Images in classical poetry often contain rich meanings, complex feelings or profound philosophies. The poet's subjective feelings are expressed by images, and the subjective and objective images are isomorphic, forming a poetic image with great aesthetic feeling.
Poetic images can be character images, including objective images and subjective images (objective images are the characters described by the author, such as Zhou Yu in Looking Back at Red Cliff, and subjective images are the lyrical protagonists created by the works, such as the images teasing us in Lin Yuling), as well as things (things) refined by the poet from social life.
In image analysis, it is important to grasp the moral behind the image, that is, to sort out the images outside the image and the scenery outside the scene. For example, in "The First Trip to the Good", I heard the crow of chickens in Maodian, and people walked on the frost floor of Banqiao. The poet expresses the image of a busy traveler through several simple images, and in Yulin Ridge, he expresses the poet's sad feelings of parting by teasing the willows, the breeze and the waning moon. Therefore, it is not comprehensive to guess the poet's feelings only by poetic images when appreciating poetic images. The choice of images often shows the poet's feelings, likes and dislikes, and sadness. For example, "Tianjingsha Qiu Si" provokes old vines, makes crows faint, makes the old road west wind thin, makes the sun set, and heartbroken people are in the end of the world. Through six groups of deliberately chosen images, the poet shows the fatigue of the journey, the helplessness of wandering life and homesickness.
When guiding students to analyze poetry images, first of all, students should have some image reserves, such as teasing the waning moon often means missing, teasing the willows means leaving, and so on. After accumulating a certain number of images, students will form a preliminary image appreciation, but at this time, students often form a ridiculous stereotype, and whenever they encounter similar images, they will make a unified explanation, and the images are single. Therefore, students should be distinguished, especially the different meanings of similar images in different poems. Only in this way can students truly grasp the true meaning of poetic images.
Second, the language of poetry
Language is the carrier of poetry expression. To analyze the language of poetry, we should start with words, understand the meaning of poetry language, understand the implication and implication, and then grasp the linguistic characteristics of poetry expression. Poetic language has the characteristics of conciseness, implication, lyricism and jumping, and more importantly, the contextual meaning of poetic language. Different contexts can make ordinary words play an irreplaceable role, such as teasing the branches of red apricots in spring. Wang Guowei commented: the realm is all in a funny word. Why is an ordinary noisy word used so well here? Because it depicts the scene of spring blooming, similar to Zhang Xian's teasing words in the field of flower shadow. Another example is the analysis of "Teasing a Stream over Panshan Rock" in the National College Entrance Examination of 2003 by Wang Wei. In the moonlight, "Teasing the throat" and "Teasing the cold land" are called whole poems. The word "teasing" is a verb, and the word "chilling" is an adjective. Here, "suffocating" and "chilling" are anthropomorphic rhetoric. The spring water is blocked by rocks, which sounds like a sob. However, the moonlight shining on the pine trees seems to be colder because of the darkness of the forest. The words "teasing" and "chilling teasing" vividly show the quiet and lonely scene in the mountains, so they are the eyes of the whole poem.
When students analyze the language of poetry, the biggest problem is too general and too many cliches. Some just write words that amuse the poetic language vividly and subtly because they can't understand it. Therefore, in the process of training, students should be guided to decompose poetry in detail, that is, to express readers' understanding of poetry content and its meaning clearly. Then let the students know which word is the eye-catching part of the whole poem and its role in the poem. This will guide students to analyze, and students will not feel unable to write. In other words, according to the contextual meaning of words, there will be a clear idea.
Therefore, no matter what the topic requires, the most important person who analyzes language will not be at a loss if he combines poetic context with context.
Third, evaluate the writing skills of poetry.
Classical poetry uses a few fixed words to express some characters and scenery, so as to express some emotions. Only highly concise language can not fully achieve the purpose of expressing emotions, but also requires certain writing skills.
1, rhetorical device. There are many rhetorical devices in poetry, such as metaphor, personification, metonymy, duality, exaggeration, symbol and sleepover. For example, the skillful teasing techniques in The Book of Songs are widely used in later generations, such as Yuefu poems. For example, in the first two sentences of Peacock Flying Southeast, it is exciting to wander for five miles, which means that Jiao Zhongqing and his wife are separated.
Rhetoric in poetry is often not difficult to see, but it is difficult to understand the role of rhetoric in poetry. In teaching, some students just pointed out what rhetoric was used in this poem, but did not mention the function, which actually reflected that the appreciation ability was not high enough. Therefore, it is necessary for students to understand the common rhetorical devices in poetry and the role these rhetorical devices play in poetry, so as to answer them comprehensively and concretely in actual appreciation.
2. expression. There are four main ways to express poetry: narration, description, discussion and lyricism, among which the focus of assessment is description and lyricism. Description methods include dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination, and lyricism includes direct and indirect lyricism. In teaching, it is difficult to grasp the combination of teasing and falsehood. Some people call it the combination of teasing and falsehood. It is difficult to decide what is virtual and what is real. In fact, virtual reality is relative. Everything that makes others happy is real, and none of them is virtual. This is the most fundamental principle. Specifically, there are three kinds of dreamland in poetry: (1), the world where immortals dream of ghosts and gods, such as the Wonderland of Tianmu Mountain in Li Bai's Dream of Ascending to Heaven. (2) Past scenes, which are scenes that the author has experienced or happened in history, are not in sight now. For example, Li Yu's "Young Beauty" poked fun at the jade carving column, while Zhu Yan changed the land and the jade carving column was a virtual scene. (3) imagine the future. This virtual scene has not happened yet, and his feelings will continue to extend into the future. For example, where does Liu Yong's Yulin Ridge sober up tonight? The windy and moonless place in Yang Liuan is the imaginary scene after parting. It's much easier to tease the real scene. Mocking the real scene refers to the real images, facts and reality that exist in the objective world.
In appreciation, directly asking what expression is rarely used in a poem is often indirectly asking the function of one or two sentences, the essence of which is asking the function of expression. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly tell students the nature of such questions and how to answer them in teaching.
3. Other expression skills. There are mainly foil, support, ambition and ambition.
This contrast is a kind of Chinese painting. In poetry creation, it refers to intentional description from the side as a foil. In Jiang Zhai Shi Hua, it is said that it is a good performance of its function to tease people to write mourning with joy and mourn Syaraku, so as to double his sorrow and joy.
Entrusting ambition with things is a way of expression, mainly for poets to express their noble feelings through things, such as plum blossoms and chrysanthemums, and to express their upright and upright character through pine trees. Of course, the feelings entrusted by the author in the poem should be analyzed in detail.
The so-called dying Zhang Xianzhi means that the poet expresses his views and attitudes at the end of the article. Poetry generally has a fixed pattern, for example, it is basically a scene before emotion, or emotion is integrated into the scene, and the end shows one's ambition implicitly or explicitly. As long as you understand this, you will have a clear direction to answer the author's views and attitudes on some topics and will not be caught off guard.
Fourth, grasp the author's thoughts and feelings in poetry.
One of the principles of China's ancient poetry creation is to express one's mind by teasing poems. Some people even think that ridicule has life or death, which shows that the ancients attached importance to poetry emotion. To sum up, there are five common thoughts and feelings in ancient poetry.
First, when you are worried about your country and hurt it. Including exposing the fatuity and decay of rulers, such as Du Mu's Crossing the Qing Palace; Reflect the pain of leaving chaos, such as Du Fu's "Spring Hope"; It shows sympathy for people's sufferings, such as Bai Juyi's Selling Charcoal Weng.
Second, make contributions to serve the country. There are mainly the desire to make contributions, the determination to defend the country, the sorrow of being unable to serve the country, the pain of the decline of mountains and rivers, and the lament that the years have passed and the ambition is hard to pay, such as Su Shi's "Water turns around, Chibi misses the past".
Third, homesickness and homesickness. Including the melancholy of travel (Liu Yong is good at expressing the feelings of this kind of travel), missing relatives and friends, homesickness at the border, and cherishing people in the boudoir, such as Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart.
Fourth, say goodbye. It mainly shows the feelings of parting between relatives and friends. Farewell is a very important theme in ancient poetry, and poets often express their feelings of retention and frankness through farewell.
Fifth, the perception of life. This is a kind of poetry that cannot be classified into other poems, including sentimental landscapes and pastoral scenery, such as most of Wang Wei's poems; Yesterday's ups and downs, such as Liu Yuxi's Wuyi Lane; Borrowing the ancient to satirize the present, such as Xin Qiji's "Jingkou Gubeiting Nostalgia"; There are also youthful sorrows, such as Li Qingzhao's "Like a dream, it rained last night and the wind suddenly"; The depression of frustrated official career, such as Bai Juyi's Pipa Travel and so on.
When evaluating the ideological content of works, we need to know some necessary knowledge of literary history. In teaching practice, the outstanding problem is that students lack knowledge of ancient literature, and their understanding of poets is limited to those simple notes in textbooks, which often tends to form a monotonous and rigid impression of poets. For example, appreciating Du Fu's poems, regardless of subject matter, is concerned about the country and the people. Poems like Moonlight are obviously concerned about the country and the people. As the old saying goes, if students can be guided to read more books, teachers will consciously talk about the history of literature in class, which will be of great benefit to students in doing this kind of poetry appreciation questions.