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1. Reading the couplets
Personally, I feel that the prerequisite for appreciation is to read and understand the couplets. Reading couplets often requires the following work:
1. Understand the words in the couplets. This step is often not difficult and can be solved by Han Dian or Baidu, so I won’t go into details.
2. Understand the allusions in the couplet. Please take a look at an ancient couplet advocating clean government:
It is hard to defeat the leader of the county, I hope that the customs of the village will change to drinking sheep, and people will kill the horses;
We must help each other in the same boat, and we must cooperate with others. The officials tame the pheasants and encourage the hanging fish.
Almost every short sentence in the couplet uses one or two allusions. Here we talk about "drinking sheep", "harming horses", "taming pheasants" and "hanging fish". "Drinking sheep" is derived from "Confucius' Family Sayings·Xiang Lu": "There was a Shen family in the sheep trade in Lu who often drank his sheep to defraud the market people." This is to drink sheep with water to gain weight and make profit, such as today's water injection Meat, also known as "drinking and cheating for profit" in ancient times. The phrase "harming the horse" comes from "Zhuangzi·Xu Wugui". It originally refers to harming the natural nature of the horse, and was later extended to mean the horse that is a black sheep. "Taming Pheasants" is a story in "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty: The Biography of Lu Gong". Talking about his political achievements and birds and beasts, even children are reluctant to catch pheasants that come around, which is a metaphor for the local officials' benevolent governance. "Hanging Fish" is a story in "The Book of the Later Han·Yang Xu Zhuan" in which a subordinate refuses to eat fish and hangs it to show his refusal to bribe. There is a line of praise in the Song Dynasty poem: "The clean body of the Taishou is the old hanging fish." It means that Yang Xu is an honest official. The allusion used in this example shows no trace of mechanical application, and it is difficult to see the problem of imitating it from the past. Due to the appropriate citation and the wonderful combination of nature, the couplet not only enhances the appeal vividly, but also achieves the artistic effect of extraordinary artistic conception and ingenious contrast.
3. Clarify the people or things involved in the couplet. This is often the key to understanding in couplets of historical sites and characters. For example: Chengdu Wangjiang Tower Park:
Shaoling Thatched Cottage and Zhuge Ancestral Hall are three tripods; decorated with Chongli, rippling waves, and guests hanging in the air to sing Xiaoya
Yuan Xiang's poems and Wei Gong's memorials are always concerned about the same thing; thinking about talents, mourning and graceful, beauty and vanilla continue to be divorced
Why can a park be on par with Du Fu's thatched hut and Zhuge Liang's ancestral hall? If you don't know this, you can't really understand this couplet. It turns out that Wangjiang Tower is located on the south bank of Jinjiang River outside the east gate of Chengdu. It is famous for the ruins of Xue Tao, a female poet of the Tang Dynasty. No wonder the knot is made of beauty vanilla. It turns out that Xue Tao's poems were praised for being able to continue "Li Sao" and be passed down to future generations. The Federation not only praised Xue Tao's literary talent, but also lamented her unfortunate life experience (Xue Tao was a musician). Quan Lian combines scene description, lyricism, narrative, and discussion into one, with elegant diction and the most interesting content.
4. Sometimes it is necessary to understand the author’s life experience and mood. For example:
Title on Xiangshan Temple
Independence is leisurely, the world is pressing and people are most happy when they are free
Occasionally come to watch at ease, how can the lonely peak be colder than me
The first couplet talks about leisurely life, and then says that leisure is the happiest, and then goes on to say that the world is pressing, which is really awkward. Xia Jie said that he was colder than Lone Peak, which made people even more unpredictable.
If you check the information, you will find that the author of the couplet is Zhao Binglin, an official in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. His courtesy name was Zhuyuan, and his nickname was Yang Zhenzi in his middle age. In his later years, he was also called Qingkong Jushi and Baiyan. Lejiayuan family, Shaoshui Town, Quanzhou County, Guangxi. Born into a family of officials. In the 21st year of Guangxu (AD 1895), he became a Jinshi, participated in the "Bus Letter", was awarded the title of Editor of the Hanlin Academy, and was promoted to the title of Censor. In 1906, he was awarded the title of Censor of Gyeonggi Province, Fujian Province. He was known as the "Iron-faced Censor" because he dared to speak out when things happened. In 1907, he published "Preparing Liao and Preparing for Japan", which pointed out that Japan was a major danger to China and that it should train its troops to deal with it. In 1908, he published "The Impeachment of Yuan Shikai", which revealed that Yuan Shikai had evil intentions and was not suitable to stay in the military. He even suggested killing Yuan Shikai to avoid future troubles. In 1910, he wrote a letter to impeach Yi Kuang, naming him by name and enumerating the twelve major crimes of Yi Kuang. He was dismissed from the post of censor for offending the royal family. He returned to his hometown as a fourth-rank Jingtang and supervised the management of the Guangxi-Quan Railway. After the Revolution of 1911, in order to avoid being persecuted by Yuan Shikai, he took refuge in his hometown Quanzhou. Because someone informed him, he entrusted his family to his friends and prepared to go east to Japan alone for refuge. In the early years of the Republic of China, Zhao Binglin abandoned the outdated and narrow idea of ??"loyal minister" and served as the director of the Shanxi Industrial Department with an advanced modern "public servant" consciousness. He showed a different mind and vision from traditional scholar-bureaucrats. He embraced the ideal of industrial salvation and worked for ordinary people. Food and clothing, and welfare. His thoughts are profound and broad, drawing from ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad. He has a global and modern perspective and has written countless good words on governance and world affairs. His works include "The Collection of Zhao Boyan" (volumes 1 and 2), which was republished by Guangxi People's Publishing House in 2001.
This couplet was written by Zhao Binglin when he visited Xiangshan Temple in Quanzhou in the second year of the Republic of China. Although the data said that he had given up the idea of ??loyalty to the emperor at this time, he was actually still reluctant, but after all, he was forced to change by worldly affairs. It can be seen that the author's mood at that time was contradictory, and this contradiction must be reflected in the work. This couplet is all about mood and has little to do with Xiangshan Temple.
2. Appreciation
After understanding the couplet, the next step is to appreciate it.
There are two common ways to appreciate couplets. One is to tell everything in detail, and the other is to present the most distinctive aspects.
1. Let’s look at an example of the first appreciation method:
Du Fu Thatched Cottage in Chengdu
Jinshui Chunfeng Publicly Occupied Thatched Cottage
Thatched Cottage I'll be back soon
Appreciation:
This couplet is based on the story of Du Fu and Gao Shi, two poets in the Tang Dynasty. Du and Gao were good friends.
In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty, Gao was the governor of Shuzhou (now Chongqing County, Sichuan), and Du went to visit him from Chengdu for a short gathering. The following year, on Renri, Gao wrote the poem "Renri sent poems to Du Er's Supplements": "Renri wrote poems and sent them to the thatched cottage, feeling sorry for the old friend and thinking about his hometown from afar? This year, Renri is remembering each other in the sky. Where will Renri know next year?" It means that this year's people I miss you so much every day, how can I predict where I will be next year? After reading it, Du "tears down the lines". Later, when Du Piaobo was in Hunan, he happened to examine his old works and saw this poem. Gao had passed away five years ago, and he was deeply moved by it. Because he wrote the poem "In pursuit of rewards, people from Shuzhou see him every day", there is a saying in it: "People from Shuzhou have been writing since Mongolia, but I didn't expect that the clear poems have been scattered for a long time? The spring breeze in Jinli is full of glory, and the courtiers of Yaochi have been silent."< /p>
This story later became a popular story. The first couplet uses Du Fu's sentence to commemorate Du Fu. "Jinshui" is in the south of Chengdu. "Huayang Guozhi Shu Zhi": "The brocade in Jinjiang River is brighter in it, but not in other rivers, so it is named Jinli." Later, "Jinshui" and "Jinli" refer to Chengdu, and here it refers to Shu generally. All over China. "Jinshui Chunfeng" refers to the beautiful landscape in Sichuan, and "Gongzhanque" refers to being chanted many times by Du Fu.
Use high-quality sentences in the second couplet to record the date of the visit. "Ren Day" refers to the seventh day of the first lunar month. "Western Qing Shihua" quotes Dongfang Shuo's "Zhanshu": "Eight days after the age of the year: one day for chickens, two days for dogs, three days for hogs, four days for sheep, five days for cattle, six days for horses, seven days for people, and eight days for grains. "The author took over the academic administration of Sichuan in the second year of Xianfeng. On the seventh day of the first lunar month of the fourth year, he returned to Chengdu from Liangzhou and paid a visit to Du Fu's former residence. "I'm back" has the implicit intention of joining Du Fu and singing in harmony. The author remembers the past sages and often puts himself in a high position. Another example is the line "Dongpo Tower of Lingyun Temple in Sichuan" is followed by "I will come back again with a boat carrying wine", which means that I am a scholar after Su Shi and Su Che.
This method is mostly applicable to ancient couplets, language habits, allusions, etc., which has caused some difficulties for modern people to read, so it is best to elaborate.
2. Let’s look at the example of the second appreciation method:
Afang Palace
A great country needs to open up a territory and build a city, so how can it be stingy to drive out thousands of subordinates and anoint them? Scraping in all directions, Xiang Yu can't be found in the current situation;
Little Dute is ignorant and rarely seen, talking about mates and enjoying the beauty and beauty, the palace is lavish, and now there are afang everywhere. ——Kongkong
Appreciation: The couplets are quite spicy, both using curved strokes, but no obvious weak strokes.
3. The above two may be called two extremes, perhaps more of an eclectic appreciation.
For example:
Taiwan Strait
A bay of water has not yet been completely destroyed, but it has been stormy for hundreds of years, turning into a vast ocean;