The heyday of gardens
——Sui and Tang dynasties
General introduction to the first section
1. Background of the times
The Sui and Tang Dynasties implemented the land equalization system, which limited the personal dependence of farmers, liberated the tribes and villagers as self-cultivators, and the sharecropping system replaced the sharecropping system. Eliminate the dominant position of the manor lord economy in the economic structure, gradually restore the small peasant economy, and lay the foundation for its rapid development after the Song Dynasty. Promoted the progress and development of the country.
2. Sustained economic and cultural prosperity and achievements
The Zhenguan period and the Kaiyuan period pushed China's feudal society to the peak of development and prosperity.
1. In terms of literature and art
Poetry, painting, sculpture, music, dance, etc., on the basis of carrying forward the excellent traditions of the Han nation, absorb the culture of other ethnic groups and even foreign countries, showing a star-studded , a momentary victory.
⑴ Painting field: In addition to religious paintings, there are also secular paintings that directly describe real life, landscapes, flowers and birds; the division of painting subjects according to subject matter has been concrete, including flowers and birds, figures, gods and Buddhas, pommel horses, landscapes, etc. They are all independent painting disciplines.
⑵ In the Tang Dynasty, there was a conscious pursuit of the interpenetration of poetry and painting. For example, the great poet Wang Wei described the picturesque natural scenery of mountains and countryside; at the same time, landscape paintings also influenced gardens. Poets and painters directly participated in gardening activities. Garden art began to consciously integrate poetry and painting, and it became more popular in private gardens. obvious.
2. Traditional wooden buildings have become mature in terms of technology or art, and have a complete beam system, bracket system and standardized decoration and decoration.
3. In terms of ornamental plants
The cultivation and horticulture technology of ornamental plants has made great progress. Many rare varieties such as peonies and viburnums have been cultivated, and they can also be introduced, domesticated and transplanted. Exotic flowers and trees. There are also techniques such as grafting, irrigation, and flowering.
3. Characteristics of architectural technology and art:
1. Large scale and rigorous planning
2. The handling of building groups is becoming more and more mature
3. Wooden buildings have solved the technical problems of large areas and large volumes, and have been finalized
4. The level of design and construction has been improved
5. Masonry buildings have Further development. The main reason is that the number of pagodas using bricks and stones has increased. At present, all Tang pagodas preserved in our country are masonry pagodas.
6. The authenticity and maturity of architectural art processing
Section 2 Royal Gardens
1. The layout of Chang'an City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties
Tang Dynasty Chang'an (Daxing in the Sui Dynasty) covers an area of ??84 square kilometers and has a population of more than one million. It was the largest and most rigorously planned and prosperous capital in the world at that time.
Layout: The palace city is located at the northern end of the city's central axis to the north of the imperial city, covering an area of ??about 4.2 square kilometers. It has Taiji Palace in the middle, Yeting Palace in the west, and the East Palace where the prince lives in the east. Taiji Palace, also known as "Xinei", is the palace where the emperor listens to politics and lives. In addition, there are the "East Nei" Daming Palace and the "South Nei" Xingqing Palace, which are equivalent to the other two "Da Nei".
2. The layout of Luoyang City in the Sui and Tang Dynasties
The plane of Luoyang is nearly square, with the longest point from north to south being 7312 meters, and the widest point from east to west being 7290 meters. The area is about 45.3 square kilometers, which is the same as Chang'an City. , the imperial city is located in the south of the palace city, and the central government offices are concentrated in the city. The core part of the palace city, the "Da Nei", is square in shape, with east, west and north sides surrounded by important cities such as the East Palace, West Separate City, Taoguang Garden, Yaoyi City and Yuanbi City. The north of Luoyang City is Mang Mountain, and the Forbidden Garden can only be built to the west of the imperial city and palace city, but cannot be built in the north of the city like Daxing.
Comparison between Chang'an City and Luoyang City
A study of the measured maps of the Chang'an and Luoyang ruins found that the length and width of the imperial city and palace city were used as the module in the planning. The whole city is divided into several large blocks, which are further divided into miles. These two cities, which are unprecedented in scale in Chinese history, took less than two years from planning to completion. The use of modular control in planning is an important reason for the rapid completion of planning.
3. Royal Gardens
(1) Chang'an Royal Gardens
1. Three major palaces in Tang City
There are three major gardens in Chang'an City of Tang Dynasty The palace area is historically known as the "Three Great Neighborhoods", namely Taiji Palace in the west, Daming Palace in the east, and Xingqing Palace in the south. The "Three Great Nei" were the center of political activities in various periods of the Tang Dynasty. They were three scenic garden areas with magnificent architecture, appropriate arrangements of landscapes, flowers and trees, and each with its own characteristics.
(1) Taiji Palace in the West
Taiji Palace was the Daxing Palace of the Sui Dynasty. It was renamed Taiji Palace and expanded in the early Tang Dynasty. Taiji Palace is located in the center of the palace city, connected to the Imperial City in the south, the West Inner Garden in the north, the East Palace in the east, and the Yeting Palace in the west. According to archaeological measurements, the area is about 1.9 square kilometers, which is approximately equivalent to the Ming and Qing Forbidden City in Beijing. 2.7 times.
Architectural layout: Based on the Zhou Dynasty principle of "the front dynasty sleeps in the back", the palace is divided into two parts: the front dynasty and the inner court.
The Taiji Palace has thirty or forty halls, pavilions, pavilions, and pavilions. The main buildings are Taiji Hall, Liangyi Hall, Wanchun Hall, Lingyan Pavilion, etc., forming a huge and orderly building complex. Together with the mountains, ponds and waterside pavilions, it forms a beautiful scenery in the palace garden.
(2) Dongnei Daming Palace
Dongnei Daming Palace is the "Qingshu" palace specially built by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty for his father, great ancestor Li Yuan. Because of its terrain, it is more conducive to military defense than Taiji Palace. , the microclimate is cooler and more suitable for living. Therefore, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty replaced Taiji Palace as the imperial palace.
Geographical location: Southeast of the Forbidden Garden and northeast of the Palace City to the west. According to the "Tang Dynasty Capital Palace Research", it is five miles from north to south and three miles from east to west. It is the largest palace complex in Chang'an City in China. According to archaeological measurements, the area is 3.3 square kilometers.
The southern half of Daming Palace is the palace area, and the northern half is the Yuanlin area, which is the Damei Imperial Garden, showing a typical layout of separate palaces and gardens.
(3) Nannei Xingqing Palace
Xingqing Palace was originally called Longqingfang and was the residence of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty when Li Longji was the crown prince. After Li Longji ascended the throne, he expanded Xingqingfang into Xingqing Palace in the second year of Kaiyuan, and moved to Xingqing Palace to listen to politics.
Architectural layout: It is a special place among the three buildings of the Tang Dynasty. It does not follow the traditional "front and back sleeping" and the symmetrical architectural pattern around the central axis, but is irregular and quite It is similar to the free-style architectural layout of later generations.
2. The Three Great Nei Gardens
The "Three Great Nei Gardens" of the Tang Dynasty emperor not only had beautiful gardens, but also dedicated land as gardens for the emperor to visit and hunt. Therefore, three gardens were built in the north of the capital, namely the West Inner Garden, the East Inner Garden and the Forbidden Garden, also known as the Three Great Inner Gardens, and became a world-famous royal garden scenic spot. It is adjacent to Miyagi Taiji Palace and Daming Palace, and is to the north of the capital. In terms of location, it belongs to the Ouchi Imperial Garden.
Forbidden Garden
The Forbidden Garden is vast and is the largest of the three gardens. According to the "Tang Dynasty Capital City Square Examination": the Forbidden Garden borders Chanshui in the east, Weihe River in the north, the ancient city of Chang'an in the Han Dynasty in the west, and the capital in the south. It is 27 miles from east to west, 23 miles from north to south, and 120 miles in radius. The southern garden wall is the Chang'an City Wall, so it can be said that the Forbidden Garden actually consists of three parts: the West Inner Garden and the East Inner Garden.
The Forbidden Garden was the main scenic spot and hunting area for the royal family on the outskirts of Chang'an in the Tang Dynasty. Topography: uneven heights, undulating slopes, and lush forests. There are 20 palaces, pavilions, palaces, pavilions and so on. Therefore, it is also an important military defense area.
The main buildings include the Spring Palace, Yuzao Palace, Liyuan, etc.
(2) Luoyang Royal Garden
Luoyang was the Tokyo of the Tang Dynasty. Luoyang’s landscapes are among the best in the world, and its royal gardens are known to be developed.
Luoyang Palace (named Ziweicheng in Sui Dynasty) is the palace city of Luoyang. In the sixth year of Emperor Zhenguan of the Tang Dynasty, it was renamed Luoyang Palace. Luoyang, the eastern capital of the Sui and Tang Dynasties, was the most prosperous period in the history of the ancient city of Luoyang, and it was also one of the metropolises in the Eastern world. (As shown in the picture)
There are 10 gates on all sides of the palace city. The south gate was originally named Zetian Gate and later named Yingtian Gate.
2. The palaces and palaces in Chang'an
(1) Chang'an
There are many palaces and palaces in Chang'an, the representative ones are: Yuhua Palace, Xianyou Palace, Cuiwei Palace, Huaqing Palace, Jiucheng Palace, Qujiang Pool, etc.
1. Yuhua Palace
Located in Yuhua Township, Tongchuan City, north of present-day Xi'an, it is located in the Phoenix Valley, a beautiful valley at the southern end of Ziwu Ridge. With a total area of ??2,482 hectares and a forest coverage rate of 90.4%, it integrates natural and cultural landscapes. It has three major functions: tourism, summer vacation, and Buddhist activities.
2. Xianyou Palace (summer palace)
Xianyou Palace is located 15 kilometers south of Zhouzhi County. It was built in the 18th year of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty.
Environment: Surrounded by green mountains, flowing clear water, the climate is cool and pleasant. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty visited it many times to escape the summer heat.
3. Cuiwei Palace (Summer Palace)
Cuiwei Palace is located in the Taihe Palace in Zhongnan Mountain, 25 kilometers south of Chang'an. It was built in the eighth year of Wude in the Tang Dynasty and abandoned in the tenth year of Zhenguan.
4. Huaqing Palace (the imperial palace of the Tang Dynasty)
The Huaqing Palace is located at the northern foot of Lishan Mountain in Lintong County, 35 kilometers east of present-day Xi'an City. Famous for its hot spring pools. According to historical records, Qin Shihuang once "built stones to build a temple" here. In the 18th year of Tang Zhenguan (644), Emperor Taizong issued an edict to build a palace here and named it Tangquan Palace. In the sixth year of Tianbao (747), it was renamed Huaqing Palace.
5. Jiucheng Palace
Jiucheng Palace is located in the Xincheng District of Linyou County, 163 kilometers northwest of Xi'an City. It was first built in the 13th year of Kaihuang's reign in the Sui Dynasty and completed in the 13th year of Kaihuang's reign. In the fifteenth year, it was originally called Renshou Palace and was the palace of Emperor Wen. In the fifth year of Zhenguan (AD 631) of Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, it was restored and expanded and renamed "Jiucheng Palace". "Jiucheng" means "nine layers" or "nine layers", indicating its tallness.
(2) Luoyang Gardens
The representative works of Luoyang Palace and Palace Garden include Xiyuan, Shangyang Palace, etc.
1. Xiyuan (also known as Xianren Palace, Huitong Garden) is a representative of the royal gardens in Luoyang area.
Xiyuan is located on the west side of Luoyang City. It was built at the same time as Luoyang City in the first year of Daye of the Sui Dynasty.
Xiyuan is a very large royal garden in history second only to Shanglinyuan in the Western Han Dynasty. It was renamed Dongdu Garden in the Tang Dynasty and Shendu Garden in the reign of Empress Wu.
Features of Xiyuan Garden: artificial landscape garden.
The overall layout: generally follows the "three mountains per foot" palace and garden model since the Han Dynasty. Centered on the North Sea, the largest artificially dug body of water. The circumference of Beihai is more than ten miles, and there are three island mountains in the sea: Penglai, Fangzhang and Yingzhou.
According to the "Book of Sui": "Xiwan is two hundred miles away, and within it is a sea circumference of more than ten miles, including the Penglai, Fangzhang, and Yingzhou mountains, more than a hundred feet high, with terraces and pavilions, and Luo On Tashan Mountain. There is a canal in the north of the sea, which flows into the sea. There are sixteen courtyards along the canal, with all the doors facing the canal. It is extremely gorgeous." "Daye Miscellaneous Notes" records: "The mountains in the garden are made into a sea, which is more than ten miles in circumference and tens of feet deep. There are Tongzhen Temple, Xiling Platform and Zongxian Palace on it, which are divided into various mountains.
The wind pavilion and the moon view are all made by machines, and they may rise or fall. If there is a magical change, there is a Dragon Scale Channel in the north of the sea, which bends around the sixteen courtyards and enters the sea."
The garden manages water, builds mountains, The plant configuration and architectural construction projects are extremely large, and they are all carried out according to the established plan. The achievements in planning and design are of milestone significance. Its completion marks the arrival of the heyday of Chinese classical gardens.
2. Shangyang. Palace
Characteristics of palace gardens: The building density is relatively high, with palaces as the main focus and gardens as a supplement.
Characteristics of royal gardens during this period:
The characteristics of royal gardens. The construction has tended to be standardized, and it has generally been divided into the categories of Ouchi Gyoen, Palace Gyoen and Residence Gyoen.
(1) Ouchi Gyoen is located immediately behind or on one side of the palace area and is divided into palaces and gardens.
(2) Most of the palaces and palaces in the suburbs are built in areas with beautiful mountain scenery. They pay attention to the selection of building sites and have a unique vision of the "land". It ensured the emperor's enjoyment of summer vacation and leisure, and also reflected the high quality and high standards of the Tang people in combining palace and garden construction with landscape construction.
Section 3 Private Gardens
After the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Chinese gardens developed from natural landscape gardens to freehand landscape gardens, which were mainly flourishing in Chang'an and Luoyang.
1. Urban private gardens
< p>1. Chang'anMost of the residences in Chang'an City have residences and recreational gardens, called "shanchiyuan" - a common name for urban private gardens in the Tang Dynasty, mostly for imperial relatives and big bureaucrats.
2. Luoyang Private Gardens
Private gardens in Luoyang City are mostly distinguished by their water views. The former is like Prime Minister Niu Sengru. The latter is mostly seen in poems and poems of the time, such as Bai Juyi's Ludaofang Garden.
It is located in Ludaofang. In the northwest corner, the Luoshui River flows through this place, which is considered to be the most beautiful place in the city for its "customs, water and trees"
A: Location, scale and layout
"Chi Shang Chapter" says, the garden. Hezhai covers an area of ??fifteen acres, of which "one is three houses, one is water, and one is bamboo, and the layout is divided into South Garden, North Garden, and Xiyuan."
B. Plant configuration
The greening configuration of the house is very good, with trees shading the households and pools separated by water. “Bamboo is particularly popular. There is a bamboo garden in the south garden and a bamboo courtyard in the mansion. "There are tens of thousands of new bamboo poles." The dozens of trees are all old trees.
There are more than twenty kinds of plants described in Bai Juyi's poems: locust tree, sycamore, elm, poplar, willow, peach, pear, apricot, osmanthus, cherry, wisteria, hibiscus, and peony. , peony, white peony, chrysanthemum, orchid, lotus, night lily, winter jasmine, jujube tree, etc.
2. Country Villas
Villa gardens are private gardens built in the countryside. In the Tang Dynasty, they were generally called bieye, shanzhuang, and villa. Smaller ones were called mountain pavilion, water pavilion, field residence, thatched cottage, etc.
According to literature records, the construction of villa gardens in the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into three types: 1. Built alone not far from the city, with convenient transportation and beautiful scenery. 2. Built alone in a scenic area. 3. Built attached to the manor.
1. It is built separately in an area not far from the city, with convenient transportation and relatively beautiful scenery.
Owner: (1) Noble relatives and bureaucrats in the two capitals. ⑵General literati and bureaucrats.
Villa features: villas for nobles and bureaucrats, with a gorgeous and slim style; villas for ordinary literati and bureaucrats, with a simple and rustic atmosphere.
Chang'an: As the capital, there are many villas and gardens in the suburbs. Nobles and big bureaucrats were mostly concentrated in the eastern suburbs, such as Princess Taiping, Princess Changle, Princess Anle, etc.; the villas of general literati and bureaucrats were mostly concentrated in the southern suburbs.
Luoyang: The southern suburbs have beautiful scenery and convenient water diversion. The villa gardens are particularly dense. Like the gardens of Chang'an, most of them were built by dignitaries. Example:
①Pingquanzhuang
Owner of the garden: Li Deyu
Location: located thirty miles south of Luoyang City.
Garden features:
There are many types of garden stones, including many famous and strange stones.
There are many trees and flowers with rich and valuable varieties.
"More than a hundred pavilions", including the library, Waterfall Pavilion, Liubei Pavilion, Xiyuan, Shuangbitan, Diaoyutai, etc.
Rare birds and animals
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②Huanhuaxi Thatched Cottage
Garden owner: Du Fu
Location: Chengdu
Garden features:
The architectural layout varies The terrain is high and low, making full use of the natural water features. "There is spring water in the south and north of the house, but you can see a flock of gulls coming every day."
2. Built separately in scenic spots
During the Tang Dynasty, scenic spots were developed and constructed all over the country, especially famous mountain scenic spots. Such as Li Mi's Hengshan Villa, Bai Juyi's Lushan Thatched Cottage, etc.
Lushan Thatched Cottage
3. Built attached to the manor
The villa built attached to the manor is related to the system of the Tang Dynasty. Many officials had residences in the city, villas in the suburbs, and manor villas, which became a symbol of their wealth and status.
The manor villas of the Tang Dynasty played a certain role in promoting the rapid development of "idyllic poetry" in the literary world of the Tang Dynasty.
For example: Wang Wei’s Wangchuan Villa and Lu Hongyi’s Songshan Villa.
3. The rise of literati gardens
In the Tang Dynasty, many literati entered the official position through imperial examinations. After entering the official position, they did not forget to recite poems and enjoy the scenery.
Bureaucrats with literati origins not only participated in the development of landscapes, greening and beautifying the environment, but also participated in the creation of their own private gardens. They rely on their deep understanding of natural scenery and high appreciation of natural beauty to manage gardens. At the same time, they also integrate their philosophical experience of life and feelings about the ups and downs of officialdom into the art of gardening.
Section 4 Temples and other gardens
Buddhism spread widely through the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and by the Tang Dynasty all 13 sects had been fully established.
1. The transformation of temple gardens from secular to literati
Mainly reflected in:
1. The architectural system of temples has tended to be perfected, and large temples often It is a huge building complex in Lianyu, including four functional areas: hall, bed and breakfast, guest rooms, and gardens;
2. Due to the participation in secular activities, it has become the center of urban public communication activities. The combination of solemn environment and human pleasure promotes the greening of courtyards and garden management;
3. Temples and temples are not only built in cities, but also throughout the countryside.
2. Other gardens
1. Government agencies’ gardens of the central government
Many are decorated with mountains, ponds, flowers and trees, and some have independent small gardens.
2. Public gardens
Most of the public gardens in the suburbs of the city are centered on pavilions and the scenery is formed by pavilions.
There are three types of parks and gardens developed in Chang'an City:
① Using the hillocks in some squares in the south of the city - "original";
② Utilize both sides of the turning point of the canal to create a tourist destination with mainly water views
③Greening of the streets