Terms and Translations
In China, the word "culture" has existed since ancient times. The original meaning of "wen" refers to various interlaced textures, which means decoration and articles. "Shuowen Jiezi" states: "Wen is also a wrong painting, like a cross text." It extends to various symbols including language and characters, as well as cultural relics, regulations, etiquette systems, etc. The original meaning of "Hua" is change, generation, creation. The so-called "transformation of all things" has its extended meaning of transformation, education, cultivation, etc.
"These ancient Chinese concepts of "culture" basically belong to the category of spiritual civilization and often correspond to "force", "martial arts" and "barbarism". They themselves contain a kind of positive idealism. Color reflects the "yin" and "soft" aspects of statecraft, and has both political content and ethical significance. Secondly, in ancient times, this word was largely used as a verb, a way to govern society. Methods and propositions are opposed to forceful conquest, but they are also related to and complementary to each other. The so-called "rituals first and then soldiers", some of them also include traditional culture such as snacks and customs.
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Traditional culture of China is a kind of national culture that reflects the national characteristics and style that has evolved from the Chinese civilization. It is an overall representation of various ideological cultures and conceptual forms in the history of the nation. It refers to To put it simply, the culture with distinctive national characteristics, long history, profound connotation, and excellent traditions was created by the Chinese nation and its ancestors living in China, and has been inherited and developed by the Chinese nation from generation to generation. A general term for various national civilizations, customs, and spirits.
1. Chinese traditional culture has been passed down from generation to generation and has been interrupted in certain short historical periods. It has changed more or less, but it has not been interrupted in general.
2. National characteristics. China’s traditional culture is unique to China and is different from other nations in the world. The culture is different.
3. It has a long history.
4. "Broad" refers to the breadth of Chinese traditional culture, " "Profound" refers to the depth of Chinese traditional culture---unfathomable.
Cultural Overview
Introduction
Benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, trust, Loyalty, filial piety, brotherhood, integrity, forgiveness, courage, surrender; music, chess, calligraphy and painting, three hundred and sixty lines, four great inventions, folk taboos, loyalty to the country, natural health, bamboo, folk songs, loess, Yangtze River, Yellow River, red, moon . Twelve zodiac signs: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog, pig. Farmers, peasant uprisings; royal palaces, court culture, and imperial studies.
Hundred schools of thought
"Nine streams and ten schools"
1. Taoism (Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi; Thoughts: morality, inaction, freedom; "Nanhua Jing" and "Tao Te Ching" 》 "Guanzi"
2. Confucianism (Confucius, "The Analects", Mencius, "Mencius", Xunzi; thoughts: benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, faith; four books: "The Doctrine of the Mean" and "The Great Learning" Mencius" and "The Analects of Confucius")
3. Legalism (Li Kui, Han Fei, Li Si, "Han Feizi", thought: monarchy centralizes power and governs the country by law)
4. Mozi, "Mozi", thoughts: universal love, non-aggression, promotion of talents, frugality)
5. Famous masters (Deng Xi, Hui Shi, Gongsun Long, Huan Tuan "Gongsun Longzi")< /p>
6． The Yin and Yang Family (Zou Yan, "Zou Zi")
7. Politicians (Gui Guzi, Su Qin, Zhang Yi, [recorded in "Book of Politicians of the Warring States Period"])
8. Miscellaneous Family (Lu Buwei, "Lu Shi Chun Qiu", Liu An, Shi Jiao, "Xi Zi", "Huainan Zi")
9. Novelist (Yu Chu, "Yu Chu Zhou Shuo")
10. Nongjia (Xu Xing's "Shennong" has been lost)
The Hundred Schools of Scholars is a general term for the academic schools in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. According to the records of "Hanshu·Yiwenzhi", there are 189 named dynasties with 4,324 works.
Qin, chess, calligraphy and painting
Ming Dynasty&
Flute, erhu, guzheng, Xiaodi, drum, guqin and pipa. The top ten famous songs ("Mountains and Flowing Waters", "Guangling San", "Goose Falling on the Flat Sand", "Three Plum Blossom Alleys", "Ambush from Flying Daggers", "Sunset Flute and Drum", "Eighteen Beats of Hujia", "Autumn Moon in the Han Palace", "White Snow in Spring", "Qiao Qiao Qiao"); Chinese chess, Chinese Go, chess pieces, chessboards; Chinese calligraphy, seal cutting, the four treasures of the study (brush, ink, inkstone, rice paper), woodblock watermarks,; Chinese painting, landscape painting, Tai Chi diagram.
Traditional literature
Mainly refers to poetry, music, and poetry.
"The Book of Songs", "Chu Ci",; Pre-Qin poetry, Han Fu, Han Yuefu, folk songs (Southern and Northern Dynasties period), Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuan opera, Ming and Qing novels, such as the four famous works ("Journey to the West") "Records", "A Dream of Red Mansions", "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin"), "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio", etc.
Traditional Festivals
China has a variety of traditional festivals, and many things have various etiquette and customs. There are nearly 50 traditional festivals of the Han nationality.
The following are the 15 major festivals: Spring Festival, Shangyuan Festival (Lantern Festival), Huachao Festival (Hundred Flowers Birthday), Shangsi Festival (March 3), Cold Food Festival, Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Chinese Valentine's Day, and Ghost Festival (Ghost Festival). Festival), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Winter Solstice Festival, Laba Festival, Kitchen Sacrifice Day (Off Year), New Year's Eve. Each place also has local and ethnic characteristics.
Chinese Drama
Peking Opera, Yue Opera, Qin Opera, Chao Opera, Kun Opera, Hunan Opera, Henan Opera, Qu Opera, Anhui Opera, Hebei Clapper Opera, Shadow Play, Sichuan Opera, Huangmei Opera, Cantonese Opera, Flower Drum Opera, Baling Opera, puppet show, Liyuan Opera, Gezi Opera, Lu Opera, etc.
Chinese Architecture
Pavilions, archways, gardens and temples, bell towers, temples, pavilions and houses
Language
Chinese is The language with the most speakers in our country is also the script with the most speakers in the world. In addition to the Han people in my country who use Chinese, the Hui, Manchu and She people also basically switch to Chinese.
Modern Chinese is divided into standard language (Mandarin) and dialects. Chinese dialects are usually divided into ten major dialects: Mandarin dialect, Jin dialect, Wu dialect, Hui dialect, Min dialect, Cantonese dialect, Hakka dialect, Gan dialect, Hunan dialect and Pinghua dialect. From the perspective of language family, the languages ??used by my country's 56 ethnic groups belong to five major languages: Sino-Tibetan, Altaic, Austronesian, Austro-Asiatic and Indo-European.
Chinese characters are one of the four most original scripts in the world (the other three are Egyptian script, Sumerian cuneiform, and Mayan script). In terms of character types, Chinese characters include ideograms and phonetic scripts. , syllabic writing. From the alphabet system, there are ancient Indian letters, Uighur letters, Arabic letters, square letters, Latin letters, Cyrillic letters and other forms.
Few writing can become an art, and none can reach the height of the art of Chinese calligraphy. The works of famous calligraphers such as Wang Xizhi, Yan Zhenqing, Liu Gongquan, and Huang Tingjian still amaze people.
Medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine, "Huang Di Nei Jing", "Acupuncture Jia B Jing", "Mai Jing" ", "Compendium of Materia Medica", "Qianjin Prescriptions", "Shen Nong's Materia Medica", "Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases", "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber", etc.
Religious Philosophy
Confucianism and Taoism , Buddhism, Book of Changes, Yin and Yang, Five Elements, Bagua, divination, Feng Shui, facial expression, etc.
Folk crafts
Tide embroidery, paper-cutting, kites, Chinese embroidery (embroidery, etc.) , Chinese knots, clay figurines, dough figurines, dough sculptures, patterns (taotie pattern, wishful thinking pattern, thunder pattern, back pattern, Ba pattern, auspicious clouds), thousand layers of bottom, etc.
Chinese martial arts
Tai Chi, Wing Chun, Wudang Quan, Xingyi Quan, Shaolin Martial Arts, Nanquan, Swordsmanship, etc.
Regional Culture
Central Culture, Chaoshan Culture, Jiangnan Culture, Saibei Lingnan , desert customs,
Chinese traditional culture
Mongolian grasslands, black soil, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Land of Abundance, the Northwest, Guilin landscape, ends of the earth, Central Plains culture, Baling culture and other folk customs< /p>
Etiquette, wedding (matchmaker, Yuelao, betrothal gift, bridal chamber), funeral (filial piety, paper money, first seven), sacrifice (ancestors of heaven and earth); door gods, New Year pictures, firecrackers, glutinous rice balls, dumplings.
Clothing and apparel
Chinese traditional culture [the general term for national civilization, customs, and spirit]
The Han nationality’s clothes and apparel began with the Yellow Emperor and were prepared by Yao and Shun. They were shaped in each dynasty. Differently, China also has costumes that are influenced by other ethnic cultures. There are many types of costumes of ethnic minorities, such as "Wuqian", "Wuqiangageixi" and "Wuqiantao" of the Miao people.
The Four Great Elegant Operas
Flowers, Birds, Fish and Insects
Animals and Plants
Siberian tiger, golden leopard, red-crowned crane, Chinese tortoise, giant panda, Chinese sturgeon, etc.; top ten famous flowers: orchid, plum blossom, peony, lotus, chrysanthemum, rose, osmanthus, azalea, narcissus and camellia.
The nine sons born in the dragon are: Qi Niu, Jia Sui, Chao Feng, Pulao, Suan Ni, Bi Xi, Bi Fan, Chi Kiss, Taotie, Jiao Tu, Earthworm and Pixiu.
Antique items
Jade (jade pendants, jade carvings, etc.), gold and silverware, porcelain, mahogany furniture, cloisonne, Chinese lacquerware, painted pottery, purple sandware, batik, ancient weapons (armor, broadsword , swords, eighteen kinds of weapons, etc.), bronzes, antiques (copper coins, etc.), tripods, gold ingots, wishful thinking, candlesticks, red lanterns (palace lanterns, gauze lanterns), rickshaws, snuff bottles, birdcages, longevity locks, bronze mirrors, Large sedan chair, hookah, banana fan, peach blossom fan.
Food and cooking skills
Seven things to do when going out: firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar, tea; tea ceremony; wine culture, Chinese cuisine, eight major cuisines (Shandong, Sichuan) , Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Hunan), dumplings, glutinous rice balls, rice dumplings, rice cakes, moon cakes, chopsticks; shark fin, sea cucumber, abalone...
Legends and myths
Pangu Creation of the world, Nuwa patching up the sky, Houyi shooting the sun, Chang'e flying to the moon, Butterfly Lovers, the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, etc.
Gods, monsters and ghosts
The Jade Emperor, Taibai Venus, Yaochi Golden Mother, Yama King, Black and white impermanence, Meng Po, etc.
Traditional music
refers to music created by the Chinese using their own nation's inherent methods and forms, and with the nation's inherent morphological characteristics. It includes ancient works produced in history and handed down to the present day, as well as contemporary works.
It can be seen that traditional music includes "Chinese music" but does not include "new music", but they are all "Chinese music".
Traditional music is an extremely important part of Chinese national music. The difference between traditional music and new music does not lie in the order of creation, but in its form of expression and stylistic characteristics. For example, the erhu solos "Moon Reflected on Two Springs" and "Fishing Boats Sing Evening" are modern music works, but their performance forms are unique to the Chinese nation, so they are also traditional music. On the contrary, the school songs and the piano solo "Shepherd Boy Piccolo" are not traditional music because their musical form characteristics are borrowed from Western music.
The classification of traditional music was first seen in the "Introduction to National Music" compiled by the China Music Research Institute, which is divided into five major categories: songs, song and dance music, rap music, opera and instrumental music. However, most colleges and universities do not consider it in teaching. Song and dance music was merged into folk songs, so it became four major categories: folk songs, national instrumental music, folk art (i.e. "rap") music, and opera music.
In fact, "ethnic music", "traditional music" and "folk music" are three different concepts: "ethnic music" includes traditional music and new music; while "folk music" is just traditional music A category of music. Moreover, China's national music is very rich. In addition to folk music, it also includes court music, religious music and literati music.
Mr. Du Yaxiong classified Chinese traditional music as follows: folk music, literati music, religious music, and court music; folk music includes folk songs, folk instrumental music, folk songs and dances, opera music, and rap music; literati music Including guqin music, poetry recitation tunes, and literati's own tunes; religious music includes Taoist music, Buddhist music, Islamic music, shamanism and other religious music; palace music includes sacrificial music, court music, welcome and parade music, and banquet music .
"Traditional Opera"
The "Four Major Tune" of Opera
The four major tunes have shown brilliance and have had an impact on opera;
Kunshan The tune has been improved and artistically created.
Yiyang tune has a strong rhythm, adding rolling white, and the tone is high-pitched;
Bangzi tune has a loud sound and a bitter sound, which can be used skillfully.
Pihuang tune, two combined into one, is called Erhuang, and Xipi;
Xipigang, Erhuang suppresses it, and later developed into Peking Opera.
The typical vocal tunes are Kunshan, Yiyang, Bangzi and Pihuang.
Top ten famous Chinese classical songs: "Mountains and Flowing Waters", "Three Plum Blossom Alleys", "Moonlight Night on the Spring River", "Autumn Moon in the Han Palace", "White Snow in Spring", "Questions and Answers of Fishermen and Woodcutter", "Eighteen Beats of Hujia" ", "Guangling San", "Pingsha Luoyan", "Ambush from Flying Daggers".
Chinese couplets
Couplets, also known as couplets or antithetical couplets, are parallel sentences written on paper, cloth or carved on bamboo, wood, or pillars. The language is simple and profound, and the antithesis Neatness, smoothness and harmony are unique to the Chinese language in that each word has one sound.