First, the formation of the plain style of Song poetry: Plain beauty can be said to be the mainstream thought of Song poetry, which is at the center of gravity in the time series of Song Dynasty. The pursuit of simple beauty originated in Mei and matured in Su Shi and Huang Tingjian. Dull is not mediocrity and vulgarity, but requires "a new language skill that predecessors have learned". "A scene that is difficult to write is like now, and there are endless opinions" (from "Poems on June 1"), which refers to a perfect artistic realm and an ancient style that transcends exquisite carving. As an important aesthetic ideal in the study of Song poetry, "Simplicity" was not only valued ideologically in Song Dynasty, but also fully reflected in practice. The aesthetic style of Tang poetry is characterized by elegance and charm, while the aesthetic pursuit of Song poetry is insipid, which is obviously a profound change of Tang poetry, and this is also the ultimate goal of Song people's innovation and change.
The specific analysis is as follows:
& lt 1 & gt； Mei's Journey to Lushan Mountain;
Along the way, the mountain range in front of me is constantly changing, and a person is immersed in the winding and deep wild road, but forgets where to go.
The sun rises, the snow melts, the mountains look more silent and empty, the silly bear is slowly climbing the tree, and the deer is leisurely sipping the stream.
I can't see any buildings or smoke, so I can't help wondering if there are people living in the mountains. Just then, I suddenly heard a crow crowing on the distant mountain.
Knowing people and discussing the world, Mei put forward the theory of plainness in artistic style, and wrote in the Preface to Mr. Lin Hejing's Poems: "When it is a poem playing with emotions, it is plain and beautiful to read. His writing is mainly quiet and sincere, not sarcastic, and then he knows how to send poems. " There is another cloud: "Poetry has no ancient and modern, only plain and difficult to understand." "Plain" is the artistic realm that Mei pursues diligently. The so-called "plain" does not mean mediocrity and simplicity; On the contrary, he advocates using extremely simple language and extremely high writing skills to express the content of his works.
An overview of Yixin language workers: "Autumn has been sad and lonely since ancient times", but the poet got rid of the traditional theme of "sad autumn", keenly captured the unique side of autumn scenery in the deep mountains, wrote the quiet beauty in the deep mountains in late autumn with a clear pen, and expressed his love for nature. The first couplet uses inverted sentences, which is abrupt; The couplets in the middle are free and easy, and the use of "change", "fascination", "promotion" and "drinking" is appropriate, accurate, thought-provoking and quietly written. It can be said that "the scenery that is difficult to write is like now, and there are endless opinions."
(1) The first couplet "Qian Shan is high and low", when the poet first arrived in Lushan Mountain, he gave an excited cry-it really satisfied my interest in the natural scenery of Shan Ye, and the high and low peaks all came from nature, which really hit it off with my wild interests. The poet used inverted sentences to express his uncontrollable joy and described the scenery and feelings without events.
(2) With the poet's footsteps constantly appearing in front of us, even the same mountain, like a magician, constantly changes its beauty because of different horizons. It is really "looking at the peak, the distance is different", which gives people unlimited new ideas and beauty, which shows the wonderful use of the word "change". The poet walked alone, savoring the charming scenery, and got lost unconsciously. The word "Fan" is well used, which achieves the effect of killing two birds with one stone. From infatuation with the scenery to getting lost, it not only shows the beauty of the scenery, but also shows the poet's interest in travel, which is a natural embodiment of the poet's wild feelings.
(4) Tail couplet "Where is the person? There are chickens outside the cloud. " Intriguing, this is a virtual scene, giving people endless imagination: what kind of family is this? How much beauty is hidden in the depths of this mountain? ……
& lt2> Lin Bu's "Xiao Mei in the Mountain Garden": Mei Zi is noble and pure, with a fragrant heart, shaking off her beauty and occupying a small garden.
"Mottled shadows hang obliquely on the clear shallow water, and their fragrance spreads peacefully in the moonlight dusk."
Cold birds want to fly, first glimpse plum blossoms; Butterflies will be enchanting if they know the beauty of plum blossoms.
Fortunately, there are micro-songs to compare, and there is no need for sandalwood golden jars.
& lt3> Answering Yuan Zhen to Ouyang Xiu's Drama:-
There are oranges in the residual snow, and the freezing thunder scared the bamboo shoots to sprout.
Homesick at night, disgusting during the New Year.
I used to be a guest in Luoyang, but Ye Fang didn't have to be late.
Ouyang Xiu's poems were greatly influenced by Han Yu, mainly reflected in prose techniques and comments, and combined comments with narrative and lyric, with simple and elegant style. The first couplet of the poem, "Spring breeze is in the horizon, and there are no flowers in the mountain city in February", breaks the theme of "early spring": it is located in Yiling Town, a remote town, surrounded by mountains and waters. Although it is already February, it is still difficult to reach the spring breeze, and the flowers are not in bloom. He not only described the time and place of writing poems and the weather in early spring in the mountain city, but also expressed his lonely feelings in the mountains. The first two sentences are wonderful, and Ouyang Xiu himself is quite complacent. He once said, "Without the next sentence, the last sentence is not good." And read it, you will feel refreshed. "
Second, thinking about the phenomenon of "writing as poetry" under the background of Song Dynasty (1).
1. Song Dynasty is a rational era full of arguments. The situation of poor and weak countries formed the atmosphere of the Song Dynasty. Through discussion, the aesthetic connotation of "advocating reason" in the hearts of Song people is properly expressed.
Secondly, poetry adapts to the needs of rational times and turns to the road of argumentative creation.
1. From the perspective of academic and cultural thoughts, the rationalist debate trend in the Northern Song Dynasty contributed to the mutual integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in traditional culture. This has played a very positive role in the formation and development of the discussion characteristics of Song poetry.
2. The poetry innovation movement in the Northern Song Dynasty showed the spirit of innovation in the struggle against frivolous parallel prose, which directly promoted the Song Dynasty to a new system.
Third, due to political centralization, social change and economic turn, especially in culture, Neo-Confucianism is developed, Yi-ology is prosperous, Zen is prevalent, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are integrated, and the pioneering spirit of doubt and innovation is carried forward, which has developed into a kind of ideological wind and habit of advocating righteousness and reason.
Fourthly, Du Fu in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and Han Yu in the middle Tang Dynasty both advocated "writing as poetry" directly, and their comments also directly influenced Ouyang Xiu and Su Shi in the Song Dynasty. "Taking prose as poetry" means that Han Yu introduced the brushwork of prose into poetry in his poetry practice. Han Yu, on the other hand, opened up the realm of poetry, and his influence on poets in the Song Dynasty can not be ignored.
(2) Significance
"Poetry is based on writing" means that poetry is more about narration and exposition, thus frankly expressing feelings. This poetic style is called "prose culture". The "discussion" in Song poetry actually refers to the artistic expression of poetry, that is, poetry creation is carried out in the general way of discussion; Song poetry is often a combination of narrative and discussion, or closely combined with lyricism and scenery writing; Or take discussion as the spiritual pillar of the whole article; Or take discussion as the eruption after emotional stagnation, and then use image language as the means of expression, so that poetry is both charming, reasonable, interesting and organically integrated. "Interest" refers to the philosophy and curiosity in the content of poetry, and expresses the philosophy and interest of life. As the form and content of Song poetry, the two are inseparable. Song poetry attaches importance to reason and is good at reasoning. This is not only in line with the artistic essence of poetry creation, but also a unique creation and development, which is beyond the achievements of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. In this way, secondly, the discussion characteristics of Song poetry reflect the needs of the times, society and culture.
(3) Evaluation
In Cang Hua, Yan Yu's criticism of "taking words as poems, discussing as poems and learning as poems" became a programmatic criticism recognized by later generations. However, this is not enough. It is necessary to make a concrete and in-depth analysis of Song poetry from a dialectical point of view, and to pursue its unique style and deep characteristics different from traditional poetry.
1. Yan Yu pointed out that the disadvantage of Song poetry is that "modern masters made strange interpretations, so words are poems, talents are poems, and arguments are poems." If a husband doesn't work, it will never be an ancient poem. Covered in the voice of singing three sighs, he is sorry, he does a lot of things, regardless of interests; Words must have their origins, and rhymes must have their origins. After reading the last chapter repeatedly, I don't know where to go. Its ending, called noisy anger, is extremely loyal and almost a poem. At this point in the poem, it can be sighed. " Yan Yu believes that Song poetry lacks the voice of singing and sighing, thus losing the aesthetic character of poetry, and holds a negative attitude towards the mainstream poetry school represented by Huang Tingjian. In Yan Yu's view, the lack of rich and meaningful aesthetic interest in Song poetry is rooted in the poet's lack of "understanding" of the beauty and reality of poetry. Yan Yu keenly discovered and grasped the symptoms of Song poetry, and put forward the diagnosis and treatment scheme of "poetry is also wonderful" and "only understanding is the right way, but only true temperament". Wu Miao is the core of Yan Yu's poetic theory. He thinks that Han Yu's knowledge is higher than Meng Haoran's, but his poems are far inferior to Meng Haoran's, because Meng Haoran's poems are "only in Wu Miao".
2. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, Li Dongyang criticized that "Song people had no income from poetry" and lacked "naive interest" in poetry. Li Mengyang, a representative of the retro school, pointedly pointed out, like a marionette, that "Song people care about the theme but not the main theme", which obviously has some origin with Yan Yu's "interest" theory.
3. Wu Zhizhen, a Qing Dynasty man, once expounded the relationship between Tang poetry and Song poetry in the preface to Notes on Song Poetry: "The poems of Song people changed in the Tang Dynasty, but their gains have been lost and their spirit still exists." Mr. Miao also briefly pointed out in On Song Poetry that the Song people "changed what the Tang people could do, but did not do what the Tang people could do". Among them, the comment on "the difference between Tang and Song poems" is quite wonderful. "If a garden is built, Tang poems are like stacked stones and chisels, and pavilions are built." Song poetry is like a pavilion, decorated with sparse carvings, surrounded by water and stones and planted with different flowers. "
4. The characteristics of Song poetry, in terms of content, reflect the poet's sense of hardship, introspective attitude, rational spirit and humanistic purport; Pursuing the unity of style, phonology, interest and interest in aesthetics; From the creative point of view, it combines reference and innovation, and attaches importance to rules and freedom. This prose-based poetic style has greatly improved the artistic functions of poetry, such as lyricism, narration, discussion and satire.
5. The final result of "writing as poetry" is to change the function of traditional poetry, from the main emotion to the emphasis on meaning, and to expand the scope of subject matter in many aspects. This is manifested in the massive increase and strengthening of argumentative methods and characteristics with strong social and political consciousness.