Ancient Chinese translation skills Ancient Chinese translation is the training of comprehensive ability of ancient Chinese knowledge.
In recent years, the subjective questions of classical Chinese have been added to the Chinese examination paper of the college entrance examination, which reflects the requirement of "mastering the classical Chinese notional words, classical Chinese function words and classical Chinese sentence patterns that are common in the text, and being able to understand the meaning of words and expressions" in the new Chinese Teaching Outline. How to translate classical Chinese well? Accurate, clear, fluent, in line with modern Chinese expression habits, no language diseases; It is the standard of classical Chinese translation to embody the language characteristics of the original text and strive to make the writing beautiful, vivid and expressive.
based on teaching practice, the author summarizes the following eight methods. First, add.
instant addition method. Add words before or after monosyllabic words to make them into disyllabic words or phrases.
(1) monosyllabic to disyllabic. Such as: 1. Four windows are opened in front, and the walls are surrounded by courtyards.
Four windows were opened in front, and the courtyard was surrounded by barriers (or "a wall was built around the courtyard"). 2, alone, happy with others, happy? Which is happier, enjoying music alone or enjoying music with others? (B) homographs take ancient meanings.
such as: (1) Zi Bu and Yuan Biao each take care of his wife. ("Battle of Red Cliffs") (2) The ancestors avoided the chaos of the Qin Dynasty, led their wives and people to this desperate situation, and did not come back.
(The Story of Peach Blossom Garden) (3) The declaration says, "I will be humiliated if I see each other." ("Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru") (4) Today, based on the actual school, he will be from China, but only 15, to 6,, and he has been exhausted for a long time.
(Battle of Red Cliffs) in the above four cases, (! ) "wife", now refers to a man's spouse, that is, a lover (woman); In ancient times, it meant wife and children. (2) "Desperate" means a situation without a way out; In ancient times, it was a place isolated from the outside world.
(3) "manifesto", in the modern sense, is an announcement or statement expressing political views; The ancient meaning refers to public threats. (4) "However", the present meaning is a turning conjunction, and the ancient meaning means not to exceed.
second, subtract. For "compound words with partial meanings", a word is composed of two morphemes with similar, relative or opposite meanings, one of which means meaning, and the other morpheme does not mean meaning, but only serves as a foil.
When translating, the "foil meaning" should be removed. Such as: (1) but if you want to die, you will no longer care about the interests.
(preface to the guide to the south) (2) it is not appropriate to punish whether it is the same or not. ("the model") (3) work hard day and night, and suffer hardships.
(Peacock flies southeast) (4) Keep away from thieves. ("The Hongmen Banquet") (5) There is hunger in the world and a trip to heaven.
(On Accumulation and Sparseness) (6) And there are stone caves at the foot of the mountain, I don't know their depth. (The Story of Shi Zhongshan) (1) "Interest" only means "harm" and does not mean "punishment"; (2) "Similarities and differences" only means "differences"; (3) "Work and rest" only means "work"; (4) In the text, "in and out" only means "in"; (5) "Hunger" only means "hunger"; (6) "Depth" only means "deep".
In addition, some words only have grammatical functions and have no real meaning. For example, some modal particles, phrasal words, auxiliary words and words with no real meaning in honorific or modest terms cannot be translated, so they can be deleted and not translated. Third, multiply.
In ancient Chinese, the word "times" is usually added after the cardinal word. If it is one time, it is simply represented by "times" and the word "one" is omitted. For example, "Therefore, if we use the method of fighting, we will encircle it with ten, attack it with five, and divide it with multiple times. The enemy can fight it, escape it with few, and avoid it if not."
(Sun Tzu's Plot and Attack), in which the word "times" is omitted after "ten" and "five"; "Double" means "double". In ancient Chinese, if there are still two numbers simultaneously, then the number is expressed by its product.
For example, "On the night of March 5th, the moon is half-walled." The product of "Three Five" is fifteen, and "Three Five Night" refers to the night of the full moon on the fifteenth day of each month in the lunar calendar.
similarly, "year 28" and "year 28" are the flower age of sixteen. Fourth, in addition.
the expressions of scores in ancient Chinese mostly appear in the context of table comparison, which can be summarized in combination with the context. There are the following types. (1) Complete type.
For example, "Qin land is one third of the world." (Geography of Hanshu) The fractional form of "one third" has been preserved since ancient times.
(2) short form. For example, "Gai Yu went there, but he is not eleven times better than a good traveler."
(A Journey to Baochan Mountain) Ten is the denominator, one is the numerator, and eleven is one tenth. (3) Embedded.
(1) denominator+"fen"+"zhi"+numerator. For example, "Fang Jin's people can't be one of Wu Chu."
(Records of the Historian Biography of Wang Hengshan in Huainan) "You can't be' one tenth' of Wu Chu" is less than one tenth of that of Wu Chu. (2) Denominator+Noun+Zhi+Molecule.
For example, "Most of them are just one of the Three Kingdoms" (Zuo Zhuan Yin A.D.) "One of the Three Kingdoms", that is, one third of the capital. (3) Denominator+"Zhi"+numerator.
For example, "Only 112 people suffer from floods, droughts and diseases." (Zhi Ping Pian) "Eleven-one-two", that is, "one tenth" to "two tenths".
five, stay. All kinds of proper nouns in ancient Chinese, such as names of people, places, dynasties, official names, year numbers, units of measurement and quantifiers, need not be translated, but are kept directly, and only translated when they are not understood; There is no need for translation if the ancient and modern meanings are consistent.
For example: (1) Chunyu Kun met seven people in one day to announce the king. (The Warring States Policy.
Qi Ce (name) (2) Fighting with a long spoon. ("Zuo Zhuan Cao Gui Debate") (Place Name) (3) Four hundred and eighty temples in the Southern Dynasties, with many towers in the misty rain.
("Jiang Nanchun's quatrains") (Dynasty) (4) I learned that I was a loyal minister, a senior official, a long history, and joined the army. I hope your majesty will believe me personally. ("Model") (official name) (5) In July of the first year of the second year, he made a decision to defend 9 people in Yuyang.
(Chen She Uprising) (Year number. Hu Hai, the second generation emperor of the Qin Dynasty) (6) was a year-old valley with more than 5, yuan.
(Biography of the Three Kingdoms Wei Shu Wu Di (measuring tool name) VI. Change.
In the process of language evolution, some words change with the change of things, others change with the change of old things and disappear with the disappearance of old concepts. Some can be used flexibly according to certain language habits, that is, in a specific context, change its part of speech and use it temporarily.
When translating classical Chinese, we should replace them with modern Chinese words. Mainly pay attention to the following.
(1) Generic words. It is a kind of special. 2. Translation skills of classical Chinese < P > 1. Basic methods: literal translation and free translation.
There are two basic methods for translating classical Chinese: literal translation and free translation. The so-called literal translation refers to the word-for-word translation of the original text with modern Chinese words, so that the content words and function words are as opposite as possible. The advantage of literal translation is the implementation of every word; Its shortcomings are that sometimes the translated sentences are difficult to understand and the language is not fluent enough. The so-called free translation is to translate according to the meaning of the sentence, so as to conform to the original meaning as much as possible, and the sentence takes care of the original meaning as much as possible. Free translation has certain flexibility, words can be increased or decreased, the position of words can be changed, and sentence patterns can also be changed. The advantage of free translation is that the text is coherent, and the translation conforms to the expression habits of modern languages, which is fluent, fluent and easy to understand. Its shortcoming is that sometimes the original text can not be implemented word by word. These two translation methods should be based on literal translation and supplemented by free translation.
second, specific methods: leave, delete, supplement, change, adjust and change.
"stay" means keep. All words with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, as well as ancient names of people, places, things, officials, countries, years, units of measurement, etc., can be kept unchanged when translated.
"delete" means delete. Delete the function words in classical Chinese that do not need to be translated. For example, "Pei Gong's participation in Fan Kuai is also"-Pei Gong's bodyguard Fan Kuai. "Zheye" is an auxiliary word at the end, which is not translated.
"supplement" means supplement. (1) changing monosyllabic words into disyllabic words; (2) make up the omitted elements in the ellipsis sentence; (3) Fill in the omitted sentences. Note: Make up the omitted components or sentences with brackets.
"change" means replacement. Replace ancient words with modern words. For example, replace "I, Yu, Yu" with "I" and "Er, Ru" with "You".
"adjustment" means adjustment. Adjust ancient Chinese inversion sentences into modern Chinese sentence patterns. Generally, the word order should be adjusted when translating subject-predicate inversion sentences, prepositional object sentences, preposition-object postposition sentences and attributive postposition sentences, so as to conform to modern Chinese expression habits.
"change" means flexibility. On the basis of being faithful to the original text, translate the relevant words live. If "the waves are calm", it can be translated as "(the lake) is calm".
formula for translating ancient Chinese prose
Translation of ancient Chinese prose has its own order, so you can read the whole article first and get the general idea;
Make clear the theme first, collect information, from paragraph to sentence, from clause to word,
Understand them all and be coherent together, and treat difficult sentences with care,
Take care of the previous text, contact the latter sentence, carefully consider and try to figure out the tone,
Make every effort to do it, be reasonable, and be closely linked between words.
if it is omitted, fill in the original meaning and put brackets to indicate the gain.
names and place names need not be translated, and personal names, according to the usual practice,
"I" and "Yu" are for me, "Er" and "Ru" are for you. Omitting inversion is regular.
Content words and function words, which are interpreted along with the text and sensitize the language sense, vary from sentence to sentence.
After the translation, you should carefully compare the sentences and feel the tone.
The sentences are fluent, and then stop writing. 3. What are the translation skills of classical Chinese in NMET?
There are ten commonly used skills in NMET:
1. Leave:
Proper nouns, country names, year numbers, place names, names of things, professional titles, utensils, etc., which can be recorded without translation. For example, Chen Sheng became a general and Wu Guang was a captain. (Chen She Family) General and a surname are official names, so they are recorded without translation.
2. Delete:
Delete words that do not need to be translated. For example, "The Cao Gui Debate" "The husband fights, and the courage is also." The word "fu" here is a phrasal word and should be deleted in translation. Wolf: "The meat is exhausted, but the combination of the two wolves drives the same." The word "zhi" here serves as a complement to syllables and has no real meaning, so it should be deleted.
3. Supplement:
Omitted components should be supplemented in translation. For example, "Two Children Debate on the Sun": "The sun rises as big as a hood at the beginning of the day, and it is like a dish in the middle of the day." In translation, the adjective predicate "Xiao" is added before "such as a dish".
4. Change:
When translating, ancient words should be changed into modern words. Such as "Watching the Tide": "Every year, Jing Yin goes out to Zhejiang Pavilion to review the water army." The word "year" here should be replaced by "year".
5. Tone:
When translating, the word order of some sentences (predicate preposition, attribute postposition, prepositional object, preposition-object structure postposition, etc.) needs to be adjusted. Such as "Yu Gong Yi Shan": "What a shame!" It can be adjusted to the form of "you don't like it very much".
6. Choose:
Choose appropriate word meaning translation. Polysemy is common in classical Chinese, so it has become a difficult point to choose the appropriate meaning for translation. For example, in the Teacher's Watch: "Three ministers are in the cottage", the word "Gu" here is a polysemous word, which has many interpretations: looking back, looking, asking questions, visiting, cherishing, caring for and considering, and "Visiting" is the most appropriate one in this sentence.
7. Translation:
Translate notional words, function words, flexible words and generic words. Such as "The Story of the Nuclear Boat": "The stone is green." The "San" here is a noun used flexibly as a verb and must be translated when translating.
8. Meaning:
Free translation. Literal translation will not understand the meanings of metaphor and metonymy in classical Chinese, so free translation should be used. For example, "The Hongmen Banquet": "Autumn dares not come near." Even the hairs of wild animals in autumn dare not approach. I dare not possess even the smallest thing.
9. Abbreviation:
In order to enhance the momentum, some sentences in classical Chinese are deliberately used with complicated strokes, which can be condensed in translation.
1. Expansion:
One is to expand monosyllabic words in classical Chinese into synonymous disyllabic words or polysyllabic words, and the other is to expand the content of some concise sentences when translating, so as to express the meaning clearly. 4. Classical Chinese translation skills
Classical Chinese translation skills The basic requirements of classical Chinese translation are "faithfulness", "expressiveness" and "elegance".
these three meanings are: to accurately express the meaning of the article; The translated articles should be clear and unobstructed; Good literary talent. These topics are still very difficult for many students.
How to translate classical Chinese scientifically, efficiently and in place has become the key for students to solve problems. First, the way of writing in classical Chinese in the college entrance examination in 28 will follow the following rules: 1. The standard of selecting articles-simple and easy to highlight, which should be reflected in the following aspects: (1) Judging from the vocabulary used in the article, it is mainly common words and sub-common words in classical Chinese.
(2) Judging from the grammatical structure in the article, the classical Chinese sentence patterns in middle school Chinese textbooks are mainly adopted. (3) From the genre of the article, it is mainly biographical prose.
(4) judging from the scope of the article, the connection with ancient cultural background knowledge is relatively loose, and allusions are seldom used. (5) From the overall style of the article, it is a typical classical Chinese work.
2. The format of this year is basically the same as previous years. 3. The number of translated words is still about 4 words.
second, analyze the sentence setting and grasp the key points of investigation. Every year, the college entrance examination always chooses those sentences with key words and important grammatical phenomena.
1. Accumulated important notional words and important function words are common test contents, and they are also one of the scoring points. 2. Regular-flexible use of parts of speech, fixed structure and special sentence patterns.
3. Be familiar with the following six important translation methods: 1. Leave, all words and proper nouns with the same meaning in ancient and modern times, such as country number, year number, emperor number, title, place name, person name, object name, title, etc., can be kept, and there is no need to make changes. 2. Yes, translate the words that have developed from monosyllabic to disyllabic.
there are two main situations in translation: (1) adding a synonym or synonym before or after the original monosyllabic word to synthesize a disyllabic word (the original word is one of the morphemes). For example, "Liu Gong could not bear to guess, but resented and rebelled. If he didn't go, it would be a disaster.
(Jiangsu Volume) Translation: Liu Zaizhi is suspicious and can't be cruel. He hates more and likes to betray. If he doesn't leave (him), he will be doomed to disaster. (2) Change to a completely different word.
for example, I have left the country without a gift, and my job is done, so I can't think about my people again. (Jiangxi Volume) Translation: As long as I make no one in the country default on taxes, my duty will be.