All human activities are carried out in a certain environment and are restricted by the environment, and verbal communication is no exception. The environment in which language is used in verbal communication is called context. Context is a basic concept in the theory of verbal communication. Speech communication is a cognitive process, and its communicative effect is related to the cognitive degree of the speech subject to contextual factors. Context plays an important role in the transmission of verbal information in communication.
Context can be divided into narrow sense and broad sense. Context in a narrow sense refers to the internal environment of discourse, which mainly refers to the occasion of speaking and obedient, the preface or context of speaking. Generalized context includes not only the internal context of discourse, but also the external environment of discourse, such as social environment, natural environment and specific discourse context. As long as verbal communication exists, there is context, and the production of any discourse cannot be separated from a specific context. Discourse information has practical value only in a specific context. In interpersonal communication, only by correctly understanding the context of discourse information can we fax the communication information, otherwise it is fraud; Only by making full use of discourse context can communicative activities succeed, otherwise they will fail. This topic mainly summarizes and classifies the common contexts in the process of verbal communication, analyzes the influence of contexts on the transmission of discourse information, and provides theoretical help for the rational use of contexts to make the transmission of discourse information accurate and smooth.
Main contents, important viewpoints or countermeasures of the results
The cognition of discourse should follow certain rules, and it depends on the occasion and context. In general, the meaning of words is only literal, but many times it is meaningful. "Implication" must be conveyed through context to express the real information that the speaker wants to convey. In the process of speech cognition, people are interested in the true meaning of words. If the real information is not captured, it may lead to misunderstanding or even misinterpretation. Discourse cognition is formed by specific context in the process of communication.
The differences in cognition and context of discourse restrict the choice of discourse. The speaker's discourse choice affects the listener's cognitive process and the listener's discourse understanding to a certain extent. That is, a person's social nature, his cultural education, knowledge level, life experience, language style and dialect foundation will all lead to information appreciation in language communication and cause ambiguity. Therefore, the speaker's discourse choice should adapt to different communication objects and communication contexts.
Context has great influence on language analysis, language understanding and language communication. In the process of discourse communication, context participates in information transmission and communication, and it is a specific communication language, which interferes and restricts the content and form of communication. At the same time, it plays an indispensable supplementary role. In the process of using language to transmit information, both parties should make full use of context, and the transmission of information should conform to context, and at the same time, pay attention to the influence of context on the transmission of language information.
Context not only restricts the use of language, but also plays a role in participation. It directly permeates every link and process of discourse activities, participates in the formation of discourse meaning and the composition of discourse strategies, and is integrated into the organic part of discourse expression and understanding activities. Therefore, context runs through the whole process of discourse communication, and discourse communication can only adapt to context. "Sing what songs on what mountain and say what words to whom" is the basic principle of discourse expression.
Context not only limits the choice of discourse content, but also limits the choice of discourse form. As the saying goes, "in a word". "Various theories" are the choice of discourse forms. If the choice of the same content and discourse form is out of context, it will lead to the failure of information transmission. Context is a specific language environment. When transmitting words, the speaker can omit some words with specific contextual meaning, and the listener can automatically supplement and understand the omitted words with the help of specific contextual meaning.
Context is the basis of understanding speech content. Reasonable use of context can effectively improve the effect of discourse expression and make discourse convey true information; Clever use of contextual factors can make discourse expression concise, implicit and appropriate. Therefore, context is a tool, means and bridge to communicate and communicate information. The correct use of context can grasp the real information of the speaker and avoid misunderstanding or even mistakes.
2. Urgent for materials to write a paper on the relationship between communicative pragmatics and context. 1. Put forward the topic "Things are wrong", "Times have changed", "What do people say" and "What songs are sung in what mountains" ... predecessors have long seen the importance of context.
Context, as one of the three major contents of Chinese communication circle, is the place where people complete pragmatic communication with the help of language and writing. To study the teaching of Chinese social circle, we should first study the context. "Chinese Curriculum Standards (Trial)" (hereinafter referred to as "Standards") also requires and explains the context in many places, taking the reading part as an example: in the stage goal, the fifth reading in the first phase: "Combine the context and life to understand the meaning of words in the text and accumulate words in reading."
The third reading in the second period: "Being able to relate to the context, understand the meaning of words, and appreciate the role of key words in expressing feelings." The third reading 4: "Contact the context and your own accumulation, infer the meaning of related words in the text, and experience their expression effect."
The fourth reading: "On the basis of reading through the text, clear your mind, understand the main content, appreciate and scrutinize the meaning and function of important words in the language environment." Reading 8: "You can make your own evaluation of the ideological and emotional tendency of the work in connection with the cultural prospect."
Among them, "context", "life reality" and "cultural background" are all involved in context research. So what is context? Context is the specific environment in which language exists. In the circle of Chinese communication, this concept is expressed as a specific time and space, that is, the time, place, occasion, object and context of language communication between Chinese communicators with different occupations, personalities, accomplishments and habits under a certain social background.
In a certain context, Chinese communicators cultivate their sense of language, acquire Chinese knowledge and form and develop their own Chinese literacy through pragmatic learning or practice. Language is a unique information transmission tool for human beings. When people use language to convey information, they always have their own specific language environment.
Aside from the context, simple technical training not only dampens students' enthusiasm for learning Chinese, but more seriously, it is very likely to cultivate "people who can't communicate", which is contrary to the task of Chinese education. If a word leaves a sentence, it is difficult to determine its meaning; A sentence, if it leaves the paragraph, often cannot be analyzed correctly; If you don't know its writing background and other specific environment first, you can't understand its true meaning.
A large number of research results show that context plays an extremely important role in the theoretical and applied research of language and the formation and development of Chinese literacy of Chinese communicators. However, the real context research has not attracted the attention of Chinese teachers. So far, we haven't summed up a set of systematic and scientific context theories.
We believe that the study of context is miscellaneous and orderly, and there are rules to be found. There is no irregularity, only the law of existence is unknown.
Context is an objective situation artificially set and controlled. According to the degree of optimization, context can be divided into optimized context, more optimized context and non-optimized context. The classroom is a highly optimized environment. Generally speaking, context refers to the time, place, place, object and speaking context that guides the use of language, mainly the place of language activities, and is usually called narrow context.
In addition, the era of using language, the nature and characteristics of society, the occupation, personality, cultivation and habits of users also belong to the category of context, which corresponds to the narrow context and is usually called the broad context. Narrow context has great influence on language understanding, pragmatics and expression.
In oral communication, it is not difficult to express and understand language with the help of narrow context and some auxiliary nonverbal means such as expressions, gestures and attitudes. However, the interpretation of the meaning of the text is different. If an isolated word, sentence or even an article leaves the specific context, it is difficult to get a correct interpretation.
Language is a social phenomenon and pragmatic behavior is a social activity, so the use of language is always inseparable from a certain context, just as the growth of plants is inseparable from soil, air and water. When learning a language, we should not only know as much as possible about pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, but also master the pronunciation and meaning of words as much as possible. More importantly, we should be good at understanding language accurately according to a certain context and using language accurately in a specific context, so the germination, occurrence, persistence and transformation of pragmatic behavior are inseparable from context.
The formation and development of Chinese literacy is realized in a certain context. We know that Chinese literacy is neither a knowledge point nor a concept, and its connotation is extremely rich.
The formation of students' Chinese literacy with their own unique personality mainly depends on their "understanding" of language and characters in the pragmatic process. Without the student's own "understanding", he can't have the ability to control language and writing. Students' understanding of language can only be achieved by implementing pragmatic behavior in a certain context.
Pragmatic behavior is not an idea of dividing, summarizing and talking about the theme, but a process in which students actively know and understand themselves and social life with the help of language, transfer their sense of language, and then form their own language habits and language styles through the occurrence of pragmatic behavior of "listening, speaking, reading and writing" and the creative dialogue among students, teachers and texts in a specific context. The standard also points out: "Chinese is the most important communication tool and an important part of human culture.
The unity of instrumentality and humanism is the basic feature of Chinese curriculum. As a communication tool, Chinese can only be mastered in the process of communication, and students' unique Chinese literacy can only be formed in communication.
Based on the above analysis, we can see that the teaching of Chinese communication circle pays great attention to the creation of context. How to create different contexts for different texts and guide students to learn and communicate effectively? How to understand the true meaning of words, sentences and articles in the text in context? Is there a law to follow in context creation? ..... these are all things we have to solve in the experiment.
Second, the experimental principle 1, the principle of harmonious development. By creating a certain context, teachers, students and texts can have a "natural harmony" dialogue; Through the interpretation of words, sentences and articles, it can be realized.
3. How to write a good propositional composition is the basic requirement of writing, which reflects the writer's ability to control the written language (that is, words).
The meaning of "preface" includes two aspects: first, the words are appropriate and appropriate, and the author thinks of such a thing and feels such a situation, and the words can just express such a thing, and the readers' feelings after reading such a situation are exactly the same as the author's expectations; Second, the sentences are fluent and can express the author's thoughts and feelings in an orderly way, without any ambiguity, confusion and embarrassment.
For beginners, the most important thing is to cultivate their good sense of language if they want to follow words smoothly. A sense of language is a keen sense of language. It is gradually formed through the repeated influence of listening and reading in the long-term language practice.
Language sense plays an extremely important role in writing. When a writer writes, he thinks of "meaning" but writes "text". It is the writer's sense of language that transforms "meaning" into "text".
So, what are the specific contents of language sense?
1. Fluent writing.
In the practice of long-term conversation with people, people can judge how to speak fluently and how to speak awkwardly, and awkward words are not only incomprehensible to others, but also uncomfortable to write by themselves. This fluency is mainly manifested in the judgment of word collocation and the right or wrong arrangement of words. Chinese words have certain collocation habits, for example, we can say "deep friendship" or "deep friendship"; You can say "affectionate", but you can't say "affectionate". There are established rules for what to say first and what to say later. If we follow these rules in writing, words will be written smoothly.
2. Consistency
When people state a problem to others, they will pay attention to how to connect the words before others understand them. This is the sense of coherence in language. For example, the arrangement of upper and lower sentences should conform to the process of development and change of things or the order in which people observe and understand problems; A paragraph should be said around a topic, and then another meaning should be said after finishing one meaning, rather than one sentence in the east and one sentence in the west. When you say one meaning before another, there should be transitional words at the junction. Paying attention to this problem in writing is also conducive to writing smoothly.
Step 3 be careful
People have mastered a large number of words, and when describing things, there are some subtle differences in scope, quantity, degree and praise. If we can keenly feel these differences, and show the proper limits of accuracy when choosing words and making sentences, it will be beneficial to express our understanding skillfully and accurately.
Step 4 master the rhythm
Chinese has changed in tone, monosyllabic words, disyllabic words, disyllabic words and sentence forms. These changes will form a natural rhythm in people's vision or hearing, thus producing a sense of rhythm. For example, people usually say "song and dance" or "song and dance" instead of "song and dance" because the latter statement feels awkward intuitively. This sense of symmetry in form and harmony in tone is used in writing, which also helps the article to be well written.
How to cultivate your sense of language at ordinary times?
The most important thing is to cultivate the habit of reading. Some excellent articles, you'd better read them carefully. In this way, some good languages will form examples and then become their own language habits. Listen more: Listening to the radio and listening to other people reading articles can enhance the reading effect. At the same time, we should try our best to enrich our vocabulary, accurately grasp the meaning of words and understand a little grammar. Pay attention to mistakes when you speak at ordinary times. As long as we work hard in this direction, it will not be difficult to follow suit.
After writing the composition, you should pay attention to the inspection: first, read aloud to see if there is anything awkward; The second is to change the position, let others read and listen by themselves, and see if you can hear every sentence clearly without stumbling; Third, carefully check the uncomfortable places. On the one hand, look up language materials-vocabulary to see its collocation, part of speech, color and so on. On the other hand, we should look up the organizational form of language-grammar, its structure, composition, word order and so on.
In order to follow the word order, we should pay attention to writing, line payment and punctuation besides working hard on language use. When writing an article, the words should be written neatly, scrawled and illegible. What is there to say about fluency? And don't write typos. Because the difference between words is probably a thousand miles in meaning. The format of the article must be correct, especially for practical articles. Errors in the article will directly affect the correct expression of meaning. Punctuation is an important auxiliary tool for text expression, which helps to show the structure of sentences, the nature of words and the feelings of authors. Correct use of punctuation marks is not only an important basic skill in writing, but also a necessary condition for articles to follow word order. When writing, we should pay attention to both correct use and standardization.
4. Under the background of cross-cultural communication, based on the pragmatic principles of relevance theory and adaptation theory, this paper analyzes and discusses pragmatic failures in nonverbal communication and their causes.
Different from previous studies, this paper holds that pragmatic failure is not limited to the study of verbal communication, but also worth studying because of its own characteristics. In addition, the pragmatic failure of intercultural communication in nonverbal communication stems from its failure to adapt to the intercultural communication context at that time. This paper discusses three characteristics of pragmatic failure in nonverbal communication: cultural constraints; With the dynamic development of cross-cultural communication context at that time; Fuzzy non-system.
According to these characteristics, we can study pragmatic failure not only from the perspective of pragmatic principles of verbal communication, but also from the perspective of cross-cultural communication context based on pragmatic principles. Therefore, the author divides the cross-cultural communication context into three categories from the cognitive perspective: cultural context, communication context and language context, and demonstrates three basic characteristics of cross-cultural communication context: hierarchy, dynamics and adaptability.
Among them, adaptation means that in cross-cultural communication, communicators, as "cultural people" with cognitive ability, can exert their subjective initiative, actively activate some internalized and perceived contextual elements in communication, make certain cultural adjustments, actively adapt to the context, find the best connection in communication, and avoid pragmatic failures as much as possible. The full text is developed in the following order: Firstly, the context of cross-cultural communication is defined based on relevance theory and adaptation theory, and its basic characteristics are pointed out. Then, from the theoretical basis of pragmatic failure, pragmatic failure is redefined and classified, and pragmatic failure in nonverbal communication is classified into one category. On this basis, pragmatic failures at all levels of nonverbal communication are discussed in detail.
In the process of argumentation, the author puts all kinds of nonverbal communication behaviors in the context of cross-cultural communication, collects many real cases in specific contexts, and proves through profound analysis that the pragmatic failure of cross-cultural nonverbal communication is due to the failure to adapt to the cross-cultural communication context at that time. This paper also discusses that English classroom teaching should be integrated with cultural teaching, especially the teaching of non-verbal communication cultural knowledge, in order to enhance cross-cultural awareness, and puts forward some effective measures to improve students' cross-cultural communication ability.
5. How to write a composition teaching plan that follows the word order? Seven years later, PEP 1. Learn to make sentences with accurate words and write them in order.
2. Fluent and beautiful language, orderly expression and expression, learn to expand writing.
3. Learn how to write about scenery.
1. strive for the beauty of the language on the basis of literal order.
2. Read more books at ordinary times, enrich your vocabulary and get into the habit of expressing words in alphabetical order.
Import the topic? Get to the point? Problem discussion? Example guidance? Modification of exercises
First, contact with reality, introduce topics
Students, we usually write, and many students use words repeatedly, or the sentences are not fluent, or the word order is improper, which makes it impossible to express their thoughts and feelings accurately. Today, we have composition training together. The focus of this composition training is to follow the words in an orderly way and express your ideas in an orderly way.
Second, read the textbook and get to the point.
Literal order is the basic skill of writing, which needs to be honed and improved repeatedly in writing. So, what do you need to pay attention to if you want to follow the words?
[Clear] Material 1: "No matter what we describe, there is only one noun to express it; To give it movement, there is only one verb; Only one adjective can get its nature. We must continue to think hard and find this unique noun, verb and adjective. It is not enough to just find words similar to these nouns, verbs or adjectives. You can't use similar words to perfunctory things because of thinking difficulties. " -French writer Flaubert
6. Collect 3000 words of papers on Language Communication and Context at a high price Abstract: The use of language has its specific communicative context, so when analyzing language phenomena, it must be linked with specific situational context. The use of network communication language also has its specific situational context. This paper briefly analyzes the network communication language from three factors: language field, language form and tenor in situational context, and compares the network communication language with the real communication language.
Keywords: network communication language; Situational context; Language field; Language style; Language theme
Since 1990s, the Internet (Inter) has gradually spread all over the world, and an information revolution characterized by networking and digitalization has penetrated into all fields of society. Norton pointed out: "The Internet is one of the greatest innovations of mankind so far. As far as its social influence is concerned, it can be compared with printing, railway, telegraph, automobile, electricity and television. Some people compare it with printing and television. These two early technologies have played a great role in improving human living environment. However, the potential of the Internet is greater than the first two. It uses the lever of knowledge to broadcast TV in various convenient conditions. The 10th Statistical Report on Internet Development in China issued by China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) shows that the Internet development in China has accelerated again, showing a vigorous development momentum in many aspects, and entered another rapid development period. By the end of 2006, the number of netizens in China had reached 654.38+0.37 billion, accounting for 654.38+0.5% of the total population of China. Compared with the same period last year, the number of netizens in China increased by 26 million, which is the largest increase in the number of netizens over the years. The growth rate is 23.4%. The history of network development is not long. In just over 20 years, it has swept the world with incredible speed and unstoppable momentum. It is changing people's concept, state and lifestyle. With the development and popularization of network technology, network language has become a new media language for human communication.
I. Overview of Network Language
Network language in a broad sense refers to all languages used or contacted in network communication, which can be roughly divided into three categories: first, professional terms related to computers and networks, such as software, viruses, broadband, login, online, chat rooms, browsers, etc. This is the most basic component of network language; Second, technical terms related to network cultural phenomena, such as hackers, the fourth media, online dating, e-commerce, surfing the Internet, virtual space, attention economy, etc. Thirdly, CMC (computer mediated-communication) language, that is, network communication language, refers to the language form used by two or more people to communicate with each other through computers and network systems. Network language in a narrow sense only refers to the second category, that is, CMC language. This paper will analyze the network language in a narrow sense.
David Crystal believes that the influence of the Internet on language will trigger a new language revolution in the field of language (David Crystal 200 1). Network language is a new language form created by netizens in order to adapt to the development of the Internet and the needs of network communication. It is a social dialect used for online communication. Mainly created and used by young people, simple and practical. The main feature of novelty, uniqueness and ingenious humor is that netizens are more and more accepting, which is embodied in "Chinese neologism" (such as cock refers to a public machine with free internet access), "ideographic number" (13 14 refers to a life event), "homophonic substitution combination" (prawn refers to the protagonist) and "letter abbreviation" (CU is ".
Second, the situational context
Systematics divide contexts into two categories: verbal contexts and nonverbal contexts. Non-global context can be divided into situational context and cultural context. Among them, situational context refers to the actual situation of speech act. It determines the actual meaning of the words conveyed by the speaker in a specific situation. Language is social, and society is made up of different classes. They have their own social idioms and expressions. Due to the differences in communication situations, media and communication targets. In the actual use of language, there will be various variations in different degrees, which is register. Situational context is also a register. Register theory is one of the core theories of systemic functional linguistics, and he puts forward three main contextual factors that determine language characteristics, namely, field, mode and tenor. Language field refers to the social activities involved or what actually happens; Modality refers to the form of language carrier, that is, the channel or medium of language communication-written or oral. Or both: tenor refers to the people involved in communicative activities and their relationship.
Situational context plays a very important role in social communication, because communication behavior will change with different communication situations. Every specific situational context has its own special words.
7. I need a well-organized, focused and self-made composition.
In daily life? We often hear people lament that they are born clumsy and can't achieve great things. In fact, this kind of exclamation is unnecessary. As the saying goes, diligence can make up for it, which means that the poor talent can be made up by hard work. (Cut to the chase, cut to the chase)
Isn't that what happened? (Back and forth, from one argument to another)
When Mei Lanfang was young, she went to learn drama from a teacher. The teacher said that he has a pair of dead fish eyes and is dull and dull. He is not drama material at all and refused to take him in. The defect of talent did not discourage Mei Lanfang, but made him more diligent. He feeds pigeons, looks up at the sky every day, and his eyes follow the flying pigeons. He keeps goldfish. Look down at the bottom of the water every day, and follow the swimming goldfish to find the shadow. Later, Mei Lanfang's eyes became like clear autumn water, sparkling and affectionate, and finally became a famous Peking Opera master. (such as China? Give a positive example)
Edison, a world-famous inventor, was called "a person with low intelligence" by his teacher in primary school. He was forced to leave school after only three months of schooling. But he didn't lose heart. But to study hard with tenacious will and eventually become a world-famous great inventor. (Foreign examples, give a positive example to demonstrate)
Countless people have made up for their clumsiness because of their diligence, and even made great achievements. From this, it can be seen that a person with a clumsy talent can become smart and become a useful talent to society as long as he works hard and achieves the goal of "one person can do all kinds of things, one person can do all kinds of things". (Summarize the above, demonstrate the viewpoint, and prepare for the following)
On the other hand, if a person doesn't study hard, no matter how talented he is, he can't succeed. In the Song Dynasty, there was a "prodigy" named Fang Zhongyong. He could write poems at the age of five and was turned into a wizard by the villagers. He was brilliant, but after he became famous, he was no longer diligent and enterprising, but his father took him everywhere to eat and drink. As a result, his poems dried up and finally "disappeared from everyone". (an ancient example, give a negative example)
Similar examples are not uncommon in real life. (Small transition, from ancient times to the present, the structure is rigorous) One of my primary school classmates ranked first in junior high school because of his diligence and eagerness to learn, and his relatives and friends praised him as a "smart boy". But what about a year later? His grades rank sixth from the bottom in the class. His mother said angrily, "What a fool." In fact, he is not a fool, but he becomes proud with praise, and he is not as diligent as before.
Professor Hua has a famous saying: "Diligence is a good training, and one point of hard work is one point of talent." I hope those friends who think they have no talent will not be pessimistic, but believe that genius lies in diligence. As long as they are willing to work hard on the word "diligence" and stick to a good goal, they will certainly succeed. (Final conclusion, hope and full text)