Great achievements have been made in the cultural construction of the Western Han Dynasty. All kinds of ancient books in the pre-Qin period were basically preserved by the Han Dynasty officials. A magnificent work like Historical Records can only be produced in such a magnificent era as Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. The literature in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, on the one hand, inherited the old tradition of pre-Qin literature, on the other hand, created a new situation of Han Dynasty literature. Because most of the founding monarchs and ministers in the Western Han Dynasty were Chu people, Chu Ci and Chu Ge flourished for a while. Chuci gave birth to Han Fu, and Chuge gave birth to the rudiment of five-character poetry. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne, marking the arrival of the heyday of the Western Han Dynasty and the emergence of the peak of Western Han literature. In the history of China literature, the Han Dynasty was the period when the literary value began to receive initial attention. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty especially liked Ci Fu, so he recruited Gao Mei, Sima Xiangru, Dong Fangshuo and others into the palace. It is an unprecedented phenomenon that literati are valued for their literary talent. Therefore, a group of literati who took literature as their profession appeared in the Han Dynasty. Thanks to the advocacy of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Ci Fu became a popular style, and outstanding writers such as Sima Xiangru appeared, as well as typical Han Fu such as Zi Xu Fu and Shanglin Fu.
On the basis of Chu Ci, the Western Han Dynasty absorbed other literary factors in the pre-Qin period and formed a new literary genre-Fu. From then until the end of the Qing Dynasty, although there were many changes in forms such as great fu, small fu, parallel fu and legal fu, as an independent style, fu always existed, and its language was orderly, gorgeous and elaborate. In the late Western Han Dynasty, the phenomenon of quoting ancient books and idioms in the creation of Ci and Fu became popular. For example, in Yang Xiong's Forcing the Poor to Death, direct quotation? You end up poor and miserable? 、? Do you fly in the sky? 、? Gorkon? 、? Pan Baizhou? Waiting for that sentence in the book of songs; Cui Zhuan's Wei Zheng Fu extracts words from ancient books such as The Book of Songs and projects them into his own sentences. This phenomenon of using allusions has become an extremely important and universal feature of China ancient literature. Under the impetus of Ci Fu, various four-character poems such as ode, praise, admonition, topic, ode, topic, couplet, mourning and mourning appeared in Han Dynasty. Most of them are popular styles and have produced a large number of works.
During the Western Han Dynasty, poetry had a new development. New Yuefu poems began to show vitality, five-character poems entered the literary stage, and seven-character poems began to sprout. The appearance of Yuefu poems in Han Dynasty marked the new development of China's ancient poems after The Book of Songs and Songs of the South. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty expanded Yuefu institutions on a large scale and attached importance to the adoption of folk and foreign countries? New sound changes? , effectively promoted the prosperity of music and literature. ? Yuefu? The collected folk songs are called Yuefu folk songs, which are mostly combined with folk music and dance. Hanshu? Yiwenzhi lists the areas where 138 folk songs collected in the Western Han Dynasty belong, covering all parts of the country. The main form of songs in Han Dynasty is Song Xianghe. Is this the original? One person sings, three people and? Oratorio gradually developed to be accompanied by silk and bamboo instruments? Xianghe Daqu? It had an important influence on the song and dance Daqu in Sui and Tang Dynasties. In the Han Dynasty, drum-blowing music rose in the northwest frontier, and different wind instruments and percussion instruments formed various forms of advocacy, such as cross-blowing, riding-blowing, yellow door advocacy and so on. In military music etiquette, court banquets and folk entertainment, these instruments will be played immediately or on the move. ? Yuefu? The lyrics of folk songs processed on the basis of this kind of folk songs are called Yuefu poems, such as Jiangnan, Eighteen Songs of Song Dynasty and Fifteenth Conscription. Xing, Guan, and the group complain? The role of. Yuefu was later extended to refer to all kinds of lyrics that entered or did not enter music, and even some operas were called Yuefu. The arrangement and dissemination of Yuefu poems greatly promoted the popularization of poetry education.
The Chu people were the main force to overthrow the Qin Dynasty, so they also occupied the political stage of the Western Han Dynasty. Chu songs sung in Chu language and accompanied by Chu music have become the most popular ballads in society, especially in the court. As an ancient classic, The Book of Songs has been widely read by scholars. However, apart from Wei Meng's four-character poems, such as satirical poems and retelling poems, the four-character poem style has gradually withdrawn from the literary stage. On the other hand, all kinds of people on the political stage are singing the new atmosphere of the new dynasty in the casual and lively form of Chu songs and in a sad and passionate tone.
The earliest Chu song after the demise of the Qin Dynasty should be Xiang Yu's Gaixia Song. In 202 BC, Xiang Yu was besieged by various armies of Liu Bang. At the end of his tether, he had no choice but to lament his beloved beauty, Yu Ji. It is difficult to pull out the mountain, but you will not die when it is unfavorable. What can I do without dying? What can I do if I am worried? ? For Xiang Yu, a hero who used to be all-powerful, the more proud and confident he is about his personal ability, the more he feels that he is small and powerless under the great oppression of history and fate. This pessimistic consciousness of lamenting the impermanence of fate hardly existed in pre-Qin poetry. However, since Gaixia and Song Dynasties, the poems of Han Dynasty have been full of such sighs, which reached a climax in the late Han Dynasty, Wei and Jin Dynasties.
Echoing the song of Gaixia is the Song of the Big Wind written by Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang: The wind rises and clouds fly, the weaver girl returns home, and Andrew guards everywhere. Liu Bang ascended the throne through the storm of peasant war at the end of Qin Dynasty and became the first supreme ruler from the bottom of society in China history. Liu Bang is a hero who defeated Xiang Yu, but his Song of the Wind is also filled with feelings about the impermanence of fate. Hanshu? Emperor Gao Qi "includes Liu Bang in those days? Generosity hurts, how many lines of tears? It shows that there is deep sorrow in his heart.
Liu Che, Emperor of the Han Dynasty, wrote a famous autumn wind poem: Autumn wind rises in Bai Yunfei, grass turns yellow, and geese return to the south. You have beautiful orchids, beautiful chrysanthemums and beautiful women. You can't forget it. Pan-built boats to help Fenhe River, wandering around. Flute drums sing, joys and sorrows. When you were young, when you were young? As the emperor of a powerful empire with supreme achievements, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty knew that it was difficult for him to escape the threat of old age and death. Therefore, in his poems, he expresses mixed feelings of sadness and impermanence of life. This is a beautiful poem. Shen Deqian in the "ancient poetry source" volume 2 think this poem is? Legacy of Li Sao? . Autumn wind poem is the representative work of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and it is also a famous poem about autumn.
While Chu songs are popular, new forms of poetry are sprouting. The five-character poems and seven-character poems originally formed in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty were only vassals of Chu Ci at that time, but they became more and more important in the later literary history.
As far as five-character poems are concerned, if we want to say scattered five-character poems, they have already appeared in the Book of Songs. What will happen if the modal particles in some poems in Chu Ci are removed? Hey? Words are more common. The works in the form of five-character poems only appeared in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, and the earliest one was Yu Ji's Song of the King of Hexiang: the Han soldiers were short and the songs were all over the world. Your majesty is exhausted, how can a concubine live! ? In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Shoujie's "Historical Justice" quoted this poem from Lu Jia's "Chu Han Chun Qiu" in the early Han Dynasty, which has been passed down to this day. Wang Yinglin in Song Dynasty considered this poem as the earliest five-character poem in China in Volume XII of Historical Records, which shows its important position in the history of China's poetry.
Yu Ji also has two four-character poems. The first one is "Cai Caozhi": the sky is bright and the valley is winding. Momo Tree, Cui Wei Mountains. In the cave, I thought it was a wormhole. Ye Ye Zi Zhi can satisfy hunger. Tang Yu is gone, so I should return to China safely. ? The other is Song:? Momo Mountain, deep valleys winding. Ye Ye Zi Zhi can satisfy hunger. Tang Yu is in the distance, where will I go? Building a tall horse is a big worry. Wealth is afraid of people, poverty is arrogant. ? From this point of view, Yu Ji is still a great poetess with considerable poetic accomplishment.
The first wife of Emperor Gaozu wrote a song "Gong Ge", which is basically five words: the son is king and the mother is Lu. All day long, I am depressed and often associate with death. Three thousand miles away, who will sue you?
Li Yannian, a musician in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, has five lines except one. There are beautiful women in the north, but they are very independent. Take care of the city first, then the country. I'd rather not know the whole city and country, but it's hard to get another beautiful woman! ?
Ban Jieyu, the concubine of Emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty, was good at ci and fu and had a good family background. Her brothers Bo, You and Zhi were all famous scholars at that time. One of her poems "Mourning for the Past" (also called "Fan") is a work of singing about things and feelings. Selected Works, Yutai New Poems and Yuefu Poems are all included, all written by Ban Jieyu, and they are very well written. New cracks are as bright as frost and snow. Cut into acacia fans, round like the bright moon. In and out of your arms, shaking the breeze. I am often afraid that the autumn festival will come, and the coolness will take away the heat. If you give up your donation, your kindness will be lost. ? This poem is a Yuefu song, belonging to Chu tune. Hanshu? The consorts biography said that Ban Jieyu was admired by Zhao Jingyang and requested to support the Empress Dowager in Changxin Palace, and the poem was written for this purpose. Compare yourself to a round fan in the poem, and imagine beautifully and appropriately; The metaphor of women being abandoned in Autumn Fan reflects the universal tragic fate of women being played and abandoned in feudal society, which is particularly novel and warning, and is an unprecedented creation. Its image transcends the category of palace grievances and has more typical and universal significance. Palace resentment? Poetry has a great influence. In the poetry of later generations, the round fan almost became a symbol of unfortunate beauty and the loss of time. Zhong Rong comments:? The short chapter of "The Fan" has clear information and deep resentment, which has won the attention of a woman. ?
As can be seen from the above examples, the upper rulers in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty all had profound poetic accomplishment, and they received poetry education, whether it was formal schools or folk poetry.
If you look at Yuefu folk songs, it is generally believed that they were collected in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Wu Chu Runan's songs and poems? Jiangnan, one of them, is already a complete five-character poem: lotus can be picked in Jiangnan, lotus leaves and fish play between lotus leaves. Fish hits the lotus leaf east, fish hits the lotus leaf west, fish hits the lotus leaf south, and fish hits the lotus leaf north. ? Hanshu? "Five Elements" contains children's songs as emperors: Evil practices defeat fertile land and slander good people. Gui Shuhua is not real. Huang Jue's nest is on it. So I am envied and pitied today. ? Although the language of this folk song is relatively simple, it is already a standard five-character poem with rhyme and no miscellaneous sentences. The same is true of Song of Shang Dynasty, a folk song when he was emperor, which was also found in Hanshu. This phenomenon shows that at least in the late Western Han Dynasty, the form of five-character poems has been deeply rooted in people's hearts. It can be seen that the folk poetry education in the Western Han Dynasty was also very developed.
However, five-character poetry never became the mainstream form of poetry in the Western Han Dynasty, and it didn't flourish until after the Eastern Han Dynasty. Since then, five-character poems have gradually replaced four-character poems, becoming the main form of ancient China poetry in the next two thousand years.
Seven-character poems also took a long time to form. The typical seven-character quatrains of "going up four times and going down three times" were very common in the Warring States Period. Judging from the available data, the seven-character rhythmic poems did not seem to develop in the early Western Han Dynasty, but they made obvious progress in the middle of the Western Han Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Sima Xiangru and other court literati wrote nineteen poems about the Song of Sacrifice to the Suburb, among which Heaven and Earth, Tianmen and Jingxing were three poems with seven words. In particular, the first half sentence of "Jingxing" is completely four words, and the second half sentence is completely seven words. There was no such thing as a large number of poems that concentrated on seven-character quatrains. Selected works? What is the citation of Dong Zhongshu's Collection in Beishan, Wen Yi? Two seven-character piano pieces? . It can be seen that the era of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty has already existed? Seven-character poem? This concept. According to legend, The Poem of White Terrace written for the couplet of Emperor Wu is a complete seven-character poem. However, it will take a long time to give full play to the advantages of seven-character poetry and become a popular poetic style.
Sima Xiangru's "Two Qin Poems" also has the form of seven-character poems. One is:? Feng Feng returned to his hometown and traveled around the world looking for his emperor. I didn't know what to do when I didn't meet Xi. Why don't I go to Sishang today? There are beautiful women in the boudoir, and the people in the room are poisoning my intestines. Why do you want to be a mandarin duck? You are flying! ? The second one is: Emperor Xi Xi lives with me. He must be a princess forever. Who knows in the middle of the night? My wings fly high, and I feel sad when I think about them. ?
There are also six lines in the Selected Works that quote Liu Xiang's seven-character poem, which is a complete seven-character poem, without miscellaneous words and Chu songs, and basically every sentence rhymes. Its content is also very novel, such as? Come and return to the fields and never be self-sufficient? 、? Structural weeds grow out of the house? 、? Reading poetry books leisurely at the banquet? 、? Birds are singing in my heart? The writing of daily life and leisure mood in seclusion did not exist in the previous generation and contemporary poetry, but it became an important theme in the poetry after Wei and Jin Dynasties and was the earliest source of landscape pastoral poetry.
Because the Qin Dynasty burned books and buried Confucianism, the wars in Qin and Han Dynasties continued, and there were too few Confucian classics preserved, so it was difficult to sort out and teach them. Therefore, the interpretation and teaching of Confucian classics in Han dynasty attached great importance to the study of teachers, family methods and basis. The language in ancient books and records is mostly written in pre-Qin, which is quite different from the spoken language in Han Dynasty. Coupled with the limitations of written materials at that time, it was difficult to get a book. So reciting is a good folk prescription, and people who study classics must learn by reciting and reciting. Therefore, the education at that time was about memorizing and reciting. Under the condition that academic teaching depends on handwriting or even dictation, the effective guarantee is to strictly identify the teacher biography system and abide by it. This style of study in the Han Dynasty, which emphasized learning from the teacher, the foundation and reciting, had a certain influence on the popularization of poetry education at that time.
Confucian classics preserved by the people, including The Book of Songs, were burned in the Qin Dynasty. However, Confucian classics have not been completely lost. Hanshu? The Scholars records:? When Qin Shihuang proclaimed himself emperor of the world, he burned "poems" and "books" and killed warlocks. Since then, the Six Classics have disappeared. King Lu Zhuru of Chen She returned home with Confucius' ritual vessels, so Kong Jia was implicated by doctors and died. Emperor Gao overthrew Ji Xiang and led troops around Shandong. Confucian scholars in Shandong were still chanting, and the sound of string songs was heard. Isn't it a country where saints are left behind and eager to learn? Therefore, Confucianism must study their Confucian classics and teach drinking rituals in rural areas. Filial piety and Gao Guisheng, officials and officials are made by force. Filial piety is quite popular, but filial piety is the word of criminal name. When it comes to filial piety, Confucianism doesn't allow it. Dou Taihou is good at Huang Lao. Therefore, doctors have officials to ask, but they have not entered. ?
Because the Book of Songs is an ancient book that is familiar to scholars and easy to remember, it was widely circulated in the Han Dynasty. Hanshu? Art and literature "include:?" The book says: poetry expresses ambition, and songs express ambition. Therefore, the feeling of sadness and joy, as well as the voice of singing. Recite the poems he said and the songs he said. So there was an official who collected poems in ancient times, so the king observed the people's feelings, knew the gains and losses, and introspected and corrected them. Confucius used pure Zhou poems, from Yin to Lu, and 350 poems were satirized by Qin, not just bamboo and silk. Han Xing, Lu and Yan Hansheng taught the theory of poetry, while Qi Yuangu and Yan Hansheng inherited it. Or take "Spring and Autumn Annals" and take essays. Saltiness is not its original meaning. If you have to, Lu is the closest. All three schools are listed as academic officials. There is Mao Gong's learning, which claimed itself in Xia Zi, but Hejian introduced a good one to Wang Xian, but it failed to hold water. ?
There are four schools of * * * who taught the Book of Songs in the early Han Dynasty, namely, Lu Zhi Shen Pei, Qi Zhi Yuan Gusheng, Han Yanzhi Ying, Zhao Zhi Mao Heng, Li Mao, referred to as Qi Shi, Lu Shi, Han Shi, and Shi Mao (the first two are named after the country, while the last two are named after the family). The Confucian Classics of Lu, Qi and Han schools are officially recognized schools, and Mao's poems belong to the Confucian Classics of Ancient Chinese and are folk schools. Lu, Qi and Han Shi all had many disciples, especially Lu.
Hanshu? The Scholars: Lu people are also. Less contact with Wang, Qi people are receiving "poetry books". Han Xing and Gao Zu crossed Lu, learning from Lunan Palace as disciples. When Lv Hou arrived, Fu Qiubo was in Chang 'an, and Wang sent his son to learn from him. Qiu He was appointed King of Chu and Shen Gongfu was named King of Wu. E is not easy to learn, and the disease is suitable for the public. Wu Li is the king, Xu Mi Shen Gong. Ashamed, I retired to Luban as a tutor and never went out for life. Thanks to the guests, the only king was called. There are more than 1000 disciples from afar, and Shen Gong only taught them the Book of Songs as an example. Now that the Tibetan warrior in Lanling has learned the Book of Songs, he is relieved of his post as a young prince. On behalf of Zhao Wan, he was also awarded the title of "Shen Gong" by Shi Pin and became an ancient scholar. Wan, Zang, please serve you, and you can't talk about it, just say that you want to apply to the public. So the envoy sent silks, got on the bus, wrapped the wheels with pu, and drove the car to pick them up, which was handed down by the disciples. Yes, I see it, that is, Chen Taizhong, the doctor. She is Lu Di, and she is in the parliament. Dou Taihou liked the words in Laozi very much, but he didn't talk about Confucianism, so he was criticized by Wan and Zang in order to make him say:? I want to go back to Ye Ping Xinyuan! ? In the past, because the hall was abolished, the next one, the official, committed suicide. Shen Gong also escaped death for several years. There are more than ten disciples, including Kong Anguo to Linhuai Mansion, Zhou Bajiao's history in the west, Xia Kuancheng's history in the west, Boluci's history in the East China Sea, Lanchangsha's history, Xu Yanjiao's history in the west, and Zourenque's history in Jiaodong. Their governance of officials and people is called honesty. Although his scholars and disciples were unprepared, there were hundreds of doctors, doctors and anecdotes. Shen Gong died of poetry and Chunqiu, while Jiang Gong, who was in Qiu County, tried his best to spread it, and his disciples were the most prosperous. Lu, Li and Li are both professors. Wei Xianzhi's Poem was handed down from generation to generation by the Grand Duke and Xu Sheng, and Xuancheng, his brother and son were awarded the Poem to mourn the emperor and went to Fu Qi to ride the generals, which was handed down for themselves. So there is Webster's study in Lushi. ? Hanshu? "The Scholars" also describes the deeds of Lu He, as well as Xu Gong's disciple, who was exempted from examination in middle school and taught Lu to write poetry. Zhang Sheng, Tang Sheng and Chu Sheng are all doctors. So Lu has the knowledge of Zhang, Tang and Chu. Zhang Sheng's disciple Youqing advised the doctor, and Yuan Di gave it as a poem. His proté gé Wang Fu was a lieutenant of Surabaya, and Liu Chen and Yan Xu were awarded doctorates. Therefore, Zhang Guyou is studying in the Xu family. ? It can be seen that Lu's poems were widely spread in the Western Han Dynasty.
Hanshu? "The Scholars": The iron shaft is solid, and people are also neat. He was a doctor when he treated filial piety in the poem. Zhu Qi, an outstanding scholar in the name of poetry, is also a solid disciple. Changyi Taifu is the most famous in the summer. He has his own biography. Han Ying, Yan Ren also. Xiaowen is a doctor and Jingdi is Changshan's teacher. Baby pushed the poet's meaning and wrote tens of thousands of words of biographies at home and abroad. Its language is very different from Qi and Lu, but they belong to the same family. Huainan was originally influenced by it. Yan and Zhao Jianyan wrote Han Sheng's poems. Mao Gong and Zhao Renye. Administer "Wei", present Dr. Wang to Hejian, and give him charge of Changqing. Changqing awarded Yan Jie the title. Yan Nian was named Wuling and Xu Ao. Ao awarded Jiujiang as a lecturer of Wang Mang. Say "Shi Mao", this is Xu Ao. ? It can be seen that Qi poetry and Han poetry are also widely circulated, while Mao poetry is much inferior. However, after the Eastern Han Dynasty, Mao's poems became increasingly prosperous and gained official recognition. The first three schools gradually declined and were completely lost in the Southern Song Dynasty. The Book of Songs that we saw today is a biography of the Mao School.
Historical records? Biographies of Qu Yuan and Jia Sheng recorded Jia Yi's study and poetry in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. Jia Sheng is famous for his loyalty and Luoyang people. In eighteen years, he was famous for reciting poems in the county. Wu Tingwei guarded Henan, heard his scholar, and called him to the door. He is lucky to love him. When Emperor Xiaowen established Tingwei, he said that Jia Sheng was young and was quite familiar with the books of a hundred schools of thought. Wendi called him a doctor. ? Hanshu? Jia Yichuan quoted this record. This passage shows that Jia Yi studied the Book of Songs before he was eighteen, but? To be able to recite poems and return to books and smell them in the county? Later, due to the recommendation of Tingwei Wu Gong, he was appointed as? Doctor? .