Category: Society/Culture>> Ethnicity
Analysis:
Regarding the origin of the Miao people, there were "Jiuli Theory" and "Three Miao Theory" , "Southern barbarian theory", "Guizhou indigenous theory" and "Southern speaking", "Northern speaking", "Western speaking" and other viewpoints. We believe that the "Southern speaking" of the Malay race and the "Southern speaking" of the Caucasian race It is impossible to "come from the north" and "come to the west" of the Aryan race. Even if there is mixing during migration, it is only a "flow", not a "source". The "Southern Barbarian Theory" and the "Guizhou Aboriginal Theory" ” is also a “flow” rather than a “source”. The origin of the Miao people can be traced back to the same people or some of their ancestors in the "Jiuli" and "Sanmiao" people.
In ancient times, the first human groups active in the North my country Plain were the two major tribal alliance groups in the east and west, namely the "Jiuli Group" in the east and the "Yanhuang Group" in the west. According to legends recorded in ancient documents, the Jiuli Group is located in Shandong, Henan, and Hebei, and the Yanhuang Group is located in Shaanxi. Later, the Yandi tribe developed eastward along the Wei River Basin and the Yellow River in central Shaanxi, encountered the Jiuli tribe, and returned in defeat; the Huangdi tribe traveled from the upper reaches of the Yellow River in northern Shaanxi through the Taihang Mountains to the Huailai County area in Hebei, and was also blocked by the Jiuli tribe. , the Yan and Huang tribes united to defeat the Jiuli tribe and occupied the Central Plains area. The Jiuli tribe was either integrated or migrated south, forming the second level of the clan-tribal alliance of primitive humans on the land of China, that is, another historical performance of Dongyi, Xirong, Nanman, and Beidi.
Guo Moruo said in the "Manuscripts of Chinese History" edited by him: "Nation does not always exist, but is adapted to the emergence of classes and countries and formed historically. The Qiang people discussed here , Yi people, Rong people, Di people, Miao people, and barbarians are the predecessors of the Han people. The Chinese people in history are the various ethnic groups in the Chinese nation. During the formation process, they all have such characteristics." (Page 121) This conclusion is correct. What needs further research now is: What were the predecessors of the Qiang, Yi, Rong, Miao and Barbarians? How did it develop after that? "Three Miao" is the source of "Miao", what about before "Three Miao"? Are today's seedlings related to ancient seedlings? Some history books believe that the Miao people originated from the "Nanman Group" rather than the "Jiuli Group"; some history books even believe that there were no Miao people in ancient times, and that the dispute between Yanhuang and Yanhuang or the dispute between Yanhuang and Jiuli was an internal dispute between the Han people and had nothing to do with other people. No clan involvement. Some comrades believe that Chi You is a personal name, not a clan name, and cannot be regarded as the origin of the Miao people. ...Based on the secret history or "heart history" of the Miao people, I believe that today's Miao are related to the ancient Jiuli, and also related to Chi You.
The king of Jiuli is Chi You, who is one of the ancestors of the Miao people. This is how it is passed down among the Miao people, and there is considerable documentary evidence to support it.
"Guoyu·Chu Yuxia" said: "When Shaohao declined, Jiuli's virtues were disordered... After that, the three seedlings restored the virtues of Jiuli. After Yao restored Jiuli, he did not forget the old "The messenger will restore the canon." Wei Zhao noted: "Three seedlings, after Jiuli." "Jiuli, nine people of the Li family". This is the fact that Jiuli was recorded as a human group of clan tribe. "Guoyu·Zhouyu" also said: "The king of Li and Miao...does not resemble the sky above, does not behave with the earth below, does not harmonize with the people in the middle, does not follow the times, does not respect the gods and despises the five principles. This is a man The ancestral temple of the barbarians was burned, and the Yi vessels were burned. The descendants became slaves, and the barbarians served as the people. "Xie Yun said: "Li, Jiuli; The Xin family declined, and the Sanmiao were in chaos, and Yao punished them." This is also the fact that Jiuli was recorded as a clan tribe. So, where is Jiuli active? "Ciyuan" says that Jiuli is "the name of an ancient southern tribe". Xu Xusheng's research concluded that Jiuli's territory "cannot belong to the south." "It can only belong to the Dongyi Group."
In his book "The Legendary Era of Ancient Chinese History" (Science Press, 1960 edition), Xu Xusheng made a detailed investigation of Jiuli's region and concluded: "Jiuli is Shandong, Hebei, A clan at the border of the three provinces of Henan, Chiyou was its chief, so after he was defeated and died, he was buried in the east of his territory." (Page 52) Xu Zhu said: "Jiuli was often referred to as Li, or simply [. ] (The word '阝' on the left was added later to indicate that it is a place name). The place name of Li has a very ancient origin, but it can be divided into two groups: 1. In today's Shanxi, Licheng, Lucheng, Changzhi, Hu Within the borders of various counties, the Li conquered by Xi Bo (King Wen of Zhou Dynasty), destroyed by Chi Dilu in the Spring and Autumn Period, and reestablished by the Jin Dynasty, are all in this area [1] Second, in the east there are Liyang under the Han and Wei Dynasties (now in Junxian County, Henan), and Li County under Dongjun (now in the west of Yuncheng County, Shandong). "Hanshu Geography" Lixian County is quoted by Meng Kang. It is said that "Lihou State is now Liyang", but Chen Zan said that "Liyang is in Wei County, not Wei County." Quan Zuwang pointed out that Lihou State was in Huguan County, Shangdang County, not within the territory of these two counties. He is right. "We feel that although it spans two provinces from Yuncheng to Junxian, it is not too far away. It is quite reasonable for the Jiuli family to live in the mountains due to oppression." (Page 52) Also. , "The Theory of Salt and Iron - Jiehe Chapter" says: 'The Yellow Emperor fought against Zhuolu, killed two [], and Chi You became the emperor.' This means that in the battle of Zhuolu, the Yellow Emperor's enemies, besides Chi You, there were two other [] "Liang [] refers to the two clans of Taihao and Shaohao. In the Battle of Zhuolu, the three clans fought on the same front as Chiyou, which proves that they belong to the same group." (Page 53) According to this, Xu. He believed that Chiyou belonged to the Dongyi group rather than the Miaoman group. This insight is very meaningful.
Just saying that Jiuli has nothing to do with Sanmiao, further discussion is necessary. The crux of the problem lies with Chi You.
"Historical Records of the Five Emperors" said: "Chi was the most violent and could not be defeated." He also said: "Chiyou rebelled without the emperor's order, so the Yellow Emperor recruited the princes and fought with Chiyou in the wilderness of Zhuolu." Volume 15 of "Taiping Yulan" quoted "Huangdi Yuannu's War Technique" as saying: "The Yellow Emperor and Chiyou Nine out of nine battles, nine out of ten.” The fierce war between Huangdi and Chi You is described in detail in many historical records. At first, Chi You's tribe had the upper hand because Chi You's tribe had better weapons. "Taibai Yang Jing" records: "Fu Xi used wood as his army, Shen Nong used stone as his army, and Chi You used gold as his army. The army originated from Taihao, and Chi You began to use gold as his army." "Dragon Fish River Picture" says that Chi You's The subordinates are all "bronze-headed and iron-breasted." The volume of "Shu Yi Ji" says, "Chiyou has the body of an ox and hooves, four eyes and six hands... His ears and temples are like swords and halberds, and his head has horns. A Xuanyuan fight. With horns, people can't move towards him. Today, Jizhou has a happy name Chi You. In the opera, the people wore horns in twos and threes to offset each other. The horns made in the Han Dynasty were used as a legacy." (See also the "Book of Music" of the Northern Song Dynasty) Chi You's weapons, fighting power and influence can be seen from these accounts. end. But later, Yan and Huang formed an alliance and finally defeated Chi You, who had good weapons. "After Chi You's death, the world was in chaos again, so the Yellow Emperor painted Chi You's image to intimidate the world. The world believed that Chi You was immortal, and the eight lords and all the nations were all subjugated." ("Dragon Fish River Picture") It can be seen that Chi You was revered as the God of War. No accident.
How could Chi You be one of the ancestors of the Miao people?
First of all, historical records say so.
"Chi You was the regent and had eighty-one brothers." ("Drawing of the Dragon Fish River")
"The morals of Jiuli are chaotic, and the people and gods are mixed." "He ordered Nan Zhengzheng to supervise the sky to belong to God, and ordered Huozheng Li to supervise the earth to belong to the people. To restore the old normal, without interfering with each other, it is called the ultimate heaven. After that, the virtues of Li were complicated by the three seedlings, and Yao restored them. After paying attention to Li, he did not forget the old one, so that he could restore the canon and return to business. Therefore, the Li family was divided into different parts of the world." ("Guo Yu·Chu Yu")
Miao, after Jiuli, Zhuanxu attacked Shaohao, killed Jiuli, and divided his descendants into Sanmiao who lived in the west. After the decline of the Supreme Emperor, the evil of Jiuli was revived, and Yao prospered and killed him again. During the reign of Shun, he fled again." ("Book of Rites, Yishu, Yinfu Xing, Zheng's Notes")
"The king said, if Chiyou was taught to cause chaos in ancient times, it would spread to the common people. The Miao people do not use their spirit to punish them, but they can only use the five cruel punishments called law." ("Shang Shu Lu Xing") Ma Rong notes: "Chiyou, Shaohao. At the end of the year, the king of Jiuli. "Kong Anguo also said: "The king of Jiuli is named Chiyou." Since it is "the virtue of Sanmiao restored to Jiuli", it means that Sanmiao is the remnant of Jiuli; Chi You is the king of Jiuli, which means that Chi You was once the leader of the Miao people, or the leader of the "nine" tribal alliance. As for using Chi You as the "family name", it is just like using Huangdi as the "family name", it is nothing more than its "representativeness".
Secondly, this is what the Miao people say.
There is a Miao epic "Bangxiangyou" circulated in Qiandongnan, Guizhou Province. It is said that Xiangyou is the founder of the township regulations and folk covenants (customary laws). When hearing Bangxiangyou's name, people are in awe. Respect. "Bangxiangyou" is one of the twelve great songs of the Miao people in southeastern Guizhou, and it is widely circulated. Can the "customary law" formulated by Bangxiangyou be linked to Chiyou's "law of punishment for committing five cruelties"?
The ancestors worshiped by the Miao people in western Hunan and Guizhou are named "Peiyou", that is, You Gong (in the "Miao Classic" and "Song of Surnames", the ancestor is called "Qiuli Goyou" "). Legend has it that Peiyou was brave and good at fighting and had strict discipline. During the sacrifice, three men and one woman from the uncle's family were invited to accompany the sacrifice, and a pig was sacrificed. Three legs of the sacrificial pig are given to the uncle's family, one leg is given to the wizard, and the remaining meat is cooked. The ritual is complicated and mysterious. Bamboo is woven into a cave shape and papered with paper. The wizard sits next to the "cave" and beats the bamboo tube, shaking the bells, but not drums. Worshipers are not allowed to wear Chinese clothes, speak Chinese, or leave pig bones or bristles on the ground. They must be buried deeply. It is said that the ancestor Peiyou retreated to the cave Lin Qing after being defeated in the war, and his drumming could easily be noticed by the enemy. The other "not allowed" is to avoid being discovered by the enemy.
There are Chiyou temples in the Miao areas of southern Sichuan and northern and western Guizhou, and the Miao people "sacrifice it". Also: "Taiping Yujian" and "Huanglan Tomb Records" say: "Chiyou Tomb In the city of Kanxiang, Shouzhang County, Dongjun County, people often worship it in the tenth month of the lunar calendar. The red air is like a piece of silk, and it is called Chiyou Banner." [2] The Miao people in southeastern Guizhou hold a festival in the tenth month of the lunar calendar. Ancestor, can we study it in connection with Chiyou, the "people often worship in October"?
There are some differences in the language of various places of the Miao people, but they all call their ancestors You Gong and worship them wholeheartedly. This is by no means an accidental and dispensable act, but has its profound historical reasons. . Southeast Guizhou calls the ancestor Bangxiangyou, Xiangxi calls Peiyou and "Jiuli Chiyou" (Jiuli Chiyou), while the "western dialects" of Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan call Chiyou directly. This Ge Chiyou is always a capable person. A hero who is accustomed to fighting and dominates the situation.
Again, so says folklore.
When the Miao wizards in western Hunan are "exorcising ghosts", they wear a triangular iron frame (iron tripod) on their heads, wear a raincoat on their bodies, hold a dustpan in their left hand, hang a cloth strip on their shoulders, hold a master's knife in their right hand, and mutter something: " Ah! When there is a hall, there is a hall, there is a hall, there is no hall, there is no hall, and they are scattered in all directions!" When the Miao people in Chengbu, Hunan, were performing "exorcism", a person who dressed as the "Maple God" also wore a tripod (iron triangle) with his head turned upside down. , wearing a raincoat upside down, spiked shoes on his feet, and holding a wooden stick.
"Dragon Fish River Picture" said: "The eighty-one Chi You brothers, with animal bodies and human voices, bronze heads and iron foreheads...were powerful in the world, and punished the unjust." From "bronze heads and iron foreheads" to "head-wearing" "Iron Tripod", isn't there some relationship?
The most interesting thing is: There is a group of Miao women in central Guizhou whose headdress is shaped like a horn, which is called "curved comb Miao". Miao girls in southeastern Guizhou regard wearing silver horns as a beauty;...is it related to Chi You? What is the relationship between "head with horns" and "bronze head with iron forehead"? As we all know, human beings have slowly developed from a matrilineal society to a patriarchal society. The relics of ancient customs and the marks of ancestor worship can be seen best in women.
There is a "Maple Chapter" in "The Epic of the Miao Nationality". The Miao people worship maple trees. They believe that maple trees give birth to butterflies, and the mother butterfly lays twelve eggs, from which all kinds of The ancestor of animals and humans, "Yang",[3] the maple tree is also related to Chi You. "The Classic of Mountains and Seas: The Southern Classic of the Great Wilderness" records: "In the great wilderness, there is Song Mountain, and there is a red snake called the Blind Snake. There is a tree growing on the mountain, called the maple. The maple, Chi Youcheng abandoned its shackles, and it is called maple. "Wood." Volume 100 of "Yunji Qizhan" and "Xuanyuan Benji" also said: "The Yellow Emperor killed Chiyou on the hill of Lishan Mountain and threw his weapons into the wilderness. It turned into a maple forest on Songshan Mountain." , Maplewood is one of the totems of the Chiyou tribe. After defeat, it is extremely possible that the opponent used the tribe's treasure as a shackles to show humiliation. The worship of maple trees by the Miao people in southeastern Guizhou is probably a relatively special phenomenon in China.
"Guoyu Chuyu" said: "Jiuli's morals are chaotic, the people and gods are mixed", "the family is a history of witchcraft", and "the people are in need of sacrifices". Gu Yanwu also said in the "Book of Benefits and Diseases of the Counties and Countries of the World·Huguang": "According to the customs of Xiang and Chu, ghosts have been worshiped since ancient times." The Miao people belong to the shaman culture system and are inherited from Jiuli and Chiyou.
Luo Raodian said in "Qiannan Zhifang Chronicle" that the Miao people's "moon jumping" is a legacy of the ancient Chiyou tribe. According to the folklore of the Miao people in Maguan, Wuding and other places in Yunnan: In ancient times, Chi You led his troops to resist the eastward advance of the Yellow Emperor tribe. After failure, he retreated into the deep mountains and dense forests. In order to gather the scattered Miao people, he built a long mountain on the mountain. The tree trunks in the village were tied with red belts, and young men and women were asked to play the sheng and dance around the "flower pole". After hearing the news, the tribesmen came, revived their flag and drum, and continued to fight against the Yellow Emperor. Later, it became a traditional festival, namely "Dance to the Moon" Or "stepping on the flower mountain". (For details, see the first episode of "Folk Stories" compiled by Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province)
The Miao people in various places also have the same custom: after the death of an old man, he must send his soul back to the birthplace of his ancestors. Go "East". [4] Because the journey is long, money should be given to the souls of the dead to buy water on the way. The souls of the dead have to travel across mountains and rivers, take rafts and bamboo rafts to cross rivers and lakes, until they reach the place where the sun rises on the coast of the East China Sea at the mouth of the Yellow River, where they can meet with their ancestors. Some have a wizard sing "Turban Burning Song" to "lead the way."
From the above historical records, legends and folklore data, we seem to be able to conclude that the earliest area of ??activity of the Miao people was in the east, a people group in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and their relationship with Jiuli and Chiyou is relatively direct.
The discussion is superficial and errors are inevitable. Please ask experts for advice.
[1] "Zuo Zhuan" was published for fifteen years.
[2] "Historical Records·The Chronicles of the Five Emperors" and "Jijie" quoted "Huang Lan" as Dongjun as Dongping County. According to Shouzhang, it belonged to Dongping since the Eastern Han Dynasty. Shouzhang is located on the north bank of the Yellow River in eastern Shandong. The county was abolished in 1964 and merged into Yanggu County of Shandong Province and Fan County of Henan Province.
[3] "Yang", there are books written as Jiang Yang or Gou Yang, both are personal names, "Gou" means "public".
[4] "The Ancient Song of the Miao" (Traveling Through Mountains and Rivers) records that the ancestors of the Miao "lived in the east: close to the seaside, where the sky and water are closely connected, the waves are rolling, and you can't see the edge."
”