Poetry is an emotional literary genre, which reflects social life in a lyrical way, is highly concise and concentrated, and expresses thoughts and feelings with rich imagination, rhythmic language and line-by-line arrangement. Poetry is a rhythmic, rhythmic and emotional language art form, and also the oldest and most basic literary form in the world.
In ancient China, unhappy people were called poems and happy people were called songs. In modern times, they are generally called poems. They express social life and people's spiritual world according to certain syllables and rhythms. Poetry originated from ancient social life, which is a rhythmic and emotional language form due to labor production, sex and primitive religion. Shangshu Yu Shu: "Poetry expresses ambition, song expresses ambition, and the sound is eternal." Song, chanting its voice; Dance, move its capacity; In the early days, poetry, song, music and dance were integrated. Poetry, that is, lyrics, is always sung with music and dance in actual performances. Later, poetry, song, music and dance developed independently and became independent adults. Poems and songs are collectively called poems.
First, the category of poetry.
Ancient poetry can be divided into ancient poetry and modern poetry in form. Compared with modern poetry, ancient poetry basically has four words: four words, five words, seven words and miscellaneous words. The author is often before the Sui and Tang Dynasties; During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were generally symbolic words such as "line, chant, song and quotation" in the title. Modern poetry refers to poems that pay more attention to rhyme and rhyme, also known as "metrical poetry", which can be roughly divided into quatrains and metrical poems. Quatrains and metrical poems are divided into five words and seven words respectively; Modern poetry has strict requirements on rhyme, paying attention to the rhyme feet of two, four, six and eight; There is also a limit to the number of sentences in a poem: four quatrains, four middle quatrains and eight quatrains, of which one or two sentences are called the first couplet, three or four sentences are called the parallel couplet, five or six sentences are called the neck couplet, and seven or eight sentences are called the tail couplet.
Poetry in ancient style
(Antique) The characteristics of four-character ancient poems, such as The Book of Songs.
(1) The author is a poem before the Tang Dynasty, usually an ancient poem. (2) All poems with symbolic words such as "line, chant, song and quotation" in the Tang Dynasty are ancient poems. (2) There is no limit to the number of sentences in each poem, which can be long or short.
Five-character ancient poems, such as Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden.
Bai Juyi's seven-character ancient poems such as Pipa Xing.
Li He's Quotations from Li Ping
Miscellaneous ancient poems, such as: Li Bai's dream of climbing Tianmu Mountain, Du Fu's modern poem "Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage"
Five-character quatrains (metrical poems), such as the characteristics of Wang Zhihuan's modern poem Dengque Lou.
There is a limit to the number of words in a poem, that is, four lines of quatrains and eight lines of metrical poems. There are strict requirements for rhyme and meter, with quatrains rhyming with 24 and metrical poems rhyming with 2468.
Seven-character quatrains such as Bo Qinhuai by Du Mu.
Five-character poems, such as Du Fu's "Spring Hope"
Seven-character poems, such as Du Fu's Ascension.
In addition, according to different standards and angles, poetry can be divided into different types. For example, in terms of artistic techniques, there are poems that describe scenery and express feelings, and poems that recite things and express their feelings; There are pastoral poems, frontier poems, homesickness poems, wandering poems, homesickness poems, boarding poems, boudoir love poems, philosophical poems, visiting relatives poems, farewell poems and epics.
Second, the image of poetry
Understanding and analyzing the images in poetry is the key to poetry appreciation. There are roughly three kinds of images in poetry:
(1) the image of the hero in the poem. For example, The Book of Songs depicts the image of a pair of young lovers. Young men are passionate, simple and honest, while young women are beautiful, lively, smart and witty. Zhang, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, created a leisurely and self-adaptive fisherman's image in The Fisherman's Song, so he didn't have to go home in the drizzle.
(2) The poet's own image, such as Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains, through the description of the beautiful scenery of the mountain village, we also get a glimpse of the poet's carefree hermit image.
Scenery and objects described in the poem, such as lakes and mountains, idyllic Sang Ma, lonely desert city, etc. , are images in the poem. For example, Du Mu's Walking in the Mountains describes the scenery in the mountains, including mountain roads, people's houses, white clouds and red leaves, which all constitute images, and the frosted red leaves in the maple forest are the most charming. The images in the poem pour into the poet's thoughts and emotions, and only in this way can we really understand the poem.
Specifically, the common images in ancient poems are as follows:
(1) bold and free and easy image.
Li Bai's "Since God has given talents, let them find jobs!"! , spin a thousand silver, all come back! " (Into the Wine) shows his thoughts of being indifferent to wealth and despising sages, and also reflects Li Bai's arrogant and unruly character.
(2) the image of worrying about the country and the people, the shirt was wet with tears.
In Du Fu's poem, "There are thousands of spacious buildings, and all the poor people in the world are smiling outside ..... My hut is only enough to freeze to death" ("The hut was blown by the autumn wind"), the poet not only stays in his personal sorrow, but also puts himself in others' shoes, which shows his spirit of worrying about the country and the people. Bai Juyi's "But who among them cries the most? , this Jiujiang officer. My blue sleeves are wet "(Sapaxing), and the words" weeping "and" wet "are used, which greatly broadens the artistic conception of the poem.
(3) the image of seclusion in the countryside and love for mountains and rivers.
Tao Yuanming's "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge, leisurely seeing Nanshan ... arguing with true meaning and forgetting words" ("Drinking") describes the leisurely seclusion life and illustrates the poet's thought of being poor and happy. Wang Wei's "Prepare chicken and rice for me, old friend, you entertain me on your farm ... I'll come back when I'm on holiday in the mountains" ("Passing by the old man's village") describes the life scene of mountain village scenery and friends gathering, like an idyllic scenery, which makes people linger.
④ The image of loving people and talents.
Gong Zizhen's "I urge God to shake hands again and drop talents in an unconventional way" (Ji Hai's miscellaneous poems), the desire for talents between the lines is not obvious.
⑤ The image of loving children.
Li Shangyin's "I have known her for a long time, and I have been apart for a long time, and the east wind rises and flowers fall, and the silkworm dies, and tears are shed every night" (untitled) describes the infinite sadness when leaving the woman I love in late spring and the lingering lovesickness after leaving, and expresses the praise for faithful love.
Third, thoughts and feelings
Poetry, whether describing scenery or narrating, chanting things or nostalgia, will contain certain thoughts and feelings of the poet, and the emotional appeal of poetry content is the focus of poetry appreciation.
The following points should be paid attention to when evaluating the ideological content of poetry:
(1) the poet's life story and creative style should be linked. For example, Xin Qiji fought bloody battles in the forefront of the anti-gold struggle and died in the battlefield. However, after returning to the south, he was pushed out and hit by the capitulators. Therefore, most of his words are in full swing to recall the past fighting life, or to express his anger at serving the country, and his style is bold and sad.
(2) It should be related to the background of the poet. For example, the national strength of the Tang Dynasty was strong, and most intellectuals who joined the army were heroic and spirited, which was reflected in the creation of frontier poems. Although there are descriptions of the harsh environment outside the Great Wall, there are also deep thoughts about their relatives in their hometown, but they are more passionate and determined to defend their country, so their style is high and their emotions are stirring. In the Song Dynasty, they were very different, poor and weak.
(3) Avoid preconceived ideas and make a concrete analysis of poetry. Many great poets are often generalists, and their poetic styles are also rich and colorful. For example, Du Fu's poems are full of melancholy, often expressing his lament about the country and the people, but there are also lively and lively poems such as "two orioles singing green willows and a row of egrets soaring into the sky"; Although Li Qingzhao's ci style is graceful and sad, there are also "90 thousand Li Fengpeng lifts, the wind stops, Pengzhou blows away the three mountains!" Such a heroic poem. Therefore, when appreciating, we should analyze the specific works and avoid copying them mechanically.
(4) Read the preface and notes carefully. Many ancient poems are preceded by a short "preface" or accompanied by comments. Some explain the creation time, some explain the creation reason, some explain the creation process, some explain the creation background, and some lay the emotional tone for the whole work. Understanding the ideological content of the work is also very important and cannot be ignored.
The thoughts and feelings expressed in ancient poetry are very extensive, involving the following aspects:
(1) Worried about the country and the people, the pain of war and dispersion: Du Fu's "Spring Hope" sympathizes with the sufferings of the people: "The hut was broken by the autumn wind."
Reflect the darkness of society and expose the decay of rulers: Du Fu's Zhu Men's wine stinks and the road has frozen bones.
Expressing concern about the future and destiny of the country and the nation: Lin Sheng's "The Inscription of Lin 'an Mansion" "Warm wind makes tourists drunk and makes Hangzhou Bianzhou. "
Expressing the pain of the degradation of mountains and rivers: Lu You's Xiuer and Wen Tianxiang's Crossing Zero and Ding Yang reveal that the rulers are exorbitant in taxes and levies, and they are militaristic: Du Fu's Military Vehicle Shop.
(2) meritorious service to the country
The determination to protect our country and defend our country, and the lofty sentiments of making contributions: Wang Changling's Joining the Army (Huang Sha won every battle in shining armor, and he would never return it until he broke Loulan) and Lu You's Book Wrath.
Disgruntled and frustrated in exile: Bai Juyi's Pipa Travel and Su Shi's When Will the Moon Be?
Lonely and incompetent, resentful and unable to serve the country: Xin Qiji missed the ancient Jingkou Gu Beiting and the ugly slave teenager did not know the taste of sorrow.
Feeling of Time Passing and Sighing of Hard-to-Be-rewarded Ambition —— Sushi's Mink Head Red Cliff Nostalgia
③ Nostalgia and nostalgia
The melancholy of the journey to the end of the world: Meng Haoran's Sleeping at Jiande and his early journey to goodness.
Loneliness of missing relatives and friends: On Wang Wei's Mountain Living Holiday Thinking of Shandong Brothers and Su Shi's Ten Years of Life and Death.
Nostalgia Recruiter: Fan Zhongyan's The Fisherman's Pride: Qiu Lai Scenery
Wang Changling's Forever in My Heart, Ouyang Xiu's Desperate Waiting for Plum Ginseng, and Li Bai's Yuefu (a bright moon hangs in the capital, and a hammer washes the face)
Feelings of parting: Liu Yong's mausoleum, Wang Wei's music, Li Bai's "To Wang Lun" and "To Ren Shuchuan"
(4) Super dust and free from vulgarity
Leisure of Mountains and Rivers and Seclusion in the Countryside —— Autumn Night in the Deep Mountains by Wang Wei and Crossing the Village for the Aged by Meng Haoran
Tao Qian's return to the garden: the sinister aversion to officialdom and the ease of seclusion.
I felt sad at that time.
The vicissitudes of the past are better than the present, but the feelings of current affairs change: Yangzhou Slow by Jiang Kui and Wuyi Lane by Liu Yuxi.
The fleeting sadness of youth leaves no room for anxiety —— Like a dream, the rain dispersed last night by Li Qingzhao
Fourth, poetic artistic conception.
Artistic conception is the harmonious unity of these two factors in poetry, which means that the poet expresses his thoughts and feelings in the poem and the situation is the artistic picture depicted in the poem. The so-called artistic conception is the poet's thoughts and feelings expressed in his poems and the life described.
An intriguing artistic realm formed by the organic integration of pictures. For example, Tao Yuanming's Return to the Garden depicts a fresh, natural, quiet and beautiful rural labor and life scene, and the author's indifferent and quiet mood is contained here.
This life scene containing the author's feelings constitutes the artistic conception of this poem. Another example is Zhu's "Random Thoughts on Reading", which describes that because of the continuous injection of "flowing water from the source", it will never be exhausted and will never be exhausted.
An old, never-polluted, forever deep and clear square pond, but the square pond in the poem is not only a natural square pond, but also contains the author's reading experience, thus forming the artistic conception of this poem, which not only gives readers beautiful enjoyment,
It also gives readers philosophical enlightenment.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) artistic skills
If you want to appreciate the artistic features of the given poems, you can generally start from the following angles:
From the perspective of word refining, this paper focuses on the expression effect of words and their functions in the theme.
From the perspective of famous sentences, this paper focuses on the emotional philosophy of famous sentences and its role in the theme.
From the rhetorical point of view, what rhetorical devices are used in this poem and what kind of expression effect is achieved? Common figures of speech include metaphor, personification, exaggeration, antithesis, parallelism, repetition, rhetorical question, metonymy, pun and intertextuality (such as "I, the master has dismounted and the guest has boarded the ship" in Wang Changling's The Moon in Qin Dynasty and Bai Juyi's Pipa Line).
From the way of expression: narrative, description, discussion, lyricism.
From the way of expression: lyricism or scene blending, imagination and association, contrast or contrast (dynamic and static contrast, silent sound, etc. ), expressing ambition by things, using allusions, expressing emotion by ancient times or satirizing the present by ancient times, coexistence of reality and reality, comparison and sustenance, metaphor and symbol, etc.
⑥ From the phonological point of view: if long and short sentences are mixed together, they will be pieced together, like pouring large and small pearls into a plate of jade; With overlapping words and rhyming, it is catchy and musical.