Name: Rembrandt Gender: Male Nationality: Rembrandt is a Dutch painter. When he was young, he studied painting with the painter lastman in Amsterdam. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0/7th century, the Dutch emerging bourgeoisie took Calvinism as the state religion and abolished the decorative paintings and altar paintings of churches. But Rembrandt was influenced by lastman, and religious paintings still have a market among wealthy Dutch citizens, so he has always been interested in biblical themes. He never stopped painting religious paintings all his life, but only secularized them. About 1625, I went back to my hometown to set up a studio, engaged in painting creation and enrolled students. His creative career roughly includes four stages. During Leiden period (about 1625 ~ 163 1), Rembrandt's paintings were of a wide range, including portraits, genre paintings, landscape paintings, religious paintings and historical paintings. The earliest surviving novel, poem and literary work is the religious painting Saint Stephen Killed by a Stone (about 1626, Lyon Art Museum). Influenced by lastman and Utrecht painter Hong soste, this kind of oil painting adopts Italian painter Caravaggio's strong contrast between light and shade to enhance the dramatic effect of the picture. It introduces Rembrandt into the characterization, and reveals its inner activities by capturing the subtle changes of facial expressions more deeply. In addition, since Leiden period, a large number of portraits have been drawn. He has always been interested in the elderly and people with various painting characteristics. At present, the total number of original selfies is estimated to be between 60- 100. In order to create characters with individual characteristics, painters have been studying physiognomy all their lives. The results of this exploration are an important part of his playing techniques.
In Leiden period, Rembrandt developed Caravaggio's contrast of light and shade and formed his own painting style, which was later called Rembrandt's contrast of light and shade, that is, light was mainly used to shape the body, express the space, highlight the key points, and the picture was vivid, rich in layers and dramatic. Although the literary works of early novels and poems are not as mature as those of later novels and poems, it shows that painters have been committed to exploring the texture and potential of oil painting pigments for a long time. From some of his oil painting novels and literary works of poetry at that time, it can already be seen that he used a pen to paint and scratch the pigment layer of the canvas. Early Amsterdam (about 1632- 1640) From 1632, Rembrandt settled in Amsterdam and entered a mature stage in art. The famous work "Anatomy Course of Professor Tilp" (1632, Royal Morris Painting Exhibition Hall in The Hague) broke through the traditional Dutch group painting. During 10, Rembrandt became the most popular painter in this city. During this period, he also painted many portraits and religious paintings, among which religious paintings were mainly baroque. Rembrandt said in several articles he wrote that he tried to express his greatest inner feelings with striking human gestures and movements in novels, poems and literary works. Among these baroque paintings, Samson is Blinded (1636) is the most wonderful one. Delilah, Samson's wife in the painting, was frightened by her heinous crime, and her expression was delicate and complicated, which was described by some critics as equivalent to Lady Macbeth in Shakespeare's works.
Success in his youth made Rembrandt rich. He began to buy art and antiques. 1639 moved to a luxury residence. His wife saskia is the prototype of many of his novels, poems and literary works. The painter seems to live a carefree life at this stage. Critics generally believe that his happy mood can be detected from some of his self-portraits at that time. However, it was also pointed out that some of these self-portraits and portraits of relatives and friends were used in his religious historical paintings. The famous self-portrait "Embrace saskia" (about 1635, Dresden Gallery) may be a religious painting for moral preaching according to recent research. In the heyday of Amsterdam (1640 ~ 1648), Rembrandt encountered some unfortunate events in his personal life in the 1940s. The torture of life deepened his observation and understanding of society, and entered a deepening stage in art. 1642, saskia died shortly after his son Tis was born. In the same year, the famous painting Night Patrol (Amsterdam National Museum) came out. The painter further broke through the traditional group portrait painting procedure and made it have the nature of genre painting and historical painting. The purpose may be to remind the audience of the revolutionary struggle of the Dutch people against foreign rule in the past. The name "night patrol" appeared about 1800 years ago. This is because this painting was painted with a thick glossy oil layer by later generations, and with more than a century and a half of erosion and air pollution, the picture became dark, like a night scene. In the 20th century, mainly in 1947 and 1980, this painting was renovated twice, and the heavy glossy oil layer was removed, which proved that it really depicts the scene in the daytime.
Some people think that its name should be changed to "Captain frans forbids Kirk's filming company to leave". It used to be said that the owner of this painting was very dissatisfied with the finished novels, poems and literary works, because many of them were painted in inconspicuous places. They asked the painter to revise the painting, but the painter refused, leading to a deadlock, and Rembrandt became an unpopular painter in Amsterdam's upper class. He lived in poverty, illness and misfortune for the rest of his life, which seems to be mainly caused by the painting Night Patrol. This assumption has been denied by experts in many countries in recent decades, but soon after the painter's death, the above legends began to be repeated by some biographies with romantic fantasies, in order to render the so-called talented people often unable to be understood by the public before their death. In fact, the painting "Night Patrol" was finally accepted by the owner, and the painter was paid in advance. Since then, he has continued to accept various important painting tasks. As for the late 1940s, Rembrandt was no longer as popular with many employers as it was in the 1930s, and life became more and more difficult. This situation is not only caused by a painting called Night Patrol, but also by the change of the painter's painting style. The painting "Night Patrol" actually marks the transition between the second and third periods. "Night Patrol" adopts the expression technique close to the stage effect, and puts the two protagonists in the center of the light, which is very prominent and seems to be coming to the audience. This technique strengthens the magnificent baroque momentum of the whole picture. However, after Night Patrol, Rembrandt used the exciting and grandiose artistic effect of Baroque art less and less, but was keen on expressing the inner activities of the characters in the painting in a more subtle way.
This technique was not popular at that time, so although Rembrandt's innovative novels, poems and literary works still had a group of appreciators, they were not understood by most citizens after all. The novels, poems and literary works of Sancta familia (1645) in this period are religious paintings, but they are full of secular spirit. As Marx said, Rembrandt painted the Virgin according to the Dutch peasant woman. At the same time, he sketched, made etched paintings of three trees (1643) and some landscape sketch. About 1645, Stoffel came to Rembrandt's house and later became his wife. Her image appears in many of his novels, poems and literary works. In his later years (1648 ~1669)1656, Rembrandt was forced to declare bankruptcy in disguise. In the next two years, houses and chattels were auctioned. There are not many buyers for his oil paintings, but etched paintings with religious themes are widely sold. One of them, commonly known as "100 Dutch currency seal" (about 1649), was named because of its high purchase price. 1660, he moved to a small house near the Jewish quarter in Amsterdam. In the same year, he worked as an employee of an art company run by his wife and son, because only in this way can he avoid being further persecuted by creditors. The following year, he was commissioned to draw a historical painting "The Plot of West Phyllis". Severus, an ancient Dutch national hero, launched an uprising against Roman tyranny in 69 AD. This painting is the most memorable masterpiece of Dutch historical painting, but for some unknown reason, it was taken down from the wall of the city hall, and now only a fragment remains (Stockholm National Museum).
1662 Painting Director of Nylon Merchants Association (Amsterdam National Museum). This group portrait shows the appearance and personality characteristics that vary from person to person very deeply and implicitly. But according to recent research, the characters in the painting are not directors, but just a few sampling inspectors and a servant standing behind them. 1663, his family suffered misfortune, but a series of torture did not destroy the stubborn old man. Before his death, he painted many famous paintings, including The Return of the Prodigal Son and Saul and David. According to the statistics of 1960s, Rembrandt's novels, poems and literary works include about 600 oil paintings, 350 etched paintings and 65,438+0,500 sketches. Since the 1970s, some new discoveries have been made.
St. Stephen was stoned to death, Professor Tilp's anatomy class, Samson was blinded, holding a self-portrait of saskia in his arms, night patrol, Sancta familia, Sanshu, 100 Dutch coin print, Nishang Trade Association Board, prodigal son, Sol and David.