German literature in the 20th century includes German literature (divided into East Germany and West Germany in modern times), Austrian literature and Swiss literature.
The outstanding achievements of German literature in the 20th century are first of all traditional realistic literature, except "Buden Blockx" written by thomas mann (190 1) and "Under the Wheel" written by Haisai (1877~ 1962). At the beginning of the 20th century, Heinrich Mann wrote The Lazy Man's Paradise (1900, also known as Novels about People), Professor Garbage (1905), Small Town (1909) and Servant (/kloc). His novels criticized the capitalist society, exposed Germany's reactionary education system and hypocritical and degenerate intellectuals, and showed the conflict between democratic forces and reactionary forces, which was very shocking. Servants, poor people (19 17) and leaders (1925) later formed the trilogy of emperors. The former reveals the typical loyal slaves of the German Empire through the despicable character of the son of the bullying paper mill owner. The latter two parts describe the conflict between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. In 1930s, he also wrote the historical novel Henry IV (1935~ 1938) and so on. In his life, he wrote 19 long articles, 55 short stories, 1 1 plays, and a lot of essays and political essays.
19 19 to 1933, under the influence of the October Revolution in Russia, the German proletarian literature movement rose rapidly. It has not only revolutionary writers' league and left-wing magazines, but also a large number of writers. German proletarian revolutionaries mainly include Merlin (1846~ 19 19), Tsetekin (1857~ 1933) and Luxembourg (187/kloc-0). Proletarian writers, such as Bachel, Wolff and Toler, turned from expressionism to proletarian position. Anna Segues (1900~), a female writer, is famous for her novel The Companion (1932). This anti-fascist novel The Road to the Moon (1935) widely reflects the political and social life of various countries in the 1920s. In terms of literary form, the novels include the Fire of the Ruhr by Gorenberg (1926), the Self-report of a Proletarian by turek and so on. Poems include Bachel's collection of poems "The Body on the Throne" (1925) and so on. In drama, there are Wolff and Brecht. Wolff's masterpiece (1888~ 1953) is Professor Mamlock (1933~ 1934) which exposes fascism, and it is also his work. Brecht (1898~ 1956) is a famous playwright and drama theorist. He established a unique drama theory system called "narrative drama". His works mainly include The Opera of Triangle Money (1928), Mother (1932, adapted from Gorky's novel), caral menstruation's Gun (1937) and Biography of Galileo (1939).
1933, Hitler came to power. The famous works in this period include the reportage Mysterious China by the Czech German writer Kirsch (1933), Wolff's plays Professor Mamlock (1935) and Pierre Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (194 1), and Bach's Poems.
The traditional realistic literature in this period was influenced by left-wing literature in thought and modernism in art. Heinrich Mann's The Empire and thomas mann's Yue Se and His Brothers are both masterpieces. Other famous writers' works include Fuchitwinger (1884 ~1958), his trilogy Waiting Room: Success (1930), Brothers and Sisters in oberman (1933) and Exile. He also has three other trilogies, Josephus (1932~ 1942), False Nile (1936), Simon (1945) and Goya (1955), about the works of Spanish painters after the war. The pacifist remarque (1898~ 1970)' s All Quiet on the Western Front (1929) is as good as Ryan's War (1928). Remarque exposed the horror of war through the miserable trench life of eight ordinary soldiers. He also wrote anti-fascist novels Exile (194 1) and Arc de Triomphe (1946). Austrian writer Zweig (188 1~ 1942) is a writer with special literary contributions. His three masters (1920) and three poets (1928) are excellent biographies and profound literary comments. His novels, Madman in Malay (1922), Feeling Puzzled (1927) and Chess Manual, are rich in meanings. The only novel, Anxious Heart (1938), is about the love and suicide of paralyzed girls, which is very profound. Zweig is good at writing strange experiences of lonely people. "Twenty-four Hours of a Woman's Life" and "Letter from an Unknown Woman" analyze the psychology of bourgeois women in detail and have far-reaching influence.
In the 1920s, expressionism left and right rival each other, and the Chinese school made outstanding artistic achievements. One of the most important writers is Kafka of Austria (1883~ 1924), who has influenced several generations of modernist writers. Others are: coral (19 17) and gas (two parts, 19 18, 1920) Kaiser (19 1945). Toler's Man to Man (192 1) and Machine Destroyer (1922) show the struggle of the proletariat. Steheim, Kao Kao Zeca and others also wrote representative works.
The literature of GDR is dominated by socialist literature, among which Bachel and Venat (1890~ 1953) are famous poets. This proletarian poet, who became famous in the 1920s, appealed against fascism and enthusiastically praised socialism in his numerous poems. Besides Bredel and segars, other novelists include Strided Termatt (19 12~) and Split Sky (1957, 1973). In terms of drama, the outstanding works include Brecht's "Grey Langji in Caucasus" (1946), Galileo's Biography (1947) and "Days of Commune" praising the Paris Commune (/. In 1960s and 1970s, there were other effective writers in GDR, such as Lyman, Kanter, Broth, Notsch and Kunalt.
The "destroyed literature" represented by Boschert (1921~1947) first appeared in postwar Federal Republic of Germany. The "April 7th Society" was founded in 1947, and a group of writers quickly shocked the literary world, including Burr, Glass, Walther, Charouk, Bachmann and Handke. Heinrich Bohr's (19 17~ 1985) novels Group Images Around a Woman (197 1 year, translated into Chinese as Lenny and Them) and Katarina blom. Gunther Glass's "Danzig Trilogy": Tin Drum (1959), Cat and Mouse (19 1) and the inhumane years (1963) not only reviewed. Caspar (1968~), played by Austrian writer peter handke (1942~), expressed his exploration of life philosophy in the form of an idiot.
196 1 year workers and writers set up the sixth society, 1970 set up the labor literature society to promote workers' literature and documentary literature. In 1970s, the development of documentary literature led to the prevalence of diary novels and autobiographical novels. The favorite dramas are Hotch Huth (193 1~), Midwife (197 1), Death of a Hunter (1976~) and Peter Weiss (/kloc-).
The novels and plays of Frish and Durham Matt are the most striking in modern Swiss German literature. Frish's (191~) farce The Great Wall of China (1947) brings people of different times together, while comedies Don Juan and The Return of the Old Lady (1956) bring people together. Their plays use exaggerated techniques to describe alienation, which some people call absurd.