 3/4. Table 2.1 lists the word count and center size of different font sizes, different lines, and different formats.
Note: If a header is added, the number of lines per page should be reduced by one line. The number of words and lines is calculated in Chinese character number five.
5. Commonly used typography terms
(1) Cover (also known as cover, front cover, cover, writing) The cover is printed with the title of the book, the name of the author, the translator and the publisher. The name. The cover plays the role of beautifying the book and protecting the book core.
(2) The inside cover (also known as the inside cover) refers to the back page of the cover. The inside cover is usually blank, but it is often used in journals to print table of contents or related pictures.
(3) The inner back cover (also called the third cover) refers to the inner page of the back cover. The back cover is usually a blank page, but it is often used in journals to print the main text or other text and pictures other than the main text.
(4) The back cover (also known as the fourth cover and the bottom cover) of books has a unified ISBN and pricing printed on the lower right corner of the back cover. Periodicals print a copyright page on the back cover, or use it to print catalogs and other non-text parts. Text, pictures.
(5) Spine (also called spine) The spine refers to the spine that connects the front cover and the back cover. The title of the book, volume number (volume, collection, volume), author, translator's name and publisher's name are usually printed on the spine for easy search.
(6) Book crown The book crown refers to the part where the book title is printed on the top of the cover.
(7) Footer The footer refers to the part under the cover where the name of the publishing unit is printed.
(8) Title page (also called inside cover or sub-cover) The title page refers to the page after the cover or lining page of the book and before the main text. The title page usually contains the title of the book, the name of the author or translator, the publisher, and the year and month of publication. The title page also plays a decorative role, adding to the beauty of the book.
(9) Inserts Inserts refer to single pages whose layout exceeds the scope of the format, are separately printed and inserted into books and periodicals, and have pictures or tables printed on them. Sometimes it also refers to book pages whose layout does not exceed the format, and the paper is the same size as the format, but is printed on a different paper or color than the text.
(10) Chapter page (also called title page or spacer page) Chapter page refers to a single page in front of the beginning of each chapter or chapter in the text, with the name of the chapter, section or chapter printed on it. Chapter pages can only use single code or double code to leave blank spaces. The chapter page is inserted after the double code, and is usually counted as a code or not as a page number. Chapter pages are sometimes printed on colored paper to show distinctions.
(11) Table of contents The table of contents is a record of chapter and section titles in books and periodicals, which serves as a subject index to facilitate readers' search. The table of contents is generally placed before the main text of the book (in periodicals, due to limited printing space, the table of contents is often placed on the second, third or fourth cover).
(12) Copyright page The copyright page refers to the version record page. In the copyright page, the title of the book, the name of the author or translator, publisher, distributor, printer, edition, printing number, number of prints, format, number of copies, number of words, year and month of publication, pricing, ISBN, etc. are recorded in accordance with relevant regulations. project. The copyright page of a book is usually printed at the bottom of the back page of the title page. The copyright page is mainly for readers to understand the publication status of the book, and is often printed before and after the main text of the book.
(13) Index Index is divided into subject index, content index, noun index, scientific name index, personal name index, etc. The index belongs to the text records in the parts other than the main text. It is usually arranged in two columns with a smaller font size after the main text. Page numbers are included in the index to make it easier for readers to find them. The indexing function in scientific books is very important, as it allows readers to quickly find the information they need to find.
(14) Format format refers to the entire format of the main text of books and periodicals, including the font, font size, center size, banner, double column, number of lines per page, number of words per line, and line spacing of the text and title. And the layout position of tables and pictures, etc.
(15) The center of the page The center of the page refers to the text part on each page, including chapter and section titles, text, figures, tables, formulas, etc.
(16) Edition mouth The edition mouth refers to the left, right, up and down limits of the edition center, which in a sense refers to the edition center. Strictly speaking, the center of the layout is calculated based on the area of ??the layout, and the opening of the layout is calculated based on the left, right, top and bottom perimeter.
(17) Over-edition Over-edition refers to a layout that exceeds the limits of the left and right or upper and lower openings. When the left, right or top of a picture or table exceeds the margin of the page, it is called a picture or table beyond the margin of the margin.
(18) Straight (vertical) version refers to the version with the flap on the left, the binding on the right, the text from top to bottom, and the lines from right to left. It is generally used for ancient books.
(19) Horizontal version is a version in which the flap is on the right, the binding is on the left, the text is printed from left to right, and the lines are typed from top to bottom.
(20) Masthead Masthead is also called "title" or "head flower". It is used to express the nature of the article or edition and is also an embellishment. The masthead is generally placed above or in the upper left corner of the headline of newspapers, magazines, poems, and essays.
(21) Breaking the hurdles Breaking the hurdles is also called hurdling. Most newspapers and magazines are arranged in columns. This kind of arrangement in which pictures or tables that cannot fit in one column extends to another column and takes up multiple columns is called broken column arrangement.
(22) Tiantou Tiantou refers to the blank space at the top of each page.
(23) Foot The foot refers to the blank space at the bottom of each page.
(24) Dark page numbers, also known as dark pages, refer to pages that are not numbered but occupy page numbers. Generally used for over-printed illustrations, tables, blank pages or alternate pages, etc.
(25) Page means the same as Zhang. One page means two sides (the front and back of the book page). It should be noted that the concepts of another page and another page are different.
（26） Starting on another page Starting on another page means that an article starts from a single code (such as a collection of papers). If the first article ends with a single page number, and the second article also requires another page, a double-coded blank page must be left after the previous article, that is, a blank code, and each article requires another page. The layout method is mostly used for single-print printing.
（27） Starting from another side. Starting from another side means that an article can start from single or double numbers, but it must start from another side and cannot be arranged next to the previous article.
(28) Table notes Table notes refer to the notes and explanations of the table. Generally, they are arranged below the table, and some are arranged within the table frame. The line length of table notes should generally not exceed the length of the table.
(29) Legends Legends refer to the annotations and explanations of illustrations. They are generally listed below the figure title, and a few are listed above the figure title. The line length of the figure legend should generally not exceed the length of the figure.
(30) Back title Back title refers to a title that is placed at the end of a page and is not followed by the main text. The typography standards prohibit the occurrence of memorized questions, and should try to avoid them when they occur. The solution is to add lines, indent lines, or leave a trailing space within this page and move the title to the next page.
2. Text layout rules
1. Text layout design rules
A senior editor and typewriter must not only learn how to typeset, but also how to The layout is beautiful and beautiful. To achieve this goal, you must first understand the design of the text layout.
The text of books and periodicals must be designed according to the content of books and periodicals, and publications of different natures should have different characteristics.
Political publications should be dignified and generous; literary and artistic publications should be fresh and elegant; and entertainment publications should be lively and fancy. Publications with different targets also need to be technically handled differently. The fonts of books for people with low educational levels may be larger. For example, the fonts of books for children should be large and sparse, that is, the sparse layout method should be used. Books for young people can be written in small and dense lines. It is best to change the fonts for different articles in the magazine. Pay more attention when designing the layout and titles. The titles of more important articles should be arranged very eye-catching.
2. Types of text layout
Book and periodical text layout can basically be divided into the following categories:
(1) Horizontal and vertical horizontal layout The word order of vertical text is from top to bottom, and the line order is from right to left.
(2) Close arrangement and sparse arrangement. Close arrangement is an arrangement with no gaps between words. Generally, dense arrangement is used for the text of books and periodicals. Sparse arrangement is an arrangement with some gaps between words. The typesetting method is mostly used in lower grade textbooks and popular reading materials, and the line spacing should be enlarged during typesetting.
(3) Column layout and column layout. Column layout is based on the entire width of the center of the page as the length of each line. This is a common layout method for books. Some books and periodicals, especially periodicals and larger-format books and reference books, have larger page widths. In order to shorten overly long lines of text, the text is often divided into columns, some into two columns (double columns), and some into three columns. columns, or even multiple columns.
(4) Ordinary packaging, single-sided packaging, double-sided packaging
Ordinary packaging is compared to single-sided packaging and double-sided packaging. For horizontally arranged books, emphasis should be added below the line of words, which is called single-sided printing. As for vertically typed books, punctuation marks and proper name lines, etc., are arranged on the right side of the word line, it is called single-sided printing; if the type is arranged on the left, right, or top and bottom of the type line, it is called double-sided printing. There is no typesetting on the left, right, top and bottom of the line, which is called ordinary dress.
3. Typesetting requirements for the text
Typesetting of the text must be based on formatting. The formatting requirements for the text are as follows:
(1) The first line of each paragraph must be empty Two spaces, special formats require special processing;
(2) The beginning of each line cannot be a period, semicolon, comma, comma, colon, exclamation mark, quotation mark, bracket, modulus number or matrix number The second half of etc.; (3) The end of the line that is not a paragraph must be flush with the opening of the page, and the first half of quotation marks, brackets, modulus numbers, matrix numbers, etc. cannot be placed at the end of the line; (4) Double-column layout, if any When there is a graph, table or formula in a column, the graph, table or formula should be used as the boundary. The text in the left and right columns above it should be aligned, and the text below it should be arranged continuously from the left column to the right column. At the end of a chapter, section, or article, the left and right columns should be parallel. When the number of lines is an odd number, the right column can have one less line than the left column. (5) When changing careers, the following items cannot be separated:
① The entire number;
② Connected dots (two words connecting dots), zigzag lines;
< p>③ Symbols attached before and after the number (such as 95%, r30, -35℃, ×100, ~50).4. Issues that should be paid attention to when formatting the text
In the formatting of the text, the principle of fidelity to the original manuscript should be strictly followed. For some obvious contextual inconsistencies in some manuscripts that have not been edited or have been roughly edited, you can easily unify them. For example: "In the XX incident, direct participants accounted for 34%, and they must account for 10%." There is an inconsistency in the writing of "34%" and "10%" in the sentence. In scientific articles, they should be unified into Arabic characters. For large and simple numbers, a combination of the two can be used, or an exponential form can be used.
Since the original manuscript is usually handwritten, some symbols are difficult to distinguish. For example, pauses, periods, and decimal points in Chinese are often marked with an unclear black dot. At this time, the typesetting personnel are required to distinguish according to the typesetting specifications.
In science and technology books, a circle (.) is generally used after a period after a Chinese character. However, in some books (such as mathematics), the circle is easily confused with the subscript number "0" or the English lowercase letter "o". , in order to distinguish, black dots are often used as periods in foreign words, numbers and mathematical expressions.
It is customary to use a pause (such as "五,") after the Chinese sequence code. After Arabic numerals, it is customary to use a black dot (such as "5.") instead of a dot ("5,").
When the spacer of the translated name of a foreigner comes after a Chinese character, use a middle dot, such as: F? A. Zorg; when it comes after a foreign name, use a footer, such as: F?a. Zorg. Of course, among foreign names that are all in foreign languages, it is natural to use the last word in accordance with international customs: f.a.sorge.
The ellipses are represented by six black dots "" in Chinese and three black dots "" in foreign languages ??and formulas.
The length of the short lines between words, numbers, and symbols should be determined according to the markings in the original manuscript. Without labeling. Use "one line" (one space on the manuscript paper) for the range number, such as 54-94%, but "~" can also be used. Use "two-word lines" for dashes, such as the parenthesis "unit - generator and electric motor". Use "half-word lines" for connection numbers (no space on the manuscript paper, written between two words), such as chapter codes (§3-2) and figure codes (Figure 6-4).
5. Typesetting requirements for the table of contents
The traditional or simplified table of contents depends on the main text, but there are also cases where the main text has many sections and the table of contents is relatively simple.
For books with many illustrations or tables, a catalog of illustrations or tables can also be added.
The catalog font is generally Shu Song, with boldface occasionally inserted. The font size is generally size 5, size 5, or size 6. The following matters should be noted in the format of the table of contents:
(1) The first-level headings in the table of contents should be arranged at the top of the table (except for line breaks and indented spaces);
(2) The table of contents should usually be arranged in full column format , specially arranged in double columns;
(3) Do not include the title of the book in the table of contents except for periodicals;
(4) Between the article, chapter, section name and page number ( For a single collection of papers or journal, add a connecting point between the title and the author's name. If there is a line return, leave three spaces at the end of the line (leave six spaces in journals), and the beginning of the line should be one or two spaces back from the text on the line above;
(5) Chapter and page numbers in the table of contents or the author's name There must be at least two connecting points between them, otherwise they should be arranged in a new line.
(6) Roman numerals can be used for non-text part page numbers, while Arabic numerals are generally used for main text parts. If chapters, sections, and headings are arranged in different font sizes, page numbers should also be arranged in different font sizes.
6. Typesetting requirements for page numbers and headers
(1) Page numbers
Odd page numbers in a book are called single page numbers, and even page numbers are called double page numbers. Single and double pages have a great relationship in layout processing. Please refer to the relevant chapters in the following for details. Usually the page number is centered or arranged in the notch, usually at the bottom of the page. The single page number is placed on the right side of the page edge, and the double page number is placed on the left side of the page edge. The page numbers of the journal can be placed on the left and right sides of the page at the top of the page. The page numbers of books such as dictionaries can be centered above or below the page margin.
The cover, title page, copyright page, etc. are not numbered and do not account for page numbers. Chapter pages, full-page figures or tables beyond the margin of the page, full-page illustrations, and blank pages at the end of each chapter are not page numbered, but the page numbers are calculated using secret codes.
(2) Password
Page numbers are calculated using passwords for chapter pages, entire pages of pictures, tables, and blank pages at the end of chapters. The page number of a blank page is also called a "blank code". When proofreading, the password (including blank code) must indicate the page number sequence.
(3) Header
The header of horizontal pages is generally located at the top of the page. The book headers on single-numbered pages are arranged with section names, and on double-numbered pages are arranged with chapter names or book titles. When there are changes in the double and single numbers during proofreading, the header should also be changed accordingly.
Illustrations and tables that do not exceed the margin of the page should have a bookmark. If they exceed the margin of the page (whether horizontally or vertically), they should not have a bookmark.
7. Punctuation typesetting rules
Currently, there are approximately the following types of punctuation marks:
(1) Full-width type (also known as full-body type) In Throughout the article, all symbols are full-width, except that when two symbols are connected together, the previous symbol is double-width.
(2) Open style All symbols indicating the end of a sentence (such as periods, question marks, exclamation marks, colons, etc.) are full-width, and all other punctuation marks are offset. Most publications currently use this method.
(3) Offset at the end of the line. This arrangement requires that all punctuation marks at the end of the line be offset to ensure that the openings at the end of the line are on a straight line.
(4) All folio format All punctuation marks (except dashes and ellipses) are in folio format. This type of layout is mostly used in reference books.
(5) Vertical type In vertical type, the punctuation points are generally all over the body, arranged in the center or upper right corner of the word.
(6) Freestyle Some punctuation marks do not follow the typographical rules and are generally more common abroad.
The arrangement of punctuation marks reflects the layout style of a typesetting material to a certain extent. Therefore, you should carefully understand the process requirements of the publishing unit when typesetting. The current punctuation mark typesetting rules mainly include:
(1) The prohibition at the beginning of the line (also known as the prevention of heading points). Periods, commas, pauses, exclamation points, question marks, colons, and trailing brackets are not allowed at the beginning of the line. , back quotation marks, back book title.
(2) End-of-line prohibitions: Preceding quotation marks, opening parentheses, and opening book titles are not allowed at the end of the line.
(3) The dash "——" and the ellipsis "" cannot be separated from the middle and placed at the beginning and end of the line.
Generally, the expansion method and the indentation method are used to solve the typesetting prohibitions of punctuation marks. The stretching method is to spread out the punctuation marks in a line, and extend a word at the beginning of the following line to avoid forbidden punctuation marks at the beginning of the line; the indenting method is to replace the full-width punctuation marks with opposite ones and indent them. Move the position of the next line, and place the punctuation marks that are forbidden at the beginning of the line at the end of the ascending line.
3. Title formatting rules
1. Title structure
The title is a summary of the core and theme of an article, which is characterized by concise words and clear layers. , beautiful and eye-catching.
There are many levels of titles in books, including large, medium and small. The largest title in a book is called a first-level title, followed by second-level titles, third-level titles, etc. If the largest title of the book is a chapter, the first-level heading starts from the chapter, the second-level heading is the section (*.*), and the third-level heading is the heading (*.*.*). The hierarchy of large and small headings shows the logical structure of the text content. Different fonts and font sizes are usually used to distinguish them, making the chapters of the book clear, clear and easy to read.
2. The font and font size of the title
(1) The font of the title should be different from the font of the main text, which is both beautiful and eye-catching and coordinated with the font of the main text.
If the title and main text are in the same font, the font size of the title should be larger than that of the main text.
(2) The font size of the title should be selected according to the size of the book format. Generally speaking, the larger the format, the larger the font size. For the 16-inch layout, you can choose size 1 or 2 fonts as the first-level title, and for the 32-inch layout, you can use the 2nd or 3rd size font as the first-level title.
(3) The font size should be selected according to the number of title classifications in a book. In principle, the font size of multi-level titles should be gradually reduced according to the levels of department, chapter, chapter and section. The common layout method is: use size 2 or 3 for the main title, use size 4 or 4 for the middle title, and use other fonts with the same font size as the main text for the small title.
3. Character spacing, line occupancy and line spacing of titles
In typesetting, all titles must be multiples of text lines.
The size of the position occupied by the title depends on the specific situation. For classic works that are long in length, the main text is divided into several parts or chapters, and the titles of the parts or chapters often occupy a separate page. Generally, the first-level titles on the other side of the book occupy a larger space, occupying about four square meters of the page. one part. The horizontal arrangement takes up about six to seven lines of the text, with three or four lines above and two or three lines below. The following first-level headings occupy approximately four or five lines; the second-level headings occupy approximately two or three lines; and the third-level headings occupy approximately one or two lines. For example, when the first and second level headings or the first, second and third level headings are arranged one after another, the line spacing between the headings should be appropriately reduced except that the top space remains unchanged.
When the title does not fit on one line and needs to be re-lined, add a size 5-size font between the questions and the line; add a size 6-size font between the lines; Point 4 and below are the same as the main text.
In title layout, there is no unified standard for title line occupancy and space between words.
4. General rules for title formatting
(1) The title preface and the title are generally arranged on the same line, with a space of one word (or one word) between the title preface and the title Half).
(2) Punctuation marks can be inserted in the middle of the title text, and it is better to use double-sided ones. Except for question marks and exclamation marks at the end of the question, there are generally no punctuation marks (for inserts in mathematics, physics and chemistry books and periodicals, footnotes can be added after the question).
(3) Each line of titles should not be too long, no more than four-fifths of the page width. If it cannot be placed, you can change the line. The lower line should be slightly shorter than the upper line, and the tone should be taken into account. Don't deliberately separate it from the structure of words. When words and sentences cannot be separated, the downward part can be longer than the upward part. When a title with a title sequence changes to another line, the next line should be aligned with the title text on the upper line; if there are more than two lines, the end of the line should also be aligned (except for the end of the line).
The subtitles below section (4) generally do not use the method of occupying several lines in the left, right, and center. Instead, they are replaced by inserts. The boldface characters of the same size as the main text are arranged at the beginning of the first line of the paragraph. The title Leave one word behind and two words before the title.
(5) The title should not be separated from the main text. It is forbidden to repeat the title in the title, that is, it is necessary to avoid the situation where the title is at the end of the page and the main text is on both sides. Various publications also have different requirements for memorizing questions. Some publications require no less than three lines of text under the second-level heading and no less than one line of text under the third-level heading. For publications without special requirements, there should be no less than one line of text under the second- and third-level titles.
The way to avoid memorizing questions is to shorten the text on the previous page (or pages) by one line, and move the text on the next page up by one line; or move the title to the top of the next page, and move the text above The text on one side (or several sides) stretches out a few lines to fill in the blank space